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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Business & Society
Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management
TENTH EDITION

ARCHIE B. CARROLL
University of Georgia

JILL A. BROWN
Bentley University

ANN K. BUCHHOLTZ
Rutgers University

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Business & Society: Ethics, © 2018, 2015 Cengage Learning
Sustainability, and Stakeholder
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Management, Tenth Edition
herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
Archie B. Carroll, Jill A. Brown, and except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written
Ann K. Buchholtz permission of the copyright owner.
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Brief Contents

Preface xvii
About the Authors xxv

PART 1 Business, Society, and Stakeholders 1

CHAPTER 1 The Business and Society Relationship 2
CHAPTER 2 Corporate Social Responsibility, Citizenship, and Sustainability 30
CHAPTER 3 The Stakeholder Approach to Business, Society, and Ethics 71

PART 2 Corporate Governance and Strategic Management

Issues 101
CHAPTER 4 Corporate Governance: Foundational Issues 102
CHAPTER 5 Strategic Management and Corporate Public Policy 135
CHAPTER 6 Risk, Issue, and Crisis Management 155

PART 3 Business Ethics and Leadership 183

CHAPTER 7 Business Ethics Essentials 184
CHAPTER 8 Managerial and Organizational Ethics 224
CHAPTER 9 Business Ethics and Technology 272
CHAPTER 10 Ethical Issues in the Global Arena 305

PART 4 External Stakeholder Issues 341

CHAPTER 11 Business, Government, and Regulation 342
CHAPTER 12 Business Influence on Government and Public Policy 370
CHAPTER 13 Consumer Stakeholders: Information Issues 395
CHAPTER 14 Consumer Stakeholders: Product and Service Issues 432
CHAPTER 15 Sustainability and the Natural Environment 457
CHAPTER 16 Business and Community Stakeholders 491

PART 5 Internal Stakeholder Issues 521

CHAPTER 17 Employee Stakeholders and Workplace Issues 522
CHAPTER 18 Employee Stakeholders: Privacy, Safety, and Health 551
CHAPTER 19 Employment Diversity and Discrimination 580
Cases 611
Subject Index 748
Name Index 763
iii
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents

Preface xvii
About the Authors xxv

PART 1 Business, Society, and Stakeholders 1

CHAPTER 1
The Business and Society Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Business and Society 5
1.1a Business Defined 5
1.1b Society Defined 6
1.2 Society as the Macroenvironment 6
1.3 A Pluralistic Society 7
1.3a Pluralism Has Strengths and Weaknesses 8
1.3b Multiple Publics, Systems, and Stakeholders 8
1.4 A Special-Interest Society 9
1.5 Business Criticism and Corporate Response 10
1.5a Factors in the Social Environment 10
1.5b A General Criticism of Business: Use and Abuse of Power 17
1.5c Balancing Power with Responsibility 20
1.5d Business’s Response: Concern and a Changing Social Contract 20
1.6 Focus of the Book 22
1.6a Managerial Approach 22
1.6b Business Ethics Theme 23
1.6c Sustainability Theme 23
1.6d Stakeholder Management Theme 24
1.7 Structure of the Book 24
Summary 26
Key Terms 26
Discussion Questions 27
Endnotes 27

CHAPTER 2
Corporate Social Responsibility, Citizenship, and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility as a Concept 31
2.1a Historical Perspectives on CSR 32
2.1b Adaptations of the Economic Model 33
2.1c Evolving Meanings of CSR 35
2.1d A Four-Part Definition of CSR 35
2.1e The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility 39
2.1f CSR in Practice 42
2.2 Traditional Arguments against and for CSR 44
2.2a Arguments against CSR 44
2.2b Arguments in Support of CSR 45
2.2c The Business Case for CSR 46

iv
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents v

2.3 Ages and Stages of CSR 48

2.4 CSR Greenwashing 49
2.5 Political CSR 50
2.6 Corporate Social Responsiveness 50
2.7 Corporate Social Performance 51
2.7a Carroll’s CSP Model 51
2.8 Corporate Citizenship 53
2.8a Broad and Narrow Views 54
2.8b Stages of Corporate Citizenship 54
2.8c Global Corporate Citizenship 56
2.8d CSR and Corporate Citizenship Awards by Business Media 57
2.9 The Social Performance and Financial Performance Relationship 57
2.9a Three Perspectives on the Social–Financial–Reputation Relationship 58
2.10 Sustainability—Profits, People, Planet 61
2.10a Creating Shared Value and Conscious Capitalism 62
2.11 Socially Responsible, Sustainable, Ethical Investing 63
Summary 64
Key Terms 65
Discussion Questions 66
Endnotes 66

CHAPTER 3
The Stakeholder Approach to Business, Society, and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1 Origins of the Stakeholder Concept 72
3.1a What Is the Stake in Stakeholder? 72
3.1b What Is a Stakeholder? 72
3.2 Who Are Business’s Stakeholders? 73
3.2a Three Views of the Firm: Production, Managerial, and Stakeholder 74
3.2b Primary and Secondary Stakeholders 75
3.2c Important Stakeholder Attributes: Legitimacy, Power, Urgency 76
3.3 Stakeholder Approaches: Strategic, Multifiduciary, and Synthesis 78
3.4 Three Values of the Stakeholder Model 80
3.4a Descriptive Value 80
3.4b Instrumental Value 80
3.4c Normative Value 80
3.5 Stakeholder Management: Five Key Questions 80
3.5a Who Are the Organization’s Stakeholders? 81
3.5b What Are Our Stakeholders’ Stakes? 85
3.5c What Opportunities and Challenges Do Our Stakeholders Present? 86
3.5d What Responsibilities Does a Firm Have toward Its Stakeholders? 87
3.5e What Strategies or Actions Should Management Take? 88
3.6 Effective Stakeholder Management 91
3.6a Stakeholder Thinking 91
3.6b Developing a Stakeholder Culture 91
3.6c Stakeholder Management Capability 92
3.6d Stakeholder Engagement 93
3.6e The Stakeholder Corporation 95
3.6f Principles of Stakeholder Management 96
3.7 Strategic Steps toward Global Stakeholder Management 96
3.7a Implementation 96

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vi Contents

Summary 97
Key Terms 97
Discussion Questions 98
Endnotes 98

PART 2 Corporate Governance and Strategic Management

Issues 101
CHAPTER 4
Corporate Governance: Foundational Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.1 Legitimacy and Corporate Governance 102
4.1a The Purpose of Corporate Governance 104
4.1b Components of Corporate Governance 104
4.2 Problems in Corporate Governance 106
4.2a The Need for Board Independence 107
4.2b Issues Surrounding Compensation 107
4.2c The Governance Impact of the Market for Corporate Control 111
4.2d Insider Trading 112
4.3 Improving Corporate Governance 114
4.3a Legislative Efforts 114
4.3b Changes in Boards of Directors 115
4.3c Board Diversity 115
4.3d Outside Directors 116
4.3e Use of Board Committees 116
4.3f The Board’s Relationship with the CEO 117
4.3g Board Member Liability 118
4.4 The Role of Shareholders 120
4.4a Shareholder Democracy 120
4.5 The Role of the SEC 121
4.6 Shareholder Activism 122
4.6a The History of Shareholder Activism 122
4.6b Shareholder Resolutions 123
4.6c Shareholder Lawsuits 124
4.7 Investor Relations and Shareholder Engagement 124
4.8 An Alternative Model of Corporate Governance 125
Summary 127
Key Terms 128
Discussion Questions 129
Endnotes 129

CHAPTER 5
Strategic Management and Corporate Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.1 Strategic Management and Corporate Public Policy 135
5.1a Relationship of Ethics to Strategic Management 136
5.2 Four Key Strategy Levels 137
5.2a Four Strategy Levels Described 137
5.2b Emphasis on Enterprise-Level Strategy 138
5.3 The Strategic Management Process 143
5.3a Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility 144
5.3b Measuring Sustainable Corporate Performance 145

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents vii

5.4 Public Affairs as a Part of Strategic Management 149

5.5 The Corporate Public Affairs Function Today 149
5.5a PA’s Place at the Table 150
5.5b Future of Corporate PA in the 21st Century 150
Summary 151
Key Terms 151
Discussion Questions 152
Endnotes 152

CHAPTER 6
Risk, Issue, and Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.1 The Relationships between Risk, Issue, and Crisis Management 156
6.2 Risk Management 156
6.2a Risk Management and Sustainability 157
6.3 Issue Management 158
6.3a A Portfolio Approach 159
6.3b Issue Definition and the Issue Management Process 159
6.3c Issue Development Process 166
6.3d Issue Management in Practice 167
6.4 Crisis Management 168
6.4a The Nature of Crises 169
6.4b Managing Business Crises 172
6.4c Crisis Communications 174
6.4d Successful Crisis Management 176
Summary 177
Key Terms 178
Discussion Questions 178
Endnotes 178

PART 3 Business Ethics and Leadership 183

CHAPTER 7
Business Ethics Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.1 The Public’s Opinion of Business Ethics 187
7.1a Are the Media Reporting Business Ethics More Vigorously? 188
7.1b Is It Society That Is Changing? 189
7.2 Business Ethics: Some Basic Concepts 189
7.2a Descriptive versus Normative Ethics 190
7.2b The Conventional Approach to Business Ethics 191
7.2c Ethics and the Law 194
7.2d Making Ethical Judgments 195
7.3 Ethics, Economics, and Law—A Venn Model 197
7.4 Three Models of Management Ethics 199
7.4a Immoral Management 199
7.4b Moral Management 201
7.4c Amoral Management 204
7.4d Two Hypotheses Regarding the Models of Management Morality 207
7.5 Making Moral Management Actionable 209
7.6 Developing Moral Judgment 209
7.6a Levels of Moral Development 210
7.6b Different Sources of a Person’s Values 213

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
viii Contents

7.7 Elements of Moral Judgment 217

7.7a Moral Imagination 217
7.7b Moral Identification and Ordering 217
7.7c Moral Evaluation 217
7.7d Tolerance of Moral Disagreement and Ambiguity 218
7.7e Integration of Managerial and Moral Competence 218
7.7f A Sense of Moral Obligation 218
Summary 219
Key Terms 220
Discussion Questions 220
Endnotes 221

CHAPTER 8
Managerial and Organizational Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.1 Ethics Issues Arise at Different Levels 225
8.1a Personal Level 225
8.1b Managerial and Organizational Levels 226
8.1c Industry or Profession Level 227
8.1d Societal and Global Levels 227
8.2 Managerial Ethics and Ethical Principles 228
8.2a Principles Approach to Ethics 228
8.2b Ethical Tests Approach to Decision Making 237
8.3 Managing Organizational Ethics 240
8.3a Factors Affecting the Organization’s Moral Climate 241
8.3b Improving the Organization’s Ethical Culture 243
8.4 Best Practices for Improving an Organization’s Ethics 245
8.4a Top Management Leadership (Moral Management) 246
8.4b Effective Communication of Ethical Messages 249
8.4c Ethics and Compliance Programs and Officers 249
8.4d Setting Realistic Objectives 252
8.4e Ethical Decision-Making Processes 252
8.4f Codes of Ethics or Conduct 254
8.4g Disciplining Violators of Ethics Standards 255
8.4h Ethics “Hotlines” and Whistle-Blowing Mechanisms 257
8.4i Business Ethics Training 257
8.4j Ethics Audits and Risk Assessments 260
8.4k Corporate Transparency Policies 260
8.4l Board of Directors Leadership and Oversight 261
8.5 Behavioral Ethics—Toward a Deeper Understanding 262
8.6 Moral Decisions, Managers, and Organizations 264
Summary 265
Key Terms 265
Discussion Questions 266
Endnotes 266

CHAPTER 9
Business Ethics and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.1 The New World of Big Data 273
9.1a Social Media 273
9.1b Surveillance 274
9.2 Technology and the Technological Environment 274
9.3 Characteristics of Technology 275

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents ix

9.3a Benefits, Costs, and Challenges 276

9.4 Technology and Ethics 277
9.5 Information Technology 278
9.5a E-Commerce as a Pervasive Technology 278
9.5b Ongoing Issues in E-Commerce Ethics 279
9.5c Invasion of Consumer Privacy via E-Commerce 279
9.5d The Workplace and Computer Technology 286
9.6 Biotechnology 291
9.6a Bioethics 291
9.6b Genetic Engineering 292
9.6c Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 296
Summary 299
Key Terms 299
Discussion Questions 300
Endnotes 300

CHAPTER 10
Ethical Issues in the Global Arena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1 Business Challenges in a Global Environment 306
10.2 Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment 308
10.2a Questionable Marketing and Plant Safety Practices 309
10.2b Human Rights, Sweatshops, and Labor Abuses 312
10.2c Corruption, Bribery, and Questionable Payments 318
10.3 Improving Global Business Ethics 325
10.3a Balancing and Reconciling the Ethics Traditions of Home and Host Countries 326
10.3b Strategies for Improving Global Business Ethics 328
10.3c Corporate Action against Corruption 334
Summary 334
Key Terms 335
Discussion Questions 335
Endnotes 336

PART 4 External Stakeholder Issues 341

CHAPTER 11
Business, Government, and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
11.1 The Pendulum of Government’s Role in Business 343
11.2 The Roles of Government and Business 345
11.2a A Clash of Ethical Belief Systems 346
11.3 Interaction of Business, Government, and the Public 347
11.3a Government–Business Relationship 347
11.3b Public–Government Relationship 348
11.3c Business–Public Relationship 348
11.4 Government’s Nonregulatory Influence on Business 348
11.4a Industrial Policy 349
11.4b Privatization 351
11.4c Other Nonregulatory Governmental Influences on Business 352
11.5 Government’s Regulatory Influences on Business 354
11.5a Regulation: What Does It Mean? 355
11.5b Reasons for Regulation 355

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x Contents

11.5c Types of Regulation 357

11.5d Issues Related to Regulation 360
11.6 Deregulation 363
11.6a Purpose of Deregulation 363
11.6b The Changing World of Deregulation 363
Summary 365
Key Terms 366
Discussion Questions 366
Endnotes 366

CHAPTER 12
Business Influence on Government and Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
12.1 Corporate Political Participation 371
12.2 Business Lobbying 371
12.2a Organizational Levels of Lobbying 373
12.3 Corporate Political Spending 381
12.3a Arguments for Corporate Political Spending 383
12.3b Arguments against Corporate Political Spending 383
12.4 Political Action Committees 383
12.4a The Impact of Super PACs 384
12.4b Agency Issues 384
12.5 Political Accountability and Transparency 385
12.6 Strategies for Corporate Political Activity 387
12.6a Financial Performance Outcomes 388
Summary 388
Key Terms 389
Discussion Questions 389
Endnotes 390

CHAPTER 13
Consumer Stakeholders: Information Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
13.1 The Consumer Movement 396
13.1a Ralph Nader’s Consumerism 397
13.1b Consumerism Today 397
13.1c Product/Service Information Issues 399
13.1d Advertising Issues 400
13.1e Specific Controversial Advertising Issues 403
13.1f Warranties and Guarantees 417
13.1g Packaging and Labeling 418
13.1h Other Product Information Issues 421
13.2 The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 421
13.2a The FTC in the 21st Century 422
13.2b Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 423
13.3 Self-Regulation in Advertising 424
13.3a The National Advertising Division’s Program 425
13.4 Moral Models and Consumer Stakeholders 425
Summary 426
Key Terms 426
Discussion Questions 427
Endnotes 427

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 Contents xi

CHAPTER 14
Consumer Stakeholders: Product and Service Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
14.1 Two Central Issues: Quality and Safety 433
14.1a The Issue of Quality 433
14.1b The Issue of Safety 436
14.1c Product Liability 441
14.2 Consumer Product Safety Commission 445
14.3 Food and Drug Administration 447
14.4 Business’s Response to Consumer Stakeholders 448
14.5 Customer Service Programs 448
14.6 Total Quality Management Programs 450
14.7 Six Sigma Strategy and Other Processes 451
Summary 452
Key Terms 453
Discussion Questions 453
Endnotes 454

CHAPTER 15
Sustainability and the Natural Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
15.1 The Sustainability Imperative 458
15.2 The Natural Environment 460
15.3 A Brief Introduction to the Natural Environment 461
15.4 The Impact of Business on the Natural Environment 462
15.4a Climate Change 463
15.4b Energy 463
15.4c Water 464
15.4d Biodiversity and Land Use 465
15.4e Chemicals, Toxics, and Heavy Metals 466
15.4f Air Pollution 467
15.4g Waste Management 467
15.4h Ozone Depletion 469
15.4i Oceans and Fisheries 469
15.4j Deforestation 470
15.5 Responsibility for Environmental and Sustainability Issues 471
15.5a Environmental Ethics 471
15.5b The NIMBY Problem 472
15.6 The Role of Governments in Environmental and Sustainability Issues 473
15.6a Responses of Governments in the United States 473
15.6b International Government Environmental and Sustainability Responses 477
15.7 Other Environmental and Sustainability Stakeholders 478
15.7a Environmental Interest Groups 478
15.7b Other Sustainability Interest Groups 480
15.8 Business Environmentalism and Sustainability 482
15.8a Patagonia 482
15.8b Apple 483
15.8c CVS Health 483
15.8d Tesla 483
15.8e Business and Environmental Partnerships-Activists, NGOs, and Interest Groups 483
15.9 The Future of Business: Greening and/or Growing? 484
Summary 484

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xii Contents

Key Terms 485

Discussion Questions 485
Endnotes 485

CHAPTER 16
Business and Community Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
16.1 Community Involvement 492
16.1a Volunteer Programs 494
16.1b Managing Community Involvement 495
16.2 Corporate Philanthropy or Business Giving 496
16.2a A Brief History of Corporate Philanthropy 497
16.2b A Call for Transparency in Corporate Philanthropy 498
16.2c Giving to the “Third Sector”: The Nonprofits 499
16.2d Managing Corporate Philanthropy 503
16.3 Detrimental Impacts on Communities 508
16.3a Offshoring and Reshoring 508
16.3b Business and Plant Closings 510
Summary 514
Key Terms 515
Discussion Questions 515
Endnotes 516

PART 5 Internal Stakeholder Issues 521

CHAPTER 17
Employee Stakeholders and Workplace Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
17.1 The New Social Contract 523
17.2 Employee Engagement 525
17.3 The Employee Rights Movement 525
17.3a The Meaning of Employee Rights 526
17.4 The Right Not to Be Fired without Cause 527
17.4a Employment-at-Will Doctrine 528
17.4b Dismissing an Employee with Care 531
17.5 The Right to Due Process and Fair Treatment 532
17.5a Due Process 532
17.5b Alternative Dispute Resolution 533
17.6 Freedom of Speech in the Workplace 536
17.6a Whistle-Blowing 537
17.6b Consequences of Whistle-Blowing 539
17.6c Government’s Protection of Whistle-Blowers 541
17.6d False Claims Act 542
17.6e Management Responsiveness to Potential Whistle-Blowing Situations 544
Summary 545
Key Terms 546
Discussion Questions 546
Endnotes 547

CHAPTER 18
Employee Stakeholders: Privacy, Safety, and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
18.1 Privacy in the Workplace 552
18.1a Collection and Use of Employee Information by Employers 554

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 Contents xiii

18.1b Integrity Testing 557

18.1c Drug Testing 560
18.1d Workplace Monitoring 562
18.1e Policy Guidelines on the Issue of Privacy 565
18.2 Workplace Safety 566
18.2a The Workplace Safety Problem 567
18.2b Workplace Safety Today 568
18.2c Right-to-Know Laws 568
18.2d Workplace Violence 569
18.3 Health in the Workplace 571
18.3a Smoking in the Workplace 572
18.3b The Family-Friendly Workplace 572
Summary 574
Key Terms 575
Discussion Questions 575
Endnotes 575

CHAPTER 19
Employment Diversity and Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
19.1 Diversity in the Workforce 581
19.2 The Civil Rights Movement 582
19.3 Federal Laws Prohibiting Discrimination 583
19.3a Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 583
19.3b Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 585
19.3c Equal Pay Act of 1963 585
19.3d Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 503 586
19.3e Americans with Disabilities Act 586
19.3f Civil Rights Act of 1991 591
19.3g Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 591
19.4 Expanded Meanings of Employment Discrimination 592
19.4a Disparate Treatment 592
19.4b Disparate Impact 593
19.5 Issues in Employment Discrimination 594
19.5a Inequality Persists Despite Diversity Efforts 594
19.5b Race and Ethnicity 594
19.5c Color 595
19.5d Gender 596
19.5e Other Forms of Employment Discrimination 598
19.6 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 602
19.6a The Future of Diversity Management 604
Summary 604
Key Terms 605
Discussion Questions 605
Endnotes 606

Cases 611
Subject Index 748
Name Index 763

ETHICS IN PRACTICE CASES

WORKING FOR MY CUP OR THE HOUSE? 17
IS BUSINESS POWER TOO GREAT? 19
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
xiv Contents

THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE SHOE COMPANY 48

BURGERS WITH A SOUL—FRESH, LOCAL, SUSTAINABLE 58
ARE PLANTS AND FLOWERS STAKEHOLDERS? DO THEY HAVE RIGHTS? 79
CHICKENS OR EMPLOYEES? WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
STAKEHOLDER? 90
SOMETHING’S ROTTEN IN HONDO 94
EXCESSIVE DIRECTOR COMPENSATION AT FACEBOOK? 113
MONITORING THE MONITORS 119
DUPONT AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 148
CRISIS MANAGEMENT: WHEN TO REPENT? WHEN TO DEFEND? 175
WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 193
TO HUNT OR NOT TO HUNT—THAT IS THE QUESTION 196
IS RÉSUMÉ INFLATION AND DECEPTION ACCEPTABLE? 198
ARE PEOPLE MORE ETHICAL WHEN BEING “WATCHED?” 214
MORE SALES, LOWER ETHICS? 244
FIRED FOR CHEATING ON EMPLOYER TESTS 247
THE NEW ETHICS CODE–SIGN OR RESIGN 256
SOMETIMES ETHICS HOTLINES DON’T WORK 258
TWITTER ETHICS IN BUSINESS 275
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT? 285
USING PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORKPLACE 287
WHOLE FOODS: GMO TRANSPARENCY OR CLEVER MARKETING? 298
IS THE FAIR TRADE MOVEMENT SUSTAINABLE? 313
HELPING FACTORIES TO PASS SWEATSHOP AUDITS—USING CHEATING
CONSULTANTS 317
VIOLATIONS OF THE FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT OR NOT? 324
THE MARIJUANA REGULATORY DILEMMA 358
BANNING THE BIG GULP 360
THE NRA AND THE CDC 372
DOUBLE IRISH WITH A DUTCH SANDWICH 381
WHAT DO WE TELL THE CUSTOMER? 401
SHOULD THE WORD FREE BE BANNED IN ADVERTISING? 404
DO THESE “ADVERTISING TRAPS” REPRESENT ETHICAL ADVERTISING? 406
SHOULD FOOD ADVERTISING TO CHILDREN BE BANNED? 409
RETURN FRAUD—A GROWING BUSINESS 419
THE PIRATED POPCORN 435
WAS “PINK SLIME” A VICTIM OF SOCIAL MEDIA FRENZY? 440
WATER SCORING: A WAY TO PUSH FOR BETTER WATER
STEWARDSHIP? 466
A LITTLE GREEN LIE 473
WHO FAILED TO PROTECT THE COMMUNITY IN FLINT, MICHIGAN? 475
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Other documents randomly have
different content
 [288] He published two Cedulas Reales for this purpose, bearing the dates Oct. 20,
1680, and Sept. 30, 1687.
[289] Barcia, p. 317; Careri, Voyage round the World, in Churchill’s Coll., Vol. IV.,
p. 537.
[290] God’s Protecting Providence, pp. 77-8.
[291] Maintenant ils sont presque touts Chrètiens. Louys Morery, Le Grand
Dictionnaire Historique, ou le Melange Curieux, Vol. I., Art. Apalaches. (Amsterdam
and La Haye, 1702.)
[292] See the Report on Oglethorpe’s Expedition, and Col. Moore’s Letter to the
Governor, in Carroll’s Hist. Colls. of S. C., Vol. II.
[293] Williams, View of W. Fla., p. 107.
[294] Alcedo, Dict. of America, Vol. I., p. 81.
[295] God’s Protecting Providence, pp. 68-9.
[296] Herman Moll, Thesaurus Geographus, Pt. II, p. 211, 4th ed. London, 1722.
[297] Dickinson, God’s Protecting Prov., p. 63.
[298] Roberts, Hist, of Fla., p. 15, and Francis Moore’s Voyage to Georgia.
[299] Travels, p. 233.
[300] Travels in E. Fla., p. 32, Darlington, Mems. of Bartram and Marshall, p. 284.
[301] Nat. Hist. E. and W. Fla., pp. 277-8.
[302] Nat. and Civil Hist. Fla. Preface and p. 175.
[303] See his letter on the Antiquities of the State in Williams’ View of W. Fla., pp.
105-110.
[304] The War in Fla., by a late Staff Officer, p. 5; see also, the account of Black
Hoof in Morse’s Rep. on Ind. Affairs, App. p. 98, and cf. Archæol. Am., Vol. I. p. 273.
[305] Dr. Stork, Des. of E. Fla., p. 8.
[306] Capt. Robinson, in Roberts, p. 97.
[307] Roberts, Hist. of Fla., p. 5.
[308] Parliamentary History, Vol. XV., Col. 1301, Art. XX.
[309] Travels, p. 65.
[310] Jour. of Travels in E. Fla., p. 25.
[311] Travels, p. 99.
[312] Ibid., p. 521.
[313] Travels, p. 99.
[314] Au sorty du village d’Edelano, pour venir au port de la rivière il faut passer
par une allée, longue environ de trois cens pas et large de quinze, aux deux costez de
laquelle sont plantez de grands arbres, &c. Hist. Notable, p. 138.
[315] Il y a au sortir du village une grande allée de trois à quatre cens pas, laquelle
et recouverte de grands arbres des deux costez. Hist. Not. pp. 164-5.
[316] Conq. de la Florida, Lib. II., P. I, cap. ult.
[317] La Vega, Ibid., Lib. I., cap. V., pp. 30-1.
[318] Lafitau in Baumgarten, Geschichte von Amerika, B. I., s. 71; Schoolcraft,
Algic Researches, Vol. II., pp. 52, 190.
[319] Knight, Anc. Art. sect. 162; Mackay, Progress of the Intellect, Vol I., p. 198,
note28; Montfaucon, Antiquities, Vol. II, p. 235; Görres, Mythengeschichte, B. I., s.
171.
[320] Real Cedula que contiene el asiento capitulado con Lucas Vasquez de Aillon,
in Navarrete Viages, Tom. III. p. 153; Basanier, Hist. Notable, p. 29, and comp, p. 78.
[321] Real cedula dando facultad à Francisco de Garay para poblar la Provincia de
Amichel, in Navarrete, Tom. III., p. 148. The account says they were “de diez à once
palmos en alto.”
[322] Histoire de la Virginie, Liv. III., p. 259, (Orleans, 1707.)
[323] Notes on the Iroquois, p. 482.
[324] Letters from the Allegheny Mountains, Let. XX. p. 162.
[325] Archæologia Americana, Vol. I.
[326] On the rôle of trees in primitive religions consult Guigniaut, Religions de
l’Antiquitè, T. I., pp. 81, 150, note, 391, 406.
[327] La Vega, Conq. de la Florida, Lib. I., cap. IV., p. 5.
[328] Ibid. Lib. III., cap. XIV., p. 129. cap. XV., p. 131, et sq.
[329] For descriptions of this mode of interment, essentially the same in most of
the tribes from the Mississippi to the St. Lawrence, and very widely prevalent in
South America, consult Wm. Bartram, Travels, p. 516; Romans, Nat. Hist. Fla., pp.
88-90; Adair, Hist. N. Am. Inds., p. 183; Lawson, New Account of Carolina, p. 182,
in Stevens’ Collection; Beverly, Hist. de la Virginie, pp. 259-62; Baumgarten, Ges.
von Amerika, B. I., s. 470; Colden, Hist. of the Five Nations, p. 16, and many others.
[330] See an instructive notice from Pere le Petit in the Lettres Edifiantes et
Curieuses, T. IV., pp. 261-2, and the Inca, Lib. II., pp. 69-70; Lib. IV., p. 188; Lib. V.,
pp. 202, 231, &c.
[331] Port. Gent, in Hackluyt, V., p. 489.
[332] Nar. of Oceola Nikkanoche, pp. 71-2. The author speaks of one “that must
have covered two acres of ground,” but this is probably a misapprehension.
[333] I am aware that Mr. Schoolcraft places the pottery of Florida intermediate
between the coarse work of the northern hunter tribes, and the almost artistic
manufactures of Yucatan and Mexico, (see an article on the Antiquities of Florida, in
the Hist. of the Ind. Tribes, Vol. III.;) but the numerous specimens obtained in various
parts of the peninsula that I had opportunities to examine, never seemed to indicate a
civilization so advanced.
[334] There is an excellent paper on this topic by the well-known geologist,
Lardner Vanuxem, in the Trans. Am. Assoc. Geol. and Naturalists, for 1840-42, p. 21.
sq.
[335] This is not an invariable proof however; see Tuomey, Geol. Survey of S.
Car., p. 199, note.
[336] Second Visit to the United States, Vol. I., p. 252.
[337] Am. Jour. of Science, Vol. XI., (2 ser.) pp. 164-74.
[338] Le case loro sono edificate di stuore sopra scorze d’ostriche, e sopra di esse
dormono sopra cuoi d’animali. Relatione que fece Alvaro Nunez, detto Capo di Vaca,
Ramusio, Viaggi, T. III., fol. 317., E.
[339] On the geology of these bluffs, see the articles by Mr. Allen, in the first, and
Mr. Conrad in the second volume of the Am. Jour. Science. (Second series.)
[340] Travels, p. 198.
[341] The peculiar hue of the whole St. Johns system of streams has been termed
by various travellers a light brown, light red, coffee color, rich umber, and beer color.
In the sun it is that of a weak lye, but in the shade often looks as black as ink. The
water is quite translucent and deposits no sediment. The same phenomenon is
observed in the low country of Carolina, New Jersey, and Lake Superior, and on a
large scale in the Rio Negro, Atababo, Temi, and others of South America. In the
latter, Humboldt (Ansichten der Natur, B. I., p. 263-4) ascribes it “to a solution of
carburetted hydrogen, to the luxuriance of a tropical vegetation, and to the quantity of
plants and herbs on the ground on which they flow.” In Florida, the vast marshes and
hammocks, covered the year round with water from a few inches to two feet in depth,
yet producing such rank vegetation as to block up the rivers with floating islands, are
doubtless the main cause. The Hillsboro, Suwannee, and others, flowing through the
limestone lands into the Gulf, are on the other hand remarkable for the clarity of their
streams. I have drank this natural decoction when it tasted and smelt so strongly of
decayed vegetable matter as almost to induce nausea. A fact not readily explained is
that while the dark waters of other regions are marked by a lack of fish and
crocodiles, a freedom from stinging musquitoes, a cooler atmosphere and greater
salubrity, nothing of the kind occurs on these streams.
[342] For particulars concerning some of these, see Wm. Bartram, Travels, pp.
145, 165, 206, 230; Notices of E. Florida, by a recent Trav., pp. 28, 44; American
Journal of Science, Vol. XXV., p. 165, I., (2 ser.) p. 39.
[343] Flint, (Travels, Let. XVI., p. 172,) says that neither of those found in 1810
measured more than four feet. This is an error. He only saw the female, whose age
was not over fourteen, and the squatting position in which the body was, deceived
him.
[344] Conq. de la Florida, Lib. V., P. II., cap. VIII.
[345] In French’s Hist. Coll. of La., Pt. I., p. 61.
[346] Mems. Hist. sur la Louisiane, T. I., pp. 154-5.
[347] Hist. of Louisiana, Vol. II., p. 230.
[348] A New Account of Carolina, p. 191.
[349] Joutel, Jour. Hist., p. 218; Mems. of Sieur de Tonty, p. 61; Dupratz, V. II., p.
22; Cabeza de Vaca. in Ramusio, T. III., fol. 317, E.
[350] Lawson, ubi suprà, p. 180.
[351] It was remarked of the mummy found in the Mammoth cave, “In the making
of her dress there is no evidence of the use of any other machinery than bone and
horn needles.” (Collin’s Kentucky, p. 257.)
[352] Archæologia Americana, Vol. I., p. 230.
[353] Whence the French verb boucaner, and the English buccaneer. Possibly the
custom may have been introduced among the tribes of the northern shore of the Gulf
by the Caribs.
[354] Dumont, Mems., Hist. sur la Louisiane, T. I, p. 240.
[355] De Bry, Peregrinationes in America, P. I., Tab. XXII.; Beverly, Hist. de la
Virginie, Liv. III., pp. 285-6; Lawson, Acc’t of Carolina, p. 182; Schoolcraft, Hist.
Ind. Tribes, Vol. V., p. 693.
[356] See the Inca, Lib. IV., caps. VIII., IX.
[357] See the Am. Jour. of Science, Vol. I., p. 429; Vol. XXII., p. 124; Collin’s
Kentucky, pp. 177, 448, 520, 541; Bradford, Am. Antiqs., Pt. I., p. 29.
[358] Dumont, Mems. Hist. T. II., pp. 178, 238; Dupratz, Vol. II., p. 221, and for
the latter fact, Mems. of the Sieur de Tonty, p. 61.
[359] Medical Repository, Vol. XVI., p. 148. This opinion is endorsed by
Bradford, Am. Antiqs., p. 31.
[360] Humboldt, Krit. Untersuch. ueber die Hist. Entwickelung der Geog.
Kentnisse der neuen Welt, B. I., s. 322; the same reason is given by De Laet, Descrip.
Ind. Occident. Lib. IV., cap. XIV.
[361] “Guañines de oro,” Navarrete, Viages, Tom. III., p. 52; Herrera, Dec. I., Lib.
IX., cap. XI.
[362] Mais on n’y trouve pas d’or, parce qu’elle est eloignè des mines
d’Onagatono, situées dans les montagnes neigeuses d’Onagatono dernieres
possessions d’Abolachi, Memoire, p. 32.
[363] Pedro Morales, in Hackluyt, Vol. III., p. 432.
 [364] See Lanman’s Letters from the Allegheny Mountains, pp. 9, 26, 27; White,
Hist. Coll. of Georgia, pp. 487-8.
[365] Humboldt, Island of Cuba, p. 131, note.
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