IOT BASED AUTOMATIC THREE-PHASE POWER

SUPPLY CHANGEOVER WITH LOAD BALANCING

Huzaif Khalid1, Rehan Liaqat2, Kashif Nisar Paracha3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
[email protected]

Keywords: PHASE FAILURE, HUMAN STRESS, INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT), POWER

INTERRUPTION

1
Abstract
Phase failure is a frequent issue in three-phase electrical systems, often caused by power fluctuations. Manually addressing
phase changes can be stressful and inefficient, leading to interruptions in power supply. This project introduces an IoT-based
Automatic Phase Changeover System designed to streamline this process. By automating the phase changeover, the system
reduces manual intervention and minimizes power disruptions. Leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT), the system
continuously monitors and manages the power supply, ensuring seamless transitions between phases. This solution enhances
demand-side management, optimizes energy usage, and significantly improves reliability in three-phase electrical systems.

1 Introduction While there are other types of phase changeover systems

available, such as those for single-phase or two-phase
The project focuses on automating phase changeover in a applications, this specific prototype is designed to handle
three-phase power supply system, designed to ensure three-phase power. [8]This makes it particularly suitable for
continuous power to critical loads during phase failure. It industrial or commercial settings where three-phase power is
incorporates a microcontroller, sensors, and relay switches to common.
monitor the availability and condition of each phase. In the
event of a fault in any of the three phases,[1] the system [9] Says in the paper “Design of automatic phase selector
automatically switches to a functioning phase, using relays to from any available three phase supply” power failure is a
restore power without manual intervention. Once the faulty common problem. It hampers the production of industry and
phase is restored, the system reverts to its original construction work of new plants and buildings. It can be
configuration.[2] This automation is crucial in regions with mitigated by using a backup power supply such as a
unreliable power supplies, as it prevents disruptions caused generator. The main goal of this paper is to present the actual
by outages or low voltage, especially in industrial and indication of an automatic phase switch for 220V or 240V
commercial applications where continuous power is vital. alternating current.[10] Although many designs can perform
Additionally, the system provides real-time status updates via similar functions like single-phase changer - switches, two-
an LCD display and mobile app, ensuring that even if only phase automatic transfer switches, and three-phase automatic
one phase is active, the load remains powered at normal change switches, this model is about an automatic phase
voltage,[3] thus addressing issues related to low voltage or switch over (phase selector) which is designed for only three-
phase imbalance in a three-phase supply. phase A.C input power to singlephase output application.

The key feature of this project is automatic phase shifting. Automatic Energetic Phase Selector for Single Phase Load
When one or more of the three phases’ experiences failure (or from Three Phase Supply. The project is designed to provide
even low voltage), the system automatically detects the issue uninterrupted AC mains supply i.e., 230 volts to a single-
through sensors and uses relays to shift the load to a phase load. This is achieved by automatically changing the
functioning phase.[4] This ensures that the connected devices load from the missing phase to the next available phase in a
(or loads) remain powered as long as at least one phase is 3-phase system.[11] It is often noticed that power interruption
operational, removing the need for manual intervention. Once in the distribution system is about 70% for single-phase faults
the faulty phase is restored,[5] the system automatically while the other two phases are in normal condition.
switches back to its normal configuration, maintaining
operational efficiency. Says in the paper “Design and Creation of Automatic three-
phase power system selector” that the automatic three-phase
power system selector was planned and assembled. The
device habitually switches over to an alternative phase that
1.1 Literature Review has a current when there is a power outage or very low
current in the phase in which the load is coupled without the
Over the years many methods have been used in assembling a power being off. The selector links the load and the other
changeover system. The proposed automatic phase changer is phases and relay switches allowing the usage of the
designed to address three-phase applications where low remaining phases where there is an outage on the mains
voltage exists in one or two phases.[6] By utilizing electronic source without disturbing or interrupting the load. It
components such as AT89C51, ULN2003, ESP8266, maintains a constant power supply to the load by
resistors, 16x2 LCD, relays, bridge rectifiers, crystal automatically activating 5 the phase when the need arises.
oscillators, capacitors, and transformers, the system [12]This safeguard the electrical system from being damaged
automatically senses higher voltage across the three inputs and burned out because of voltage instability, collapse, and
and connects the load accordingly[7]. While other designs insistent outages which are paramount in underdeveloped and
and prototypes exist for single-phase changeover switches developing countries.
and two-phase automatic transfer switches, this prototype
focuses on a three-phase to single-phase automatic phase about this paper[13]The paper “Design and Implementation
switchover. of Automatic Three Phase Changer Using LM324 Quad
Integrated Circuit” says that the Design and implementation
of an automatic three-phase changer using LM324 quad

2
integrated circuit was carried out. The system was designed  Eliminate the need for manual intervention, reducing
and simulated using (Multisim). The circuit components were human stress and errors in phase switching.
mounted on a Vero board. LM324 combined circuit
(comparator) and 2N2222 transistors were used as active
components and other passive components. The result shows 2. Methodology
that, when three-phase AC inputs from an unrestricted supply
were fed to the system, the system related the inputs to phase This project focuses on the design, development, and
differences, and the input with the highest voltage appeared implementation of an IoT-based Automatic Phase
across the output.[14] It also changes from one phase to a Changeover system. The methodology involves constructing
different phase instantaneously. a system that automates phase switching in response to power
fluctuations in a three-phase electrical supply.[16] The
system will monitor the phases and seamlessly switch to the
1.1.1 Manual Switch Box:
healthiest available one, ensuring uninterrupted power for
critical loads.
There is a power failure, the changeover is done manually by
A key aspect of the methodology is to compare and analyse
humans. The same happens when public power is returned,
the stress levels and response times between manual and
usually attended by loud noise and electrical sparks.
automatic phase switching. By evaluating the efficiency and
Limitations of the Manual Changeover Switch Box are given
reliability of the automatic system, the project aims to
below:
quantify its benefits in reducing human stress and minimizing
 It makes a noise power interruptions. The time delays associated with manual
 It is robust to operate switching versus the automatic system will be meticulously
 It could cause a fire outbreak measured and analysed,[17] allowing conclusions to be
drawn regarding the overall performance improvement
 Time wasting whenever there is a power failure
offered by the automated approach.
 It causes device, process, or product damage
This methodical approach ensures a comprehensive
understanding of the impact of automating phase switching,
particularly in environments where consistent power supply
1.1.2 Automatic Changeover System with Electromagnetic is crucial, such as hospitals and industrial facilities.
Relays (EMR):
2.1 How does changeover work?
A relay is an electromagnetic device activated by changing its
input to get the required output. In recent times, The basic task of the project is to change the phase if a fault
electromechanical relays (EMRs) have been used with occurs in any one phase of a three-phase system in case of
another module to implement automatic changeover. Such Phase Failure. Switching is possible using relays. The system
components could be logic gates, transistors, optocouplers, will be designed to automatically change the phases after the
microcontrollers, etc. Most of these components use 5v since Phase Failure are clear. The device removes the stress of
they are Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) based. [15]Such a manually switching the phases when a power or Phase failure
control system must be properly isolated from the relay to occurs. This system is designed to monitor the presence of
avoid the flowback of the AC signal into the control supply to the three phases and to display the condition of
electronics. It has limitations which are listed below: each phase on an LCD and through mobile App[18].
 Arching which could cause a fire outbreak.
2.1.1 Flow Chat
 Noise associated with switching of relays.
 High Component count making the system more prone
to failures.

1.3 Objectives

 Ensure uninterrupted power supply for critical loads,

such as in hospitals.
 Automatically detect and switch to the healthiest
available phase during phase failure or power
fluctuation.
 Minimize power interruptions by automating the phase
changeover process.
 Enhance system reliability and reduce downtime in
three-phase electrical systems.

3
Figure 1 • Measuring the AC voltage and current through
voltage sensors (ZMPT101B). and current sensors
This flowchart outlines the process of phase changeover in a (ACS712).
three-phase power system. The system continuously monitors • Arduino receives analog values of voltage and
the status of each phase (Red, Yellow, Blue). If a phase fails current and it converts this value in digital by the
(Red), the corresponding relay is turned off, and the load is built-in A to D converter of Arduino.
connected to the remaining functioning phases. If a phase is • Arduino gives these digital values to Wi-Fi module
nearing failure (Yellow), the system is alerted but does not and shows them on the mobile app for monitoring.
initiate a phase changeover yet. If all phases are functioning • By using the voltage values Arduino takes the
normally (Blue), the system continues to operate without any decision to make demand-side management to shift
changes.[19] This process repeats indefinitely, ensuring that the load to the next healthiest phase.
the load remains powered even in the event of phase failures.
3.1.1 Block diagram:
2.2 Proposed Model

The automatic three-phase changeover is a system that can

relate three phases and switch automatically to any of the
three phases, if a fault occurs.

2.2.1 Problem Statement:

 When generation is low and demand is high, the system

will blackout because of overload and power fluctuation.
 Nowadays, the rate of phase failure and power outage
has become high.
 Manually changing the phase is difficult, stressful, and Figure 3
dangerous to humans.
 There is no proper IOT-based and demand-side
management mechanism for automatically changing the
phase when a fault occurs in a three-phase system.

2.2.2 Problem Solution:

 It involves automatic changeover between the main

power supply phases.
 Also, this device monitors the system voltages, currents,
and phase condition
 The basic operation of the project is to change the phase
if a fault occurs in any of one phase in a phase system.
 The device removes the stress of manually changing the
phase when a fault occurs.

3 Results
3.1 Hardware components

Figure 1

4
3.2 The Final Module 1. Kibet, F.J., Design and Implementation of a
Microcontroller-Based Automatic Changeover
System for Transformers in Power Stations.
2021, JKUAT-COPAS.
2. Abdulkareem, A., et al. Development and
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changeover control circuit with alarm. in IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering. 2021. IOP Publishing.
3. Ogbekhiulu, J., Development of a Hybrid
Automatic Power Changeover Switch with
Phase Selector. FUPRE Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research (FJSIR), 2022. 6(3): p. 80-
94.
4. Veerasamy, V., et al., A Hankel matrix based
reduced order model for stability analysis of
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cascade PI-PD controller for automatic load
frequency control. IEEE Access, 2020. 8: p.
71422-71446.
Figure 4 5. Biswal, C., et al., Real-time grid monitoring and
protection: A comprehensive survey on the
This project automates phase changeover in a three-phase advantages of phasor measurement units.
power system to ensure continuous power to critical loads. It Energies, 2023. 16(10): p. 4054.
uses a microcontroller, sensors, and relays to detect phase 6. Geetha, A., et al., Automatic Phase Adaptation
failures and automatically switch to a functioning phase. This
in Three Phase Supply for Online Inverter
prevents disruptions caused by power outages or low voltage,
especially in industrial and commercial applications. The Systems.
system provides real-time status updates and ensures that 7. Singh, S.S. and V. Saraswat, ENERGY
loads remain powered at normal voltage, even during phase OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE BY AUTOMATIC
imbalances. FAN SPEED CONTROLLER BASED ON
SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE BY USING
ARDUINO.
4 Conclusion 8. Akinola, O., et al., Three phase microcontroller
IoT-based Phase Changeover system for demand-side based automatic change-over selection switch.
management in a three-phase setup has proven to be highly LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and
effective and reliable. It seamlessly switches between phases Technology, 2024: p. 161-174.
in the event of a failure, making it particularly beneficial for 9. Usman, I., Design And Construction Of An
environments like hospitals, offices, and large buildings. The Automatic Phase Selector For 3-Phase Power
system’s integration of key components such as voltage and
Supply. 2024.
current sensors ensures accuracy, and its compatibility with
standard software tools allows for easy prototyping. Our tests 10. Adrama, I.N.G., et al., ISAR Journal of Science
confirm the device's performance, with rapid phase switching and Technology.
showcasing its potential. We are excited to explore further 11. Yassir, A., Research of Three-Phase
improvements to enhance its capabilities in the field of Photovoltaic Inverter Voltage Formation
automation. Algorithms for Inverter Embedded System.
2024, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos
5 Acknowledgements
universitetas.
Acknowledgements should be placed after the conclusion and 12. Ajra, Y., et al., A Literature Review of Fault
before the references section. Details of grants, financial aid Detection and Diagnostic Methods in Three-
and other special assistance should be noted. Phase Voltage-Source Inverters. Machines,
2024. 12(9): p. 631.
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5
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