Unit –I

Computer Fundamentals: Meaning, Features of Computers, Advantages and

Limitations of Computer, Classification of Computers. Components of Computer :
Input Unit, output Unit and CPU. Memory and storage: Primary Memory
&Secondary memory, Input devices, output devices. Operating System- Meaning and
functions Computer Software: Types of Software, Application software and system
software
Introduction to Windows Operating System: Directory Manipulation: Creating
Directory, Sub Directory, Renaming, Coping and Deleting the Directory. File
Manipulation: Creating a File, Deleting, Coping, renaming a file.

Unit –II
MS-Word: History, Creating, Saving, Opening, Importing, Exporting and Inserting
document, Formatting pages, Alignment, Paragraphs and Sections, creating lists and
numberings Formatting Commands: Headings, Styles, Fonts and Size editing,
Viewing Text, Finding and Replacing text, Headers and Footers, Inserting page
breaks, Page numbers, mail merge. MS-PowerPoint: History, Creating, Saving,
Opening, existing presentation, Creating and Saving a Presentation using Auto
Content Wizard, Design Template, Blank Presentation the Slide Sorter View, Slide
Show, Inserting pictures and graphics and Printing Slides.

Unit III
MS-Excel: Introduction, Components of Excel History, Creating, Saving, Opening,
Spreadsheet, Formatting numbers and Text, Graph and Chart Formatting Commands,
Menu Bar, Toolbars, Producing Charges, Protecting Cell Macro and Printing
Operation, Spell Checking, Cell Editing, Calculation of various Financial and
Statistical Functions using Formulas.

Unit IV
Introduction to E- commerce : Meaning and concept – E- commerce v/s Traditional
Commerce- E- Business, features & benefits of E- Commerce – Impacts, Challenges &
Limitations of E-Commerce , Website – components of website – Concept &
Designing website for E- Commerce – Corporate Website – Portal – Search Engine –
 Internet Advertising – Emergence of the internet as a competitive advertising media,
Electronic Payment system, Security Issues in E-Commerce.

Unit-1
Meaning of Computer

A programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform

prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and
display the results of these operations. Mainframes, desktop and laptop
computers, tablets, and smart phones are some of the different types of
computers.

Features of Computer
The characteristics of the computer system are as follows −
Speed
A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to
humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can
process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken
by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.
Accuracy
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur
due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same
consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of
concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human
beings.
Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different
kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data
i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the
same result.
Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks
without manual intervention.
Memory
A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores
data. Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives,
etc., which are also used to store data.
Advantages of
computer Multitasking
Multitasking is one of the major advantage of computer. Person can
perform multiple task, multiple operation, calculate numerical problems
within few seconds. Computer can perform trillion of instructions per
second.
Speed
Now computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer
has very important role in human life. One of the main advantages of
computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their
task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just
because of its speed else wise it takes a long time to perform the task.
Cost/ Stores huge amount of data
It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget.
Centralized database of storing information is the major advantage that
can reduce cost.
Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only
calculations but also with accuracy.
Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provide
security from destructive forces and from unwanted action from
unauthorized users like cyberattack or access attack.
Disadvantage of Computer
As we know advantage comes with disadvantage.
Virus and hacking attacks
Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over
computer for some illicit purpose. Virus is being transferred from email
attachment, viewing an infected website advertisement, through
removable device like USB etc. once virus is transferred in host
computer it can infect file, overwrite the file etc.
For example: Huge portion of internet was going down including
Twitter, Netflix, Reddit and CNN in October 2016 because the largest
DDoS attack was launched on service provider DYN using IoT Botnet.
Online Cyber Crimes
Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in
order to commit crime. Cyberstalking and Identity theft are the points
which comes under online cyber-crimes. For example: one may get the
access of the access to your shopping account like amazon account now
that person will be able to know your personal details like debit card or
credit card number which can be than misused.

Reduction in employment opportunity

Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the
knowledge of computer they faced a big problem when computer came
in field. As we have seen in banking sector senior bank employees faced
this problem when computer came to the banking sector.

Computer System Components

Computer systems consist of three components as shown in below
image: Central Processing Unit, Input devices and Output devices.
Input devices provide data input to processor, which processes data and
generates useful information that’s displayed to the user through output
devices. This is stored in computer’s memory.
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is called "the brain of computer" as
it controls operation of all parts of computer. It consists of two
components: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Control Unit.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Data entered into computer is sent to RAM, from where it is then sent
to ALU, where rest of data processing takes place. All types of
processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of
non-numeric information takes place here and once again data is moved
to RAM.
Control Unit
As name indicates, this part of CPU extracts instructions, performs
execution, maintains and directs operations of entire system.
Functions of Control Unit
Control unit performs following functions −

It controls all activities of computer

 Supervises flow of data within CPU

 Directs flow of data within CPU

 Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit

 Transfers results to memory

 Fetches results from memory to output devices

Memory Unit
This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as
results given by computer are stored. Unit of memory is "Byte".

Classification of Computer

Computer scan is broadly classified by their speed and computing

power.

Sr.No. Type Specifications

1 PC It is a single
(Personal user computer
Computer) system having
or Micro- a moderately
powerful
Sr.No. Type Specifications

Computers microprocessor.
It is termed as a
computer that
is equipped
microprocessor
as its CPU.

2 Workstation It is also a
single user
computer
system, similar
to the personal
computer,
however, has a
more powerful
microprocessor.

3 Mini- It is a multi-
Computer user computer
system, capable
of supporting
hundreds of
users
simultaneously.

4 Main Frame It is a multi-

user computer
system, capable
of supporting
hundreds of
users
Sr.No. Type Specifications

simultaneously.
Software
technology is
different from
minicomputer.

5 Super- It is an
Computer extremely fast
computer,
which can
execute
hundreds of
millions of
instructions per
second.

PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively

inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on
the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word
processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet
and database management applications. At home, the most popular use
for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these
systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of
power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the
same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations
by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
Workstation

The workstation is a computer used for engineering applications

(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such
types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing
power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics
screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical
user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as
a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless
workstations, comes without a disk drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows
NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but
are typically linked together to form a local area network, although they
can also be used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250
users simultaneously.

Mainframe
The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and
supports much simultaneous execution of programs.

Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require an immense amount of mathematical
calculations (number-crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations,
(animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting).

What is Memory?

Memory is very much like our brain as it is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space where data is to be
processed, and instructions needed for processing are stored. The
memory is divided into a large number of smaller portions called the cell.
Every cell/ location has a unique address and a size.

Two types of memories are:

 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory

What is Primary Memory?

Primary memory is the main memory of the computer system. Accessing

data from primary memory is faster because it is an internal memory of
the computer. The primary memory is most volatile which means data in
primary memory does not exist if it is not saved when a power failure
occurs.

Two types of Primary Memory are:

  RAM
 ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random access memory which is also known as RAM is generally

known as a main memory of the computer system. It is called temporary
memory or cache memory. The information stored in this type of
memory is lost when the power supply to the PC or laptop is switched
off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is a permanent type of memory.

Its content is not lost when the power supply is switched off. The
computer manufacturer decides the information of ROM, and it is
permanently stored at the time of manufacturing which can not be
overwritten by the user.

What is Secondary Memory?

All secondary storage devices which are capable of storing high volume
data is referred to secondary memory. It's slower than primary memory.
However, it can save a substantial amount of data, in the range of
gigabytes to terabytes. This memory is also called backup storage or
mass storage media.

Types of Secondary memory

Mass storage devices:
The magnetic disk provides cheap storage and is used for both small
and large computer systems.
Two types of magnetic disks are:

 Floppy disks
 Hard disks
Flash/SSD
Solid State Drive provides a persistent flash memory. It's very
fast compared to Hard Drives. Frequently found in Mobile
phones, its rapidly being adopted in PC/Laptop/Mac.
Optical drives:
This secondary storage device is from which data is read and written
with the help of lasers. Optical disks can hold data up to 185TB.
Examples

 CD
 DVD

 Floppy Disk: A floppy disk is a flexible disk with a magnetic

coating on it. It is packaged inside a protective plastic envelope.
These are one of the oldest type of portable storage devices that
could store up to 1.44 MB of data but now they are not used due
to very less memory storage.

 Hard disk: A hard disk consists of one or more circular disks

called platters which are mounted on a common spindle. Each
surface of a platter is coated with a magnetic material MB,GB,TB.

USB drives:
It is one of the most popular types of secondary storage device available
in the market. USB drives are removable, rewritable and are physically
very small. The capacity of USB drives is also increasing significantly
as today 1TB pen drive is also available in the market.
Input devices

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which
helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like
that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base,
which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding
signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor
position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its
both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or to show objects on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and
by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy
machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it
is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further
manipulation.

Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a
digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound

to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the
form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in
labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld
scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Output Devices

Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the
main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots,
called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of
the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels.
The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes
more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the
letter ‘e’ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The

screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on
the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are
capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically.
There are some disadvantages of CRT −

 Large in Size
 High power consumption

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have
reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the
CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current
uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors,
laptop computer, and graphics display.
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −
 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert
electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED
(Light-Emitting Diodes).
 Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical
effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into
graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon,
which is then pressed on the paper.
Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
These printers are of two types −
  Character printers
 Line printers
Character Printers
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a
time. These are further divided into two types:

 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

 Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer
In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer.
These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and
economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern of
dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9)
which come out to form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix
Printer.

Advantages

 Inexpensive
 Widely Used
 Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages

 Slow Speed
  Poor Quality
Daisy Wheel
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like
petals of Daisy (flower) which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer.
These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices that
require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

Advantages

 More reliable than DMP

 Better quality
 Fonts of character can be easily changed
Disadvantages

 Slower than DMP

 Noisy
 More expensive than DMP
Line Printers
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.
Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the
dots needed to form the characters to be printed on a page.

Advantages
  Very high speed
 Very high quality output
 Good graphics quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size
Disadvantages

 Expensive
 Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a
single printing

Operating system
Definition
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all
kinds of programs.

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management

 Security

 Control over system performance

 Job accounting

 Error detecting aids

 Coordination between other software and users

Memory Management
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or
Main Memory. Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where
each word or byte has its own address.
Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by
the CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory.
An Operating System does the following activities for memory
management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by
whom, what part are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get
memory when and how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has
been terminated.
Processor Management
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets
the processor when and for how much time. This function is
called process scheduling. An Operating System does the following
activities for processor management −
 Keeps tracks of processor and status(0) of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Device Management
An Operating System manages device communication via their
respective drivers. It does the following activities for device
management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is
known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much
time(mouse, keyboard,printer).
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation
and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.
An Operating System does the following activities for file management
−
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
Other Important Activities
Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System
performs −
 Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it
prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays between
request for a service and response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by
various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
What is Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-
defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to
solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −

 System Software
 Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate,
control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers.
These software products comprise of programs written in low-level
languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the
end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers,
Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system

software −

 Close to the system

 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 interactive
 Smaller in size
  Difficult to manipulate
 Generally written in low-level language
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need
of a particular environment. All software applications prepared in the
computer lab can come under the category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as
Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing a simple text. It may also
consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package,
which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
package.
Examples of Application software are the following −

 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
 Income Tax Software
 Railways Reservation Software
 Microsoft Office Suite Software
 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows −

 Close to the user

 Easy to design
 More interactive
  Slow in speed
 Generally written in high-level language
 Easy to understand
 Easy to manipulate and use
 Bigger in size and requires large storage space

File Manipulation in Windows Operating system

File organization and manipulation is an essential skill for using a

computer. We have summarized below some of the basic operations
that are used to perform these tasks
1.1 Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer is a computer program that helps you organize and
access your data files. With this program you can create folders, copy,
move, rename, and delete files and folders.

1.2 Basic File and Folder Operations

1. Creating a New Folder or Subfolder

Folders are used to organize your documents. Each document you

create should be saved in a specific folder. To create a new folder or
subfolder:

 Select the folder under which the new folder should reside.
For example, if you want to place a subfolder within My
Documents, go to this folder.
 Select File from the menu bar.
 Select New, then click on Folder. A blank folder icon will be
created in the selected location.
  Type the new folder name.
 Press the Enter key.

2. Renaming a File or Folder

To rename a file or folder:

 Select the file or folder you wish to rename.

 Right-click on the file or folder and select Rename. Backspace or
delete the original name and type in the new name.
 Press the Enter key.

3. Copying a File or Folder

Files and folders can be copied from one folder to another folder or
even from one disk drive to another drive. To copy a file from one
folder to another folder:

 Select the file or folder you wish to copy.

 Select Edit from the menu bar, and then select Copy.
 Select the new folder in which the copied file or folder
should reside.
 Select Edit from the menu bar, and then select Paste. The file or
folder has been copied to the new folder. Keep in mind that the
original file or folder remains in its original location, and a new
copy exists in the new location.

4 Moving a File or Folder

Files and folders can be moved from one folder to another folder or even
from one disk drive to another drive. To move a file from one folder to
another folder:

 Select the file or folder you wish to move.

 Select Edit from the menu bar, and then select Cut.
 Select the new folder in which the moved file or folder
should reside.
  Select Edit from the menu bar, and then select Paste. The file or
folder has been moved to the new folder.

5. Deleting a File or Folder

To delete a file or folder:

 Select the file or folder you wish to delete.

 Right-click on the file and select Delete.
 A Confirm File (or Folder) Delete box will be displayed.
Click on yes .
 Note: When you delete a folder, all files and subfolders in
the folder are also deleted.
Unit-II
What is Microsoft Word used for?

Microsoft Word allows you to create professional-quality documents,

reports, letters, and résumés. Unlike a plain text editor, Microsoft Word
has features including spell check, grammar check, text
and font formatting.extension name of word file is .docx..
Microsoft word features
1. Working With Text and Styles

Microsoft Word is a word processor, which means that it's designed

primarily for text-based documents. In Word, you type text and see
roughly how it will appear on someone else's computer screen or on
paper. You can change the font, color, size and other style settings for
text using Word's built-in options.

2. Saving and Printing

After you create a document in Word, you usually want to save it for
later access, send to someone, print it out, or any combination of these
uses. With Word, you can save a document in a variety of formats for
compatibility with other software.

3.Word and Compatibility

Microsoft Word has been designed for years to maximize compatibility
between versions. Typically, versions of Microsoft Word can open files
created in previous versions of the software and save files in formats
usable by earlier versions. You can also save files in formats such as
Rich Text Format, which is used by a variety of competing products.

4.Cloud and Local Support

Microsoft Word offers a local version of the software that you can
access on your computer and a version you can access through your
web browser. In the past, Word was only available as a program you
install locally on your computer.

5. Built-in Collaboration

Modern versions of Microsoft Word allow multiple people to edit the

same document. This is an improvement on previous editions and some
competing products, which require people to edit documents one at a
time and email or otherwise share changed versions for review and
further editing.

6.Microsoft Word Formatting Features

A substantial number of parts of Microsoft Word are designed around
formatting text. You can choose from a wide variety of fonts and colors
for text in a document, create formatted sections such as tables with
bulleted or numbered lists and entries, and insert images

7.Saving, Loading and Printing

Like other modern word processing programs, Microsoft Word enables
you to save files so that you can reopen them later. You can save your
documents in a variety of formats to ensure compatibility with older
versions of Word or with other word processing tools.

8.Save and Save As:

This is possibly the first command you should use when you type some
text. It enables you to save your document on the hard disk as a .docx
file (by default). Take note of the type of file here.

9. Templates: – In MS Word are pre-defined professional designs

for users. In which all the page layout, fonts, colors, graphics, outline,
text boxes, etc. word processor user get by default. To insert template
you need to go File Menu -> New then you can see available templates
and office.com template.

10.Clipboard: – In Microsoft Word Home Menu Clipboard is the first

category menu that is used to store copied material temporarily. Such
as text and picture or any object in Microsoft Word.
Word Options

1. File tab. From then menu on the left, select Options. (Rather
confusingly it looks like the Info tab is selected.

2. Home Tab

It have Font, Font Size, Bold , Italic , Font Color options .

3. Insert Tab

This tab contains all the commands for inserting items into your
documents such as Cover Page, Tables, Header & Footer etc.
Tables

When a table is selected you will see additional contextual tabs Tables > Table Tools Design

Illustrations

4. Mail merge
This tab contains everything needed to complete a successful mail merge.

Create

Envelopes - Lets you create and print envelopes.

Labels - Lets you create and print labels.
Start Mail Merge

Start Mail Merge - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains the commands: Letters, E-mail
Messages, Envelopes, Labels, Directory, Normal Word Document and Step-by-Step Mail
Merge Wizard. Creates a from letter which you intend to email or print multiple times sending
each copy to a different recipient. Displays the "New Address List" dialog box.
Select Recipients - Drop-Down. The 3 options are from step 3 of the wizard. The drop-down
contains the commands: Type New List, Use Existing List and Select from Outlook Contacts.
Type New List displays the "New Address List" dialog box. You will have to save this list as a
Microsoft Office Address List (.mdb).
Edit Recipient List - Displays the "Mail Merge Recipients" dialog box allowing you to change
or filter the list of recipients.

Write & Insert Fields

These commands are only available when you are in a mail merge document.

Highlight Merge Fields - Highlights all the fields in the active document that have been
inserted. This makes is easy to see what will be replaced.
Address Block - Displays the "Insert Address Block" dialog box. This allows you to customise
how the address will be inserted.
Greeting Line - Displays the "Insert Greeting Line" dialog box. Lets you add a greeting line to
your document.
Insert Merge Field - Button with Drop-Down. The button displays the "Insert Merge Field"
dialog box. The drop-down allows you to quickly insert a merge field just by clicking on it in
the list and contains the commands: Title, First_Name, Last_Name, Company_Name,
Address_Line_a, Address_Line_2, City, State, Zip_Code, Country_or_Region, Home_Phone,
Work_Phone, Email_Address.
Rules - Drop-Down. Lets you add decision making rules to the mail merge. The drop-down
contains the commands: Ask, Fill-in, If-Then-Else, Merge Record, Merge Sequence, Next
Record, Next Record If, Set Bookmark, Skip Record If.
Match Fields - Displays the "Match Fields" dialog box allowing you to match the required
fields with the recipients list.
Update Labels - Only enabled when creating labels. Updates all the labels in the document to
be consistent with the first label.

5. Image Size and Quality

Apply image size and quality settings for an open document or for all new documents.

6. Chart

Allow custom formatting and labels to stay with data points, even if the chart changes.

7. Show document content

Choose formatting, text, and image options.

8. Display

Choose a measurement format, show scrolling bars, and select the number of documents shown
in the Recent Documents list.

9. Print

Optimize the appearance of the hard-copy version of the document or change your printer paper
size.

10. Save

Save backup copies, automatically save changes to templates, or allow backup saves.
PowerPoint
PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics package. It gives you everything you
need to produce a professional-looking presentation. PowerPoint offers word
processing, outlining, drawing, graphing, and presentation management tools- all
designed to be easy to use and learn.

Features of PowerPoint
1) Adding Smart Art

Don’t confuse SmartArt with the similarly named WordArt. Where WordArt just
allows you to display text using a wide variety of different formats and effects,
SmartArt is a comprehensive and flexible business diagram tool that greatly
improves upon the ‘Diagram Gallery’ feature found in previous versions of Office.

Click the insert SmartChart Graphic to choose from a selection of options.

SmartArt can be used to create professional diagrams that include pictures and
text or combinations of the two. An obvious use of SmartArt would be to create
an organisation chart but it can be used for many different kinds of diagrams and
even to provide some variety to slides using text bullet points.

2) Inserting Shapes
If you need to include some sort of diagram in your presentation, then the quickest
and easiest way is probably to use SmartArt. However, it is important to be able to
include shapes independently of SmartArt and worth being familiar with the
various Drawing Tool format options.

Not only will they be useful if you do need to manually draw a diagram (and
SmartArt doesn’t suit all diagrams), but they can also be applied to objects on a
slide that you might not immediately think of as shapes. For example the box that
contains your slide title or your content. This can be anything from text to a video,
or even the individual shapes in a SmartArt diagram.

As you can see, the gallery of available shapes is very extensive. Once you have
selected your chosen shape, you can just click in your slide to insert a default
version of the shape or, to set a particular size and position, click and drag with
the mouse to create the shape and size you want.

3) Inserting an Image
Here are two content type icons which appear in new content Placeholders for
inserting pictures. You can Insert Picture from File or Insert Clip Art.
Alternatively, the Illustrations group of the Insert ribbon tab includes the same
two tools. In addition, PowerPoint 2010 has a new ‘Screenshot’ option that allows
you to capture an entire window or part of a window for inclusion on a slide. You
can also copy any image and just paste it directly to a slide.

Insert Picture from File allows you to browse to an image file saved somewhere
on your system whereas Clip Art is held in an indexed gallery of different media
types. Clip Art is not limited to pictures: ‘The Results should be:’ box lets you
choose between: ‘All media file types’ and one or more of the following different
types:

 Illustrations
 Photographs
 Video
 Audio
Once you have found the image you want to use, click on it to insert it into the
current slide. You can now re-size and move the image accordingly with further
editting options available when you right click the desired image.

4) Slide Transitions

Properly used, slide transitions can be make your presentations clearer and more
interesting and, where appropriate, more fun. Badly used, the effect of slide
transitions can be closer to irritating or even nauseating. Simple animation effects
are often used to add interest to bullet point text. Much more extreme animation
effects are available but, in most cases, should be used sparingly if at all.

Two main kinds of animation are available in a PowerPoint presentation: the

transition from one slide to the next and the animation of images/text on a
specific slide.

In PowerPoint 2010 & 2013 there is also a separate Transitions ribbon tab that
includes a gallery of different transition effects. These can be applied to selected
slides or all slides. If you want to apply different transition effects to different
groups of slides, then you might want to choose ‘Slide Sorter’ view from the
Presentation Views group of the View ribbon.

5) Adding Animations
Whereas the transition effects are limited to a single event per slide, animations
can be applied to every object on a slide – including titles and other text boxes.
Many objects can even have animation applied to different components, for
example each shape in a SmartArt graphic, each paragraph in a text box and each
column in a chart. Animations can be applied to three separate ‘events’ for each
object:

Entrance – how the object arrives on the slide

Emphasis – an effect to focus attention on an object while it is visible

Exit – how the object disappears from the slide

To apply an animation effect, choose the object or objects to be animated, then

choose Animation Styles or Add Animation from the Animations toolbar.

PPT Options
1. Editing options
When selecting, automatically select entire word Select this check box to select
the entire word when you click a word, or clear this check box to select an
individual letter in a word when you click a word.

2. Cut, copy, and paste

Use smart cut and paste Select this check box if you want PowerPoint to
adjust the spacing of words and objects that you paste into your presentation.
Smart cut and paste ensures that pasted content does not run up against other
words or objects that appear before or after the content that you paste.

3. Image size and quality

Options that you set in this section are only applicable to the presentation file that
you have open at the time.

4. Chart options

Properties follow chart data point for all new presentations Select this
check box to have custom formatting and chart data labels follow data points as
they move or change in the chart. This setting applies to all presentations created
hereafter.

5. Display

Show this number of recent documents/presentations Enter the number of

recently opened or edited presentations that you want to appear in the Recent
Documents list.

6. Show shortcut keys in ScreenTips

Select this check box to show the keyboard shortcuts in all ScreenTips, or clear
this check box to hide the keyboard shortcuts in all ScreenTips.

7. Automatically extend display when presenting on a laptop or tablet

(PowerPoint 2013 and newer versions) To turn off using presenter view, clear
this check box. By default, PowerPoint uses presenter view for slide shows.

8. Open all documents using this view

Select an option from the list to specify that all presentations open in a
specific view each time that you start PowerPoint.
9. Slide Show

Show menu on right mouse click Select this check box to show a shortcut
menu when you right-click a slide in Slide Show view, or clear this check box to
prevent the shortcut menu from showing.

10. Print

Print in background Select this check box to work in PowerPoint while you print your
presentation (printing can slow the response time in PowerPoint), or clear this check box to turn
off background printing when you want rapid response time while you work in PowerPoint.

Unit-III
Microsoft Excel

Workbooks/Sheets
A workbook is the name given to an Excel document and has the file extension (".xlsx").
A workbook contains one or more worksheets and there are 3 worksheets in the default
workbook.
There are tabs at the bottom of the workbook to enable you to select which worksheet is
currently displayed.
Features of Microsoft Excel

1. Add Header and Footer

MS Excel allows us to keep the header and footer in our spreadsheet document.

2. Find and Replace Command

MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the workbook and also
replace the existing data with a new one.

3. Password Protection

It allows the user to protect their workbooks by using a password from unauthorized access to
their information.

4. Data Filtering

Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a range. A filtered
range displays only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column. MS Excel provides
two commands for filtering ranges:

• AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria

• Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria

5. Data Sorting

Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel allows us to sort
data either in ascending or descending order.
6. Built-in formulae

MS Excel has got many built-in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc. We can use those
formulae as per our needs.

7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)

MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts, line graphs,
etc. This helps us to analyze and compare data very easily.

8. Automatically edits the result

MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the cells.

9. Formula Auditing

Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace the relationships between cells and
formulas with blue arrows.

Excel Components

1. The outside window is the Title Bar or Application Window.

This window displays the name of the application and the name of the active
workbook.

Minimise - Excel is reduced to a button on the taskbar.

Restore - Restores the application window to its original size before it was
maximised or minimised.
or Maximise - Increases the size of the Excel window to fill the whole screen.
Close - Closes Excel completely.

2. The inside window is the Menu Bar or Workbook Window.

Creating

When you start Excel an empty workbook is automatically opened for you.
You can easily create a new workbook by selecting (File > New) and clicking on
Blank workbook in the New Workbook task pane.
You can also use the shortcut key (Ctrl + N).

Deleting

There are several ways you can delete unwanted workbooks.

Probably the easiest way is to open Windows Explorer, browse to the folder,
select the file and press Delete.
You can also delete workbooks from the (File > Open) and (File > Save As)
dialog boxes.
Just select the workbook and either use the Delete button on the top or select the
file and use the shortcut menu.

Opening

You can open a workbook by selecting (File > Open) or by using the shortcut key (Ctrl + O).
Alternatively you can use the button on the Standard toolbar.

Open - Displays the (File > Open) dialog box.

When you display the (File > Open) dialog box, a default folder location is used. This can be
changed from (Tools > Options)(General tab, Default File Location).
If you save all your workbooks in the same folder it is definitely worth changing your default
folder.
You can also double click an Excel file from within Windows Explorer. Excel files have the file
extension (".xls"). If Excel is not currently open then it will open automatically.
You can also open a file using the Recently Used Menu. This is located at the bottom of your
File menu (see below).
By default your last 4 Excel workbooks that have been opened using the (File > Open) dialog
box will be listed here. You can select one of these to quickly re-open the workbook.
You can change the number of files listed here by selecting (Tools > Options)(General
tab, Recently used file list). This can be a number between 1 and 9.
If you attempt to open an Excel workbook that is already open you will be asked if you want to
open a read-only copy.

Dialog Box
It is possible to open more than one file by holding down the Ctrl key and selecting the files
with your mouse.
Look in - Displays the folder where the workbook will be saved. To change to a different disk
drive or folder, open the Look in drop-down list and click the letter of the disk drive or name of
the folder. F4 or (Alt + I). Pressing F5 will refresh the list of files.
File name - The name of the file you want to open.
Files of type - Provides a list of all the different formats you can open using Excel. The default
is "All Microsoft Excel files". You can find a list of all the File Extensions page.
Open - Opens the workbook that is currently selected.
Cancel - Closes the dialog box.

Closing
Closing your workbooks when you have finished with them can be done in several ways.
The easiest way is to select (File > Close) or by using the shortcut key (Ctrl + W).
You can also close the active workbook by clicking on the icon on the left of the Menu Bar.
An alternative way to close the active workbook is to press the black cross on the control menu
in the top right hand corner of the Menu Bar.

Formatting

Applying formatting to your worksheets will make them easier to read and
interpret your data.
You can apply formatting to cells very quickly by selecting the cells or range of
cells and choosing the appropriate commands.

Formatting toolbar

Allows you to alter the appearance and alignment of the data on a worksheet.

Number: - We use this option to change the number formatting into General,
Percentage, Currency, Date, Time, Fraction etc. We can increase and decrease the
decimal and convert the number into accounting number.
 Function Library: -In Excel, we have 461 functions and they are available in the
formulas tab under the function library group. And there is no need to learn every
formula for we can find formulas category wise such as:- Financial, Logical, Text,
Date & Time, Lookup & Reference, Math & Trig, many more.

Macros: -With this option, we can record the macro and then we can view the
macro.

File

In this tab, we can use the object relate options such as we can change the fill
color, outline color, outline width, shape style, and we can insert more objects,
even.

Insert

If we insert the chart, then 2 contextual tabs will be activated: - 1st Design and
2nd Format.
Format Tab: - We use this tab to format the chart as an object. In order to insert
the new shape, we can change chart’s shape-style, Fill-color, Shape-outline,
shape-effects, etc.

Types of Formulas in Excel

1. Automatic Functions

 Sum= This Function is Used to find sum of given data

 Average = This Function is Used to find average of given data
 Count= This Function is Used to find total of given data
 Min= This Function is Used to find minimum value of given data
 Max=This Function is Used to find Maximum of given data
2. Maunal Formulas

Create a formula that refers to values in other cells

1. Select a cell.
2. Type the equal sign =.

Note: Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign.

3. Select a cell or type its address in the selected cell.

4. Enter an operator. For example, – for subtraction.

5. Select the next cell, or type its address in the selected cell.
 6. Press Enter. The result of the calculation appears in the cell with the

formula. See a formula

1. When a formula is entered into a cell, it also appears in the Formula bar.

2. To see a formula, select a cell, and it will appear in the formula bar.

Enter a formula that contains a built-in function

1. Select an empty cell.

2. Type an equal sign = and then type a function. For example, =SUM for
getting the total sales.
3. Type an opening parenthesis (.
4. Select the range of cells, and then type a closing parenthesis).

5. Press Enter to get the result.

Unit-IV
E-Commerce

Meaning
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce,
refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet,
and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions.
Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical products online,
but it can also describe any kind of commercial transaction that is
facilitated through the internet.

E-commerce vs Traditional commerce Comparison Table

Let’s look at the top Comparison between E-commerce vs Traditional

commerce –
The basis E-commerce Traditional commerce
of comparison
Between E-
commerce vs
Traditional
commerce

Definition E-Commerce is a form of online Traditional-Commerce is a

shopping where users can buy traditional approach to buy goods
goods and services from their and services in person which
electronic devices such as a involves face to face dealing.
laptop, mobile, tablet.

Usage It is used to save valuable time It is ancient and still in usage where
and money. the digital network is not reachable.

Process It is easier to use and operate if It can be followed by any person

the customer has basic digital irrespective of education or
gadget knowledge. knowledge.

Mode It is in electronic or digital mode It can be in any form which is non-

only electronic or manual form.

Time It is available round the clock It is available during the limited

time as prescribed by the law and
based on the type of business.

Purchase Inspecting a product before Inspecting a product before

purchasing is not possible in this purchasing is possible in a
type. traditional commerce business
model.

Involvement It involves only digital gadget It involves face to face involvement

engagement to place the order of both buyer and seller

Business More business can be done It is difficult to perform more

easily without any hassles business in this model

Maintenance Easier to maintain this as the It is cost effective as display and

only warehouse is enough to showcase of the products are
 store the goods. required to attract the customers.

Features of E-commerce

1. User-Friendly

Simplicity should be a goal in good design and you don’t have to

sacrifice elegance to achieve it.

As a matter of fact, studies show that 76% of consumers say the most
important characteristic of a website is ease of use.

2. Mobile-Friendly Website

Mobile shopping accounts for 50% of online transactions.

With a responsive website, content intuitively adapts to whatever device

is accessing it to provide the most user-friendly experience.

Walmart increased mobile sales by 98% after optimizing its mobile

site.

3. High-Resolution Photos & Video

Gone are the days of posting one photo with a few bullet points and a
price tag.

Shoppers want to see multiple angles and people using the product in
different environments. They want to be able to zoom in and get a feel
for the product.

Technical considerations for images are crucial. Images that don’t load
or take too long to load will see a consumer drop-off rate of 39%,
according to Adobe
4. User-Generated Reviews

Shoppers read reviews. About 95% of them, in fact.

And 57% of consumers will only use a business if it has 4 or more stars.

You might think that having negative reviews is a sale killer. The
opposite is actually true.

Having negative reviews can often be positive. It’s shown that products
without negative reviews are seen as censored and, in turn, shoppers
will assume the positive reviews are fake.

5. Special Offers

Most ecommerce sites are using special offers in their standard

marketing practices via email, social, text, etc.

6. Wish Lists
Oh, how I love wish lists. One for fashion, one for books to read, one
for holiday gift ideas.

7. Related Items

Simply seeing the phrase, “you might like this” causes a serotonin
release signaling curiosity and excitement.

A ‘Related Items’ feature on an ecommerce site creates the desirable

stickiness effect that so many marketers strive to achieve.

8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Complex purchases require confidence with a seller and detailed
information when buying products online versus face-to-face.

Fine Watch Bank (disclosure: they were a client) sells expertly crafted
high-end watches.
The company’s buyers need confirmation of watch authenticity and
detailed product information to feel comfortable when making a
purchase.

9. Security Features

Online transactions are an integral part of our lives.

As such, ecommerce websites can be a lucrative target for

cybercriminals. It’s crucial that online sellers protect customer
information and take steps to ensure privacy.

Challenges/Limitations of E-commerce
1. Cyber security: Businesses that focus their attention in the e-
commerce space need policies and procedures to create a solid
cybersecurity framework for the organization. In the case of a
cyberattack, a small business cannot afford to have downtime in
operations and sales.

2. Competition

Competition comes in many forms for small businesses, especially in

the e-commerce space. You have to keep up with competitive pricing,
products and service.

3. Order fulfillment
Not everything has to fall on the back of the small business owner. You
could be inundated with more orders than you are prepared to handle on
your own.

4. Customer experience

As a primarily e-commerce business, or a business that has an e-

commerce site as a secondary means of selling its products, figuring out
how to offer your customers the same experience they would get in a
brick-and-mortar store can be challenging.
5. Visibility

How are you supposed to get quality traffic to your site and turn
visitors into customers if people can't find your site to begin with? It's a
big issue for e-commerce businesses, and one that could make or break
a business.

6. Return/refund policy

Having a good return/refund policy could be the difference between

success and failure. That sounds extreme, but it's true.

"If you want your brand to stand tall, then customer satisfaction should
be the first priority, and whatever you're selling should be the same as
what's advertised

7. Finding the right market

"The first step of any business is to find product/market fit, and e-

commerce is no different," said Rubright. "Product-market fit is the
degree to which a product satisfies market demand. The easiest way to
find that fit quickly is to build a product that solves a problem you
have."

8. Technical Issues
Running an e-commerce store makes you reliant on both soft- and
hardware. In addition to actions that can be planned, such as
migrations and upgrades, you may face sudden server issues,
problems with security, various downtimes and more.

9. Shipping Issues
Shipping is one of the biggest headaches for every e-commerce
business owner. In contrast to traditional retail where the customer
contacts the seller directly, e-commerce means you need to arrange the
shipment of products.
What is Website ?

A website (also written as web site) is a collection of web pages and

related content that is identified by a common domain name and
published on at least one web server. Notable examples
are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com,www.ptu.ac.in.

Website Components

1. Reliable Web Hosting Service

Think of your web host as similar to a landlord who rents you space
for a physical store. They provide and maintain the server space where
your site files “live” and make it possible for visitors to come by and
explore your site.

2. A Content Management System (CMS)

Your content management system works behind the scenes to help you
organize and maintain parts of your website like your site pages
and meta data, and it makes it easier for visitors to find their way
around your site.

3. SEO Basics

Optimizing your site so it appears in search engines is a must. With

millions of sites on the internet now in competition for a spot on the 1st
page of search results, you’ll need to follow a few search engine
optimization (SEO) best practices to get found.

4. Analytics Tools

You’ll want to know how people are finding your site, which pages
they spend the most time on, and how well different elements of your
site convert. Google Analytics is the most popular and easy to use
resource, it doesn’t cost anything, and it integrates easily with
WordPress and some website builder tools.
5. Inventory Management

When you’re selling products on your site, you’ll want to make sure
you keep track of what you have in stock, what’s sold, and what’s on
order.

6. Sections That Visitors Expect

A home page that lets you know what the site’s for, an about
us section that shows there are real people behind the site, and contact
information so readers or customers can reach you if they have
questions or feedback.

7. Media

It’s a rare site that can build an audience on words alone. Our eyes are
naturally drawn to images, especially if they move and make noise, and
images are a must if you’re selling merchandise online. People will also
want to see a photo of you in your about us section.

8. Shopping Cart and Payment Tools

If your site includes a shop, you’ll want a reliable, easy to use shopping
cart and payment tools like PayPal or Square that are popular with most
online shoppers.

9. Search engine

A search engine is a website through which users can search internet

content. To do this, users enter the desired search term into
the search field. The search engine then looks through its index for
relevant websites and displays them in the form of a list.
Internet in advertising media

Digital marketing is the component of marketing that utilizes internet

and online based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile
phones and other digital media and platforms to promote products and
services.

Features /Advantages

Cost
The low costs of electronic communication reduce the cost of displaying
online advertisements compared to offline ads. Online advertising, and
in particular social media, provides a low-cost means for advertisers to
engage with large established communities.Advertising online offers
better returns than in other media.

Measurability
Online advertisers can collect data on their ads' effectiveness, such as
the size of the potential audience or actual audience response, how a
visitor reached their advertisement, whether the advertisement resulted
in a sale, and whether an ad actually loaded within a visitor's view. This
helps online advertisers improve their ad campaigns over time.

Formatting
Advertisers have a wide variety of ways of presenting their promotional
messages, including the ability to convey images, video, audio, and
links. Unlike many offline ads, online ads also can be interactive. For
example, some ads let users input queries or let users follow the
advertiser on social media.Online ads can even incorporate games.

Targeting
Publishers can offer advertisers the ability to reach customizable and
narrow market segments for targeted advertising. Online advertising
may use geo-targeting to display relevant advertisements to the user's
geography. Advertisers can customize each individual ad to a
particular user based on the user's previous preferences.Advertisers can
also track whether a visitor has already seen a particular ad in order to
reduce unwanted repetitious exposures and provide adequate time gaps
between exposures.

Coverage
Online advertising can reach nearly every global market, and online
advertising influences offline sales.
Speed
Once ad design is complete, online ads can be deployed immediately.
The delivery of online ads does not need to be linked to the publisher's
publication schedule.

Engage Your Customers

The Internet is the best platform to keep your target audience engaged.
Do thorough research on your target audience and find out what type of
products and services they are looking for and what they think about
your products. Plan your ad campaigns accordingly.

Access to Data
With the help of online analytics tools, you can decipher which
strategies are working for you and which are not. You can analyze
customer data such as keyword data and can further make the required
changes.

Fast and Easy

Unlike traditional marketing and advertising methods, online advertising is
fast and easy. Traditional advertising procedure is too long and
consumes much time.
The Web as a Sales Channel

The Internet also gives retailers an additional channel to sell products.

Thirty years ago, a retail store without a physical storefront was all but
unheard of. Today, you can buy almost anything you want on the
Internet by visiting a company's website. This lets you sell more
products without the cost of having to rent out and stock additional
retail floor space.

Electronic Payment Services

An E-commerce payment system (or an electronic payment system)
facilitates the acceptance of electronic payment for online transactions.
Also known as a subcomponent of electronic data interchange (EDI), e-
commerce payment systems have become increasingly popular due to
the widespread use of the internet-based shopping and banking.

Listed below are some of the modes of electronic payments –

Credit Card

Debit Card

Smart Card

E-Money

Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)

Paytm

UPI

Credit Card

Payment using credit card is one of most common mode of electronic

payment. Credit card is small plastic card with a unique number
attached with an account. It has also a magnetic strip embedded in it
which is used to read credit card via card readers. When a customer
purchases a product via credit card.

Debit card
Debit card, like credit card, is a small plastic card with a unique
number mapped with the bank account number. It is required to have a
bank account before getting a debit card from the bank. The major
difference between a debit card and a credit card is that in case of
payment through debit card, the amount gets deducted from the card’s
bank account immediately and there should be sufficient balance in the
bank account for the transaction to get completed; whereas in case of a
credit card transaction, there is no such compulsion.

Smart Card

Smart card is again similar to a credit card or a debit card in appearance,

but it has a small microprocessor chip embedded in it. It has the
capacity to store a customer’s work-related and/or personal information.
Smart cards are also used to store money and the amount gets deducted
after every transaction.
E-Money

E-Money transactions refer to situation where payment is done over the

network and the amount gets transferred from one financial body to
another financial body without any involvement of a middleman. E-
money transactions are faster, convenient, and saves a lot of time.

Electronic Fund Transfer

It is a very popular electronic payment method to transfer money from

one bank account to another bank account. Accounts can be in the same
bank or different banks. Fund transfer can be done using ATM
(Automated Teller Machine) or using a computer.

Nowadays, internet-based EFT is getting popular. In this case, a

customer uses the website provided by the bank, logs in to the bank’s
website and registers another bank account.

Paytm

Paytm is India’s largest mobile payments and commerce platform. We

help you transfer money instantly to anyone at zero cost using the
Paytm Wallet. This money can then be used to pay seamlessly at
several places like taxi and autos, petrol pumps, grocery shops,
restaurants, coffee shops, multiplexes.

UPI

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant real-time payment

system developed by National Payments Corporation of India
facilitating inter-bank transactions. The interface is regulated by the
Reserve Bank of India and works by instantly transferring funds
between two bank accounts on a mobile platform.

Google Checkout
Google Checkout is Google’s answer to PayPal. Google Checkout
allows users to pay for goods and services through an account
connected to their Google profile. The major benefit that Google
Checkout has over the competition is that millions of Internet users use
Google for other services, making a purchase through Checkout a
simpler process.

Paypal
PayPal is the world’s most widely used payment acquirer, processing
over $4 billion in payments in 2011. PayPal payments are made using a
user’s existing account or with a credit card. Money can be sent directly
to an email address.

Authorize .net
Authorize.Net is the Internet’s most widely used payment gateway. With
a user base of over 300,000 merchants, Authorize.Net has been the go-to
method for e-commerce sites that need a gateway to accepting payments.

Security Issues of Online Payment

Security is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the
internet. Customers will lose his/her faith in e-business if its security is
compromised. Following are the essential requirements for safe e-
payments/transactions –

Confidentiality – Information should not be accessible to an

unauthorized person. It should not be intercepted during the transmission.
Integrity – Information should not be altered during its transmission
over the network.

Availability – Information should be available wherever and whenever

required within a time limit specified.

Authenticity – There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user

before giving him/her an access to the required information.

Non-Repudiability – It is the protection against the denial of order or

denial of payment. Once a sender sends a message, the sender should not
be able to deny sending the message. Similarly, the recipient of message
should not be able to deny the receipt.

Encryption – Information should be encrypted and decrypted only by

an authorized user.

Auditability – Data should be recorded in such a way that it can be

audited for integrity requirements.

Credit Card Fraud

Credit card fraud is the most common security threat that online retailers
face. It occurs when a hacker gains unauthorized access to customers’
personal and payment information. To access this data, the hacker may
penetrate the database of an e-commerce site using malicious software
programs. At times, a hacker’s intention when stealing customers’ data
is to sell it on black markets.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks
This type of security threat aims at taking down an online retail store by
sending overwhelming requests to its servers. The attacks originate from
thousands of untraceable IP addresses. When this type of threat hits the
servers, they slow down or completely shut down. An e-commerce site
can also go offline temporarily when a DDoS attack affects its servers.

Man-in-the-middle Attacks
As hackers are becoming smarter with technology, they are devising
ways of listening to the communications made by users of an e-
commerce website. Through an approach known as a man-in-the-middle
attack, these hackers maliciously trick users into connecting to a public
wireless network. They gain access to people’s devices once they are on
public wireless networks. Hackers get to see a people’s browsing history,
credit card numbers, passwords and usernames if the websites they are
visiting lack strong encryptions.

Bad Bots
Bots, either good or bad, are all over the worldwide web. Search engines
such as Bing and Google use good bots for indexing search results. On
the other hand, there are hackers that use malicious bots for gathering
data such as product data, inventories and pricing data. These bots are
also capable of accessing the database of an e-commerce site and listing
the logins of user accounts.

Malware
In information technology, malware simply refers to malicious software
programs. Attackers usually inject web pages or files with these
malicious programs to help them in gaining access to online retails
stores. Through means such as SQL injection, they can easily insert the
malware into a website’s database allowing it to compromise the data
stored in the database.

Phishing Scams
E-commerce sites are also prone to phishing scams sent by known or
unknown people in form of emails. These scams focus on targeting
important user data like credit card numbers and login credentials. An
attacker may use a scheme known as social engineering to lure online
shoppers to give out their personal information.

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