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Welding Deformation and Residual
Stress Prevention
Welding Deformation
and Residual Stress
Prevention
Second Edition

Ninshu Ma
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Dean Deng
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China
Naoki Osawa
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Osaka
University, Osaka, Japan

Sherif Rashed
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Hidekazu Murakawa
Joining and Welding Research Institute Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Yukio Ueda
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-323-88665-9

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visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

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Preface

Since arc welding was invented in the late 19th century, welding has been widely used
as an essential technology for metal joining in construction. Generally, welding pro-
duces deformation and residual stress in welded products, which influences the quality
and performance of these products. Welding heat input is from the welding arc or laser
beam or electron beam. This heat induces melting of the metal and conducts in the
joint. Local expansion and contraction in the joint result in welding deformation
and residual stress. Many engineers and researchers have expended great efforts to
find ways to control these incidents. However, welding deformation and residual
stress still remain as difficult engineering problems. This is because the phenomena
associated with welding are complex and interdisciplinary.
After the digital computer was invented, new computational theories and methods
were developed, one of which is the finite element method. This method is a powerful
numerical analysis tool to solve complex problems. The author’s research group has
developed many computational methods of analysis for welding mechanics based on
the finite element method.
In 1971, Ueda and Yamakawa [1] succeeded in analysis of thermal elastic-plastic
behavior of butt joints of two plates during welding and published a paper on this
pioneering work. Since then, the group has continued to analyze various types of
welded joints, including multipass joints of very thick plates. With these efforts,
the group established a simulation method of thermal elastic-plastic behavior of
welded joints.
In parallel with these analyses, they examined the accuracy of the analysis, com-
paring with residual stresses measured on experimental models. During this process,
they paid special attention to the source of residual stress, called inherent strain, and
developed a very efficient method to predict welding residual stress and deformation.
Additionally, they presented a new rational measuring method of three-dimensional
residual stress in thick welded joints, utilizing a special feature of the inherent strain
method, which they discovered. The methods of analysis, prediction, and measure-
ment of weld deformation and residual stress have been further advanced, and a frame-
work of computational welding mechanics has been established [2].
Safety requirements for welded structures are becoming increasingly strict. To
meet these requirements, engineers engaged in structural design and quality control
often need to anticipate welding deformation and residual stresses with higher accu-
racy. This changing engineering environment requires them to have more opportuni-
ties to conduct welding analysis utilizing commercial software, either general or
specialized for welding. In order to use such software and evaluate the output effec-
tively, inexperienced engineers need a basic understanding of welding mechanics and
good practice in handling the software.
xiv Preface

The first edition [3] of this book was written to meet this demand, and it provided
the following elements:
1. The generation mechanism of welding deformation, residual stress, and inherent strain was
illustrated using a simple three-bar model, and through the illustration, basic theories were
formulated and analysis procedures were presented.
2. A FEM program, User Q&A, and 21 sets of sample data were provided to practice the basic
analysis of heat conduction, deformation, and residual stress due to welding under basic
plane stress and plane deformation conditions.
3. Examples of strategic methods and procedures to solve various welding-related problems
encountered in the process of construction were presented.
4. Appendices provided databases for welding residual stresses in various types of joints,
temperature-dependent material properties, and the basic three-dimensional equations,
among other data.

Ten years have passed since the first edition was published in 2012. New technology
has been developed and more welding-related problems are yielding to computational
analysis and synthesis. It was thought to be appropriate to update the first edition and
add new material addressing welding mechanics-related problems.
In the second edition, the first three chapters are the same as those in the first edi-
tion. In Chapters 1, 2, and 3, the mechanism of production of residual stress, defor-
mation, and inherent strain during welding is illustrated using the simple three-bar
model undergoing typical welding thermal cycles. The relational expressions between
them are derived. Through the illustration, with the aid of the inherent strain method,
the fundamental theory of measurement of residual stress is formulated, and the pro-
cedures of prediction of residual stress and deformation are presented. Considering the
fact that three-dimensional finite element analysis is commonly used nowadays,
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the first edition were deleted in the second edition.
In the new Chapter 4 of the second edition, various advanced computing methods
of welding thermal-mechanics are introduced, including heat source models, and the
finite element method for heat transfer and thermal stress analysis. In Chapter 5, ther-
mal elastic-plastic-creep behavior is introduced using a simple bar model, and welding
residual stress distributions in typical joints are discussed based on simulation results
and measured data. In Chapter 6, practical analysis methods including modeling
methods for welding assembly deformation are introduced. Chapter 7 presents predic-
tion examples of welding deformation for large-scale structural models and covers the
influence of constraint conditions and fabrication sequences on structural deforma-
tion. Chapter 8 discusses numerically computed and experimentally measured resid-
ual stress and deformation in additive manufacturing, such as 3D metal printing and
surface improvement techniques. Chapter 9 reuses Sections 7.1–7.6 from Chapter 7 of
the first edition, presenting strategic analysis of welding residual stress for
manufacturing problems such as welding-induced cracking, and implements the influ-
ence of residual stress on fatigue safety as well as buckling behavior of welded struc-
tures in the new Sections 9.6–9.10. In Appendix, a database of welding residual
distributions in various welded joints is summarized.
Preface xv

This second edition of the book has been written for the practicing engineer who
wishes to utilize computational analysis and prediction of welding residual stress and
deformation in their practical work, as well as for researchers who are engaged with
welding mechanics-related problems. The authors believe that the efforts of the
readers should contribute to developing their own computational analysis-based
manufacturing.

Ninshu Ma
Dean Deng
Naoki Osawa
Sherif Rashed
Hidekazu Murakawa
Yukio Ueda

References
[1] Y. Ueda, T. Yamakawa, Analysis of thermal elastic-plastic stress and strain during welding
by finite element method, Trans. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 2 (2) (1971) 90–100.
[2] Y. Ueda, A pioneer of computational welding mechanics and ultimate strength analysis
(ISUM), hall of fame, Ships Offshore Struct. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1080/
17445302.2020.1855500.
[3] Y. Ueda, H. Murakawa, N. Ma, Welding Deformation and Residual Stress Prevention, first
ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-394804-5.
List of symbols

A Area, cross-sectional area

A (exp: 4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
A (4.121) Material parameter for back stress calculation
A0
[A] (4.26) Conductivity matrix
a Weld pool radius in the Goldak heat source model
a Crack length
B({T}) Residual error
[B] Strain-displacement matrix
BF Half breadth of flange
Bw Height of web
b Weld pool width in the Goldak heat source model
b Kinetic parameter in JMAK equation
b Width of the shell elements adjacent to the weld line
b0 Half width of inherent strain zone in case of infinitive
plate width
C (4.122) Material parameter for back stress calculation
C0 Radiation constant for black body (Stefan-Boltzmann
constant)
[C]e (4.23b) Damping matrix of corresponding each element
[C] Heat capacity matrix
[C] (4.23) Damping matrix
c Specific heat
c (4.113) Propagation speed of stress wave in materials
c (4.120) Back stress
af, ar Weld pool length in the Goldak heat source model
cij (4.120) Back stress tensor
[D] Elasticity matrix
Dstrain, [Dstrain]
Dtemp, [Dtemp]
Dtime, [Dtime]
[De] (4.66) Elastic matrix
[Dep] (4.91) Elastic-plastic corresponding matrix under plastic
loading state
E Young’s modulus
Continued
xx List of symbols

Continued

Ep Elastic-plastic modulus
e Base of natural logarithm
e∗ (6.4) Inherent strain
erav (4.109) Averaged square root index
ermax (4.109) Maximum error index
F Force, load
F (4.17) Radiation efficiency
F∗ Sum of external force and thermal load
Fconcentrate (4.112b) Concentrated nodal force
Ff, Fr (4.7) Heat distributing factors in the Goldak heat source
model
Fgravity (4.112b) Gravity-induced nodal force
FN, FT, FL, Fθ (6.14) Bonding forces
Fp (6.28) The share of the tendon force of each side of the plate
Fpressure (4.112b) The nodal force due to external pressure
Fw (6.28) The web share of tendon force
{F} (4.26) Heat flow matrix
{Fdamp} (4.112d) Damping nodal force vector
{Fext} (4.112b) External equivalent nodal force vector
{Fint} (4.112c) Internal equivalent nodal force vector
f (4.120) Yield function
f (6.4) Nodal force vectors
fB (4.59) Fraction of bainite
fM (4.57) Fraction of martensite
fS (4.11) Fraction of total heat transferred onto the surface
fV (4.12) Fraction of volumetric heat source
f(R) Fatigue enhancement factor
G (4.50) Shear modulus
H (6.23) Web height
HT (4.86) Thermal softening coefficient
H0 Coefficient of work hardening
H0 (4.86) Plasticity hardening tangent
[H∗] Elastic response matrix
[H∗]T Transposed matrix of [H∗]
h Thickness
I Welding current
K (4.57) Coefficient of
transformation
plasticity
[K] (4.23) Stiffness matrix
K Stress intensity factor (SIF)
Kc (6.14c) Large contact stiffness
Kmat Material’s fracture toughness in SIF unit
Kr SIF ratio
List of symbols xxi

Continued

ΔKeff Effective SIF range

k Table 4.1 Thermal diffusivity
[K] Heat conduction matrix of whole structure
[K]1 (6.5) Inverse matrix of [K]
[K0 ] (6.2) Initial stress matrix
L Length
Le (4.114) Equivalent length of elements
Lr Load ratio
ΔL Longitudinal expansion in welding direction
ΔL∗ Inherent deformation, inherent displacement in one
dimensional case
[M] (4.110) Mass matrix
m Number of measured elastic strains, number of strain
gages
m (4.58) Kinetic parameter in K-M equation
m (4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
m Mass
N Number of cycles
[N] (4.22) Shape function matrix
n (4.14)–(4.17) Normal unit vector of surface
n (4.59) Kinetic parameter in JMAK equation
n (4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
P Electric power
{P} (4.23) Heat flux matrix
p (4.75) Hydrostatic pressure
Q Net heat input per unit length of weld
Q_ A , Q_ B Time rate of heat quantity
q Number of unknown effective inherent strains
qA, qB Heat flow rate
qS (4.11) Power density in a surface heat source model
qV (4.10) Power density in a volumetric heat source model
q_ A Surface heat flux
q_ c Heat flows through the metal with unit cross section
in the unit time
q_ t Heat flow rate by convection
q_ t Heat transfer per unit area and unit time
q_ V Heat generation rate per volume
R (4.9) Radius of a half sphere of heating zone
R Stress ratio
r Table 4.1 Distance from the weld center
r0 (6.14b) Relative displacement at maximum bonding stress
{△ r} (4.108) Residual error induced equivalent nodal force
S Sum of squares of the residuals νi
S (4.10) Sectional area
Continued
xxii List of symbols

Continued

S1, S2, S3 (4.23) Heat transfer boundaries

S∗T Transverse inherent displacement
s Cross-sectional area
s^ Unbiased estimate of measurement variance
T Temperature
T0 Initial temperature
Tav Average temperature increase
Tm Mechanical melting temperature
Tmax Maximum temperature
Tmelt Melting temperature
Tref (4.53) Reference temperature
TY Yield temperature
ΔT Temperature increment
{Te} (4.22) Nodal temperature vector
Tolav, Tolmax (4.109) Acceptable tolerance
t Time
t Fig. 5.14 Thickness
Δt Time increment
U Welding voltage
U (6.1) Displacement
U Opening ratio
δU (4.102) Internal virtual work
u Displacement
uY Displacement when temperature increment reaches
TY
Δu Displacement increment
Ve (4.23d) Element volume
v Welding speed
Wp (4.79) Plastic work per unit volume
δW (4.104) External virtual work
x, y, z Coordinates
Z (6.8) Section modulus
α Instantaneous linear thermal expansion coefficient
α0 Average value of linear thermal expansion
coefficient
αL (5.4) Coefficient of thermal expansion
β Equivalent heat transfer coefficient including both
convection and radiation
βc Heat convection coefficient
βr (4.19) Equivalent radiation heat transfer coefficient
δN, δT, δL, δθ (6.14) Relative displacements
δx ∗ ,δy ∗ ,θx ∗ ,θy ∗ Table 6.3 Inherent deformations
θ Circumferential direction of pipe
θ (4.24) Weighting factor
List of symbols xxiii

Continued

ε Emissivity of the material

ε Total strain
εa, εb, εc Strain in bar a, bar b, and bar c, respectively
εc Creep strain
εe Elastic strain
ε∗inh (6.32) Inherent strain
εp Plastic strain
εph (4.45) Phase transformation strain
εT Thermal strain
εtp (4.55) Transformation-induced plastic strain
εvol (4.55) Phase transformation-induced volume strain
mε
e
Measured elastic strain
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
εx , εy , εz , γ yz (6.6) Components of inherent strain
^ε∗ Most provable value of effective inherent strain
εp (4.79) Equivalent plastic strain
ε∗x Maximum value of inherent strain
ε∗x0 Maximum value of inherent strain in case of
infinitive plate width
ε_ c Creep strain rate
ε_
c
Equivalent creep strain rate
Δε Strain increment
ΔεP1 Plastic strain increment during heating process
ΔεP2 Plastic strain increment during cooling process
Δmεe Observation errors
η Efficiency of heat input
κ Thermal diffusivity
λ Thermal conductivity
Δλ (4.51) Plasticity loading variable
μ (4.31) Correction factor
ν Poisson’s ratio
{ν} Residuals
σ Stress
σ (4.17) Stefan-Boltzmann constant
σb (5.2) Bending stress
σ ex, min, σ ex, max Minimum and maximum stress due to external
loading
σm (5.1) Through-thickness membrane stress
σ max (6.14) Maximum bonding stress
σ N, σ T, σ L, σ θ (6.14) Bonding stresses
σR Welding residual stress
σ se (5.3) Self-equilibrating stress
σ x, σ y, τxy Components of stress
σY Yield stress
Continued
xxiv List of symbols

Continued

σ yield Table 8.3 Yield strength

mσ Measured stress
σ Equivalent stress
σ^ Most provable value of residual stress
σ0 (4.57) Stress deviation
Δσ Stress increment
ρ Density
ωmin (4.14) Minimum radial eigenvalue
JWS Japan Welding Society
JWRI Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka
University, Japan
Acknowledgments

The authors express their special appreciation to Professor Emeritus Yukio Ueda and
Hidekazu Murakawa, Professor Ninshu Ma for their encouragement in writing the sec-
ond edition by implementing new Chapters 4–9 and enhanced Appendix combining
Chapters 1–3 of the first edition. The authors wish to acknowledge their colleagues
and students who engaged in the associated research, the results of which are used
in this book. Sincere thanks are extended to Elsevier’s Science and Technology
Editorial and Book Production teams for their strong support in publishing this book.
Finally, and most importantly, the authors would like to acknowledge the support of
their family members, without whom this book would never have been completed.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Color Blind
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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Title: Color Blind

Author: Charles A. Stearns

Illustrator: Wallace Wood

Release date: November 8, 2020 [eBook #63683]

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Credits: Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOR BLIND

***
COLOR BLIND
 By CHARLES A. STEARNS

For that elusive green-white glamour, go to Venus,

the ads urged vain women. But that was only half
the story—just ask olive-skinned Sukey Jones.

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Planet Stories Summer 1954.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
Her name was Sukey Kireina Jones, and the blood of South Asia was
in her veins. Mix that with the Celtic, brother, and you've got
something special. Her eyes were dark, and mostly a little sad; her
hair was black as the Rim, and she stood barely five feet in heels,
unless you count the curves, which, if Nature had been fool enough
to straighten them out, would have added quite a lot—and taken
away a lot too.
We called her Sukey, and kidded her some, and what made her so
beautiful was, she didn't know it.
I had found her hanging around the Surface Transit offices, broke
and alone, and got her the job as counter girl in the Company hash
house on the edge of the space-port. That was where she met my
friend, Harry Thurbley.
Harry, was a licensed senior space pilot, but he would never let any
of us call him Captain Thurbley. He said the title sounded pompous,
and who the hell was he, anyway. The squarest guy I ever met, but
you would have thought that he was ashamed of that blue uniform.
Me, Chuck Morris, I am only an engineer—a space going mechanic—
and I would have given my share in the cosmic hereafter to wear it.
I would have strutted some.
But uniform or no uniform, I wouldn't have stood a chance with
Sukey Jones. From the moment those two set eyes on one another,
she had been Harry's girl. I used to wonder how it would have been
with her and me if I had never introduced them. Just wondering.
In those days there had got to be a heavy Venus passenger traffic. It
had become fashionable for Earth women to bleach their skin to
match their hair, and the coveted greenish-white paleness they
wanted could only be accomplished, it seemed, by spending several
months under the sunless Venusian overcast, with its odd radiations.
Caterers to this fad left in scores for Venus. Tourist lodgings and
recreational facilities sprang up on the frontier planet. Beauty got to
be big business overnight.
This was only available to women with considerable money, of
course. A round trip ticket cost just under twelve thousand dollars,
and high living, on Venus, came high indeed.
Their poor sisters had recourse only to special lamps and lotions to
simulate the pallor of the movie stars and the debutantes. It was not
the same. Not in their own minds. It was the dream of every woman
to make the pilgrimage, and not a few spent their life savings,
embezzled, stowed away, or even sold themselves to Venusian white
slavers for the chance of that elusive glamour.
Sukey's skin was of a wonderful, delicate olive shade, and she hated
it. Whenever one of the female travelers would come in to eat,
looking ghostly pale and opulent in their Martian lizard-skin coats,
Sukey Jones would sigh. I could tell that in her small body there was
a man-sized inferiority complex building up, but I didn't mention it to
Harry. He would only have worried about her.
He was thoughtful of Sukey, and many a time when we got in, and
he had business with Customs or the Port Authority, he would say to
me, "Chuck, go and see Sukey for me, and tell her I'll be along."
And as for Sukey Jones, she may not have been overly bright, but
that kind of treatment had been a rare thing in her twenty-three
years of hard knocks. She worshipped Harry Thurbley.
That night in March we had set the Altair down on the field just after
dusk. Harry had business at the Office, and I was to drop in and see
Sukey first and let her know that he'd be in later. I didn't mind. I was
always glad to do it.
I went into the restaurant, and the place was crowded with
passengers for the 2200 Marsflight. I couldn't find Sukey. There was
a strange girl behind the cash register. I asked her about it, and she
said she didn't know anything; she had just been hired.
So I finally got Linda, one of the waitresses, aside, and got the story
from her.
Seemed there had been a couple of women—society dames in from
Venus on the Saturday run—and Sukey had heard one of them make
a remark about her complexion. It was nothing much, just a
whispered knife of criticism, but Sukey had flared up. Then the
woman got really insulting, and Sukey had reached over the cash
register and pulled out a big handful of her platinum locks.
That grab had cost her her job.

I went to her apartment, in a ramshackle tenement a couple of

blocks away, and knocked on the door. A girl who claimed to be her
roommate answered, and said that Sukey had moved out. She
wasn't supposed to tell me where Sukey had gone if my name was
Harry.
I said, who was Harry. I was an insurance claim adjuster, and had
some money for her.
Sukey had gone to live with a Mrs. Althea Campbell. The address
was 1711 Oak Drive. That was all the roommate knew.
Harry was waiting down at the office when I got back there. I told
him what I had learned, and we caught a coptercab out to 1711 Oak
Drive. I remember it was on a Thursday. That turned out to be kind
of important.
It was almost ten o'clock when we arrived, but the lights were still
on, and 1711 turned out to be quite a palace. "I didn't know Sukey
had any friends like that!" I said.
Harry didn't answer. His mouth was a firm, tight line. He was still
thinking of Sukey running out on him.
I pressed the button, and an egg-headed man in a monkey suit
answered. He was the butler; you could tell that.
"A Miss Sukey Jones live here?" I said.
His eyebrows elevated half an inch. "There is a young woman
employed here," he said. "I regret to say that this is her night off,
and she is not here."
"Employed," I said to Harry. "She must have hired as a private
secretary or something."
I doubt if the stiff in livery had smiled in years. He shouldn't have
tried it. It almost cost him his teeth. "Hardly anything so grand as
that," he said. "The girl is Mrs. Campbell's personal maid."
Harry was silent for a moment. I waited for him to speak. We looked
at each other.
"Maybe we ought to talk to this Althea Campbell," I suggested.
The woman was nearer to forty than thirty, and she could have been
handsome once. Even now her shape wouldn't have been bad if
she'd taken off forty pounds. The poundage was unnatural and
flabby, and her skin was blotched and unpleasant. She was a faded,
natural blonde, I would say, but her hair was red now.
Harry was always polite. He went forward and introduced us. She
was wearing a silk wrapper a couple of sizes too small, and she
didn't get up to greet us.
Still, she didn't seem to be displeased by an unexpected visit by two
males at 10:00 p.m. The look she gave Harry was as if she might eat
him. Harry never seemed to notice how it was with women when he
came into a room, but I could see it, raw and naked, on her face.
She was a widow, and Sukey had been working for her a week.
Harry said he knew of a job in the Company office that he could get
for Sukey, and he asked Mrs. Campbell to let her go, without telling
her we'd been there.
Mrs. Campbell's face took on a little color, making it appear more
mottled than ever. And her voice was too shrill to be comfortable.
She said that maids were very difficult to find this day and time, and
that if Sukey didn't mind it, we shouldn't mind either. She wouldn't
give her up.
"Let's wait and see what Sukey has to say about it," I suggested.
Harry shook his head. "We can't do that. She mustn't know we've
been here, Chuck."
"Why? Servants may be out of date, but there's nothing disgraceful
about honest labor."
"Of course not," Harry said. "But to Sukey it must be embarrassing.
That's why she didn't let me know what she was doing, don't you
see? It must have been that."
Well, it was logical enough. And that was Harry for you. Always
thinking first of Sukey's feelings, whereas I would probably have
turned her across my knee. But we had to do something.
We were going to be in port for three weeks, and Harry made an
appointment to come back the following Thursday, when Sukey was
away from the house, and try to reason once more with Althea
Campbell.
Harry went back the next week, and the week after that, and he
wasn't having any luck, but he said that at least he could make sure
that Sukey was still all right.
Meanwhile I did some snooping, and I found out several things
about Mrs. Campbell. She was worth eighteen and a half million
bucks, and she had spent half that much trying to regain a face, and
figure, and complexion of twenty years ago, that she probably
remembered better than they were.
I talked to one of her former servants and learned that Sukey could
expect a hard time working for her. The woman was a kind of sadist
with servants, but Sukey would put up with anything to get what she
wanted, and I knew what it was she was after now. I knew why she
had taken the job.
After I had learned this, I put in a visicall to the Oak Drive mansion.
The butler's face appeared on the screen. I was too late.
I got hold of Harry as quick as I could, but I could see right away
that he had already found out.
Mrs. Campbell had taken Sukey Jones and left last night for Venus.

I had known Harry Thurbley for ten years, and he was a phlegmatic
sort. He had the kind of unshakable calm and nerve you only find in
a man that's made peace with death a couple of times or so out
beyond the planets. Once I had seen him walk into a mining power
plant on Callisto and disarm a runaway pile that was due to explode
in three minutes and blast away half the moon.
When he came out he hadn't even been sweating.
But he was upset now. I tried to calm him, but I guess he had a
hunch. I had spent several years on Venus and knew the place as
well as any Terran. I tried to persuade him that Sukey Jones
wouldn't be in any danger so long as they stuck to the civilized
northern part, but he didn't seem to half hear what I was saying.
A month passed, and we made another trip beyond the Belt. When
we got back there was still no Sukey, and not even a letter. Harry
and I went into the Super's office and talked him into a transfer to
the Venus run for one trip.
It was less than five days later that we set the Altair down on the
surface of the White Planet at Medea, the biggest port city on Venus.
The low, spidery towers of the native architects of old were crowded
and overshadowed by Earthstyle skyscrapers which had grown up,
mostly, since the last time I had seen Venus, fifteen years ago.
It was Harry's first trip to the sister planet of Earth, and he seemed
surprised at the mushrooming civilization. But he still couldn't rest
until we'd given the ship into the hands of the ground crew and
gone to hunt Sukey and her mistress.
Mrs. Campbell, we discovered, had checked in at the Majestic Hotel
for one week, and left, giving no forwarding address. After that she
had been heard from in two or three of the border cities. She had
made the rounds of all the beauty parlors and quack establishments
in town. This was her fourth trip to Venus, and all of the merchants
knew her by sight.
But she was not, currently, visiting any of these places. It seemed
that Althea Campbell, a couple of days ago, had disappeared, which
was nothing to me, except that she had taken a tiny girl named
Sukey Jones with her.
Mrs. Campbell may have had acquaintances about Venus, but not
many friends. Especially among the natives, whom she loathed and
treated like scum. The natives of the temperate belts were
humanoid, and though primitive in culture, fairly intelligent.
They were thin, and not too bad-looking if you could get used to the
fish-belly whiteness of their scaly skins, and a partial lack of
symmetry in their bodies, such as having one eye a couple of sizes
bigger than the other one.
It was from one of the Venusians that we found our first clue. He
was Argol Beg, the head of the native Security Police, an individual
with silvery, heavy-lidded eyes, and long, nervous, quadruple-jointed
fingers.
He mentioned a name that I had heard a long time ago, and
forgotten. Marjud. Marjud had been one of the rebel chieftains who
had fought against the Alliance in the late Venerian sectional war,
and now was outlawed from the Northern settlements.
I call him a man, but I had seen pictures of Marjud once, and there
were features about that gross body of his that no one except a
Venusian would believe. He was a native of the steaming jungles of
the torrid zone, a forbidden area where the native form mysteriously
shifted and changed from generation to generation for reasons at
which the anthropologists could only guess. His race was still
barbaric, for the most part, which was why it was off limits.
It seemed that Marjud was now in the beauty racket. That could
have handed me a laugh, except that we were too worried about
Sukey.
We got a newspaper, the Medean Times, and sure enough, there
was his ad, in scrambled English that hadn't even been changed by
the proofreader.

See Marjud, High Priest of Love and Beauty

It Is for a Smooth, White Appearance and I
Will Give You the Limbs Long and Pale,
and Also Supple and Graceful.

The address of the contact man was given. I asked Argol Beg why
he had not arrested Marjud. But Marjud's man had set up in the
Colonial Quarter, where Argol Beg had no authority, and he was not
wanted by the Earth colonial police.
"Come on," I said to Harry. "Let's see if we can locate the old
gargoyle." Harry was pretty worried by this time, and he didn't half
understand what was going on, not knowing Venus.
"I'm with you, whatever you say," he said.
We visited the address given in the ad, and got to talk to a normal-
appearing native with slit eyes and a fishy stare. He said that Marjud
saw only Terran females, and he couldn't help us.
I persuaded him to change his mind in a few minutes, and then he
told us that Marjud was staying in a dhol cave outside the city. The
dhol caves were made by a long-dead, semi-intelligent race of
quadrupeds, and it wasn't uncommon for the none-too-particular
Venusians to set up housekeeping in them.
There was a guard hanging around the entrance to this one. The
contact man pointed out the guard and fled. The guard argued and I
had to slug him with the butt of my gun. Harry went over and looked
at him.
He turned to me and his face was clammy white. It was one of the
equatorial species.
"What's the matter?" I said.
"What is it?"
I told him. "Marjud is worse," I said.
"Stay here, Chuck," he said, drawing his own weapon. "If I don't
come out within five minutes, come in blasting."

I started to argue, but I knew that he really wanted it that way. I

had more experience at the rough and tumble arts, but he had taken
a back seat so far, and it was his right. It was for Sukey.
I waited, while the minutes dragged. Just as I was ready to go in,
Harry came out. There was a sick look on his face that I had never
seen before. He was one of those people who can't stand the sight
of freaks or anomalies.
He took a deep breath of that damp, heavy, tasteless air, as though
it were wine.
"You found him?"
"It was like—like hitting a—a—" He gagged.
"I know," I said. "I saw a picture of him once. What did you learn?"
"Probably it doesn't make any sense. She—Mrs. Campbell—gave him
ten thousand dollars, Colonial money. I got that much out of him. In
return he arranged for them to visit what he calls a 'sacred rainbow
garden', whatever that means, near the equator. I got the
approximate location of the place."
For the first time I got plenty scared. I knew about the rainbow
gardens, all right. On most of the surface of Venus the direct rays of
Sol never penetrated the numerous layers of poisonous clouds that
shielded and sheltered the livable atmosphere and the mild, though
dreary climate underneath. But in certain areas curious updrafts
allowed small shafts of sunlight to reach the surface. The areas were
never large, but wherever the light struck, the effect upon a drab,
colorless world was like magic.
For a reason that science had never been able to learn, objects on
Venus, whenever exposed to direct sunlight, instead of giving off
white light, diffracted it into its spectral components, and showed up
in gorgeous, blinding hues. Also, the vegetation within these
charmed areas was subtly changed. The constant, radiant mist
caused the trees and plants to take on warped, nightmarish shapes.
The natives worshipped the rainbow gardens, and bathed in the
colored mists that eternally swept up into the blackness of space
from the surface.
I didn't want to upset Harry, but I had spent enough years on Venus
to hear a lot of curious stories that had circulated through the north
about those strange regions.
"Come on," I said, "we'd better not waste any time."
We had been able to charter an old-fashioned flutter-plane, which
could land more or less vertically, and Harry had the approximate
longitude of the place from Marjud.
We could see it a long way off, fortunately, and it was like a big
waterspout, except for its preternatural straightness, reaching up in
a silvery, swirling column through the gray cloud layer twelve miles
overhead.
He didn't swing the flutter-plane too near to it. The updrafts around
it, at this altitude, were supposed to move at terrific speed, and
could shatter even a rocketship.
There was some kind of gray stone building rising out of the gray-
green forest at the foot of the column, and we landed a quarter of a
mile away, so as not to attract attention. We walked in, and in a few
minutes were able to make out the domes of the temple rising over
the tops of the trees.
The masonry was of a rough, dark basalt, crude and unbeautiful.
The work of the primitive tribes that lived in the area. I had heard of
giant towers and spired old cities which were supposed to have been
the work of an ancient, long-dead, and highly evolved race, but
there had never been any evidence of such places. Probably these
native temples had started the stories. There was plenty of reason to
believe that the planet Venus was new and in the first evolution
when men from Earth arrived.
Behind the temple itself rose a fifty foot wall of the same
undistinguished stone, and inside this wall the mysterious column of
mist rose. Within that mist lay the rainbow garden.
The only entrance appeared to be through the temple itself.

We were in an enormous rotunda, a sort of congregational throne

room where thousand of natives might gather during the orgies that
were irregularly held.
There was not a living thing in sight in all that domed vastness.
Hundreds of idols of obscure primitive gods lined the walls.
Harry cupped his hands to his mouth. "Anybody here?" The words
bellowed and bounced against the lofty ceiling, echoing and
reechoing. And they got results right away.
From somewhere among those shadows at the other end of the
room there was a blue flash. The air crackled and fried near my ear.
We flopped on the floor and returned the fire. There was a scream.
One of us had made a lucky hit. We waited ten minutes and
advanced.
We found the body of a Venusian in colonial garb, one of the slim,
regular-featured northern tribesmen. I knew that he must be
Marjud's agent, for Northerners were rarely found in these latitudes
if they could help it.
Beyond the dead Venusian lay a narrow passageway that must lead
to the inner chambers.
Harry wanted to rush the place. "Take it easy," I said. "These boys
are tricky, and they have little poison spears that kill on contact.
There's bound to be a few of them hanging around the garden—the
priests. That was Marjud's underling back there. We haven't met the
natives yet."
We met them right away. Three of them had been waiting for us in a
sort of transept. Something—a blunt hatchet probably—bounced off
my shoulder and sent a sharp pain through it. I swung my fist and
caught the assailant in his skeleton midriff, doubling him up. I could
only see the outline of his shape in that gloom, and I didn't like it. It
was out of a nightmare. Harry was having better luck. He shoved the
muzzle of his gun into the Venusian's belly and burned a hole
through him.
The other one tried to run, but he didn't get far.
Harry was breathing hard. He grinned at me. "You okay?" he said.
"I'll have a shoulder that's sore as hell for a while," I said, "but let's
go."
A dozen passageways led from the main one. "Where do we look
first?" Harry wanted to know.
"We'd better split up. That way we can cover more territory."
"I don't like to leave you alone with that bum shoulder."
"Forget it. If there were any more around, they've cleared out by
now. Get going."
I had a pocket light that I used in the darkest passages. Most of the
cloisters and compartments were empty, and didn't look as though
they'd been used in years.
At the end of one passageway I found the rooms of the priests, very
sparsely furnished, and from there I got a glimpse from a narrow
ventilation slit at the garden itself. The colored mists and the weird
trees. But no animate being was moving out there.
In the last room, the door was barred with a crude, vertical bolt. I
blasted off the bar, and opened the door. Behind it I found Sukey
Jones.

She stood there looking scared, and not believing that it was really
me. Her eyes were big as dollars.
And when she was sure, the way she threw herself at me and
hugged me, it was embarrassing.
"Chuck, Chuck! I never thought I'd see you again. I never—I'm so
—!" And that was all I got out of her for the next couple of minutes.
I gave her my handkerchief to dab at her eyes, and I got the story
at last.
She had been there two days without food and water, locked in.
They had arrived a week ago, and during that time she had seen
nothing except the interior of this room.
Althea Campbell had heard rumors of the rainbow gardens, and that
the natives, by bathing in the radiation given off by the colored
mists, were able to restore youth and vigor for long periods of time.
She had seen the chance of restoring her own body to its youthful
bloom and of working the miracle that she had sought for so many
years on half a dozen planets. She had sought out Marjud, who
alone had contacts that could get them into the forbidden area.
"I still don't get it," I said. "Where is she now, and why has she got
you locked in here?"
"I was afraid after we arrived, and I didn't want to do it. She said we
had to take off our clothes and go with the priests into the rainbow
garden. I refused, and she slapped me and said that I was
impertinent and ungrateful. I threatened to run away and tell the
authorities, so they locked me in here.
"The she-devil!" I said.
"Oh, she's really not so bad," said Sukey, forgivingly. "It's just that
she's a little mad when it comes to being young and beautiful. She
was forever talking about the way her arms and legs looked, and all,
and crying, and bawling me out."
"Come on," I said. "Let's find Harry and get out of here."
Her lip quivered. "H-Harry? Is he here too?"
"Somewhere," I said, trying to frown at her, and not succeeding,
"and worried to death. If I was him I would skin you alive."
"I just wanted a chance to come to Venus. That's why I took the job
as maid to Mrs. Campbell. I knew that she was tremendously
wealthy and came to Venus every year to the beauty culturists."
I didn't press the subject. The sky over Venus hadn't faded her
complexion much, luckily.
It was still fine, even if she did look a little beat.
We went out into the hallway and I yelled for Harry. He answered.
He seemed to be outside.
I looked out one of the ventilation slits. He was standing out there
with his back to me, looking into the rainbow garden. The mists
were rising in wispy colors here and there, and I could tell without
looking at my chrono that the long Venusian night was approaching,
for the distorted shapes of the trees were vague, and could no
longer be seen more than a few yards away.
"Up here!" I said. And he looked up.
He pointed to the garden. "Thought I heard somebody calling out
there," he said, pointing.
"Don't go away," I said. "And don't go in there, whatever you do. I'll
be right out."
I grabbed Sukey's arm. "We'll surprise him," I told her.

Sukey Jones came up from behind Harry and put her hand on his
arm. He turned and they just looked at each other for the space of
half a minute.
Harry's voice was kind of choked. He said, "Sukey, I—"
And then we all heard it. It was a woman crying. The sound came
from the garden. Harry took a step toward the mists.
"Wait," I said. And I shouted, "Mrs. Campbell, is that you?"
"Here!" Her voice was faint and plaintive. Just as I had remembered
it.
"Come on out. We've come to take you home."
"I—I can't."
"How long has she been in there?" I asked Sukey. "Do you know?"
"All of the time, I suppose."
I shook my head. "It's risky business, but we can't leave her, I
suppose. I'll go in."
"I can't let you do that," Harry said. "I'm the logical one to go.
Listen!" We could hear her crying. A vexed, lost-little-girl sound.
I shoved Harry aside. "You don't know what you're getting into," I
said. "Take Sukey, and—"
That was the first and only time that Harry ever swung at me. The
first thing I knew, I was sitting on the ground with my head
spinning.
Harry was looking down at me and grinning sardonically. "I hated to
do that, Chuck," he said, "but you see, it has to be me that goes
after her."
He turned and took both of Sukey's thin shoulders in his hands. He
couldn't speak for a while. His eyes were talking, though; saying
they were awfully sorry. And then he took a couple of steps into that
colored mist before he stopped and looked back.
He was still smiling, but it was a secret smile. He said, "It's too bad,
Sukey, but you know, eighteen million bucks are eighteen million
bucks."
"What the—?" I said.
"Harry, darling, is that you?" The voice of Mrs. Campbell was closer
now.
"Coming, Althea dear!" he said, and laughed at me. "Do you
suppose I wasted all those Thursdays, Chuck?" he said. "'Bye. Take
care of Sukey for me. Althea and I'll be along later."
He turned his back on us and went deeper into the mists, calling her
name, spreading the bushes with his hands and trying to see her.
He was hazy now, hardly visible.
But I saw Althea Campbell just an instant before he did. She came
out of the rainbow mist from behind him, and her now-blonde hair
glimmered with reds and greens, and blues and gold and purple. Her
naked body was snow white. She had got her money's worth, I
suppose. Marjud had promised her that pale complexion.
And the curious radiations had given her smooth legs and arms that
were pearl-white and long, and supple, and graceful.
She came from behind Harry and put her arms around him.
All of them.
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