INTRODUCTION

The TWIF Executive takes great pleasure in providing this updated publication (updated
version dated February 2021) which contains a wide range of information on the sport of
tug of war as we think most people will require.

You will also find a short history of our sport which goes back to ancient times, including
the more modern era of participation in our sport. As a sport we have come through many
phases including the early 1900’s which encompassed participation in no less than five
Olympic Games. Not too many people outside tug of war realize that. The re-admission
into the Olympic programme remains our ultimate objective.

For those who are thinking about joining or even starting a team or club, you will find links
on our web-site www.tugofwar-twif.org to those who will be able to assist you further.
Likewise, if you live in a country where tug of war is already practised but there is not
already an organized structure or Association you will find information in this booklet which
should be helpful to you start your own club or to link into existing initiatives. The Tug of
War International Federation officials listed within will welcome any contact and will gladly
assist in any way possible with appropriate advice.

Competitors and officials will be interested in the updated rules for competition and, hope-
fully, in the wealth of other information contained within these pages.

We trust that everybody reading this booklet may you find it a useful resource and a means
of furthering their enjoyment of what we consider a wonderful sport.

ANTON RABE
President: TWIF

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2021 Page 1

 TWIF MISSION STATEMENT

As an International Federation our mission is to provide the structure and good govern-
ance necessary for the well-being and development of the sport of tug of war throughout
the world.

Our Primary Objective is to attain a sufficiently high level of excellence and universality to
expedite our acceptance by the International Olympic Committee as a sport within the
programme of the Olympic Games, a status held by our sport in the early years of the 20 th
century.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2021 Page 2

Contents

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1

HISTORY OF TUG OF WAR....................................................................................... 5

INTERNATIONAL TUG OF WAR ORGANIZATION .................................................... 9

NATIONAL TUG OF WAR ORGANIZATION ............................................................ 10

NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SPORT ORGANIZATION .......................................... 11

TWIF ADDRESSES .................................................................................................. 12

MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS ....................................................................................... 14

TWIF CONSTITUTION .............................................................................................. 16

RULES OF TUG OF WAR INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION ................................... 23

RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION ...................................................... 27

RULES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS NATIONAL TEAMS ............................................ 46

TERMS OF REFERENCE COMMITTEES / COMMISSIONS ................................... 49

OFFICIALS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS ...................................................... 53

TWIF JUDGES PANEL ............................................................................................. 59

TWIF TIMEKEEPER /RECORDERS PANEL ............................................................ 61

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 3

HISTORY OF TUG OF WAR

Ancient origin

There is no specific time and place to pinpoint the origin of Tug of War. The contest of
pulling on the rope originates from ancient ceremonies and cults, which are found all
over the world Eg. Egypt, Burma, India, Borneo, Japan, Korea, Hawaii and South
America. The ancient Tug of War was performed in various styles. In Afghanistan,
teams used a wooden stake instead of a rope to pull. In Korea, children clasped their
arms around each other’s waists to form a living Tug of War chain. Team captains
must have had a very strong grip linking the teams together with their hands. Tug of
War was not only a team sport; in several countries a man to man version of Tug of
War existed. The Canadian Eskimos still have a Tug of War contest known as “ar-
saaraq”. It’s a Tug of War contest with the pullers sitting on the ground, using a short
rope. The one who pulls his opponent over from his seated position is the winner.

Tug of War as sport contest

Later, Tug of War became a pure contest of physical strength. In Greece, the cradle of
the ancient Olympic Games, Tug of War sport around 500 BC was practised by ath-
letes either as a competitive sport or as an exercise in the physical training for other
sports. In Western Europe evidence of Tug of War is found in the year 1000 AC, in the
stories of the heroic champions of Scandinavia and Germany, who participated in the
so called “kräftige spiele” (power games). The Tug of War sport featured in competi-
tions at the courts of the Chinese Emperors, as well as in Mongolia and Turkey. In the
15th century Tug of War was a popular contest at the tournaments in the French cha-
teaux and in competitions in Great Britain.

Olympic period

The Tug of War sport featured in the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1920. The medal
winners during that period were;

Year Venue Gold Silver Bronze

1900 Paris Sweden USA France
1904 St. Louis USA USA USA
1908 London Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain
1912 Stockholm Sweden Great Britain
1920 Antwerp Great Britain Netherlands Belgium

In 1920 the IOC took a decision to reduce the number of participants of the Olympic
Games and for that reason deleted a number of team sports from the programme,
including Tug of War. In 1999 TWIF received provisional IOC recognition, which was
confirmed in 2002 for tug of war to again be formally recognized in accordance with
rule 29 of the Olympic Charter.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 5

HISTORY OF TUG OF WAR

National Tug of War Associations

The discontinuation of Tug of War as an Olympic discipline fortunately did not put an
end to the Tug of War sport. All over the world Tug of War remained a popular sports
activity. Within the Athletic Associations, Tug of War was still an athletic discipline and
on sport festivals Tug of War was a popular inter-village competition. Within National
Athletic Associations the Tug of War discipline, being a non-Olympic discipline, did not
have the first priority. The Tug of War teams therefore felt the need to establish a
separate and independent organization for the Tug of War sport. The oldest national
association in Tug of War is the Svenska Dragkamp Förbundet, the Swedish Tug of
War Association, founded in 1933. The example of Sweden was followed by other
countries; in 1958 by the Tug of War Association of Great Britain and one year later,
in 1959, by the Netherlands Tug of War Association.

Foundation of TWIF

After Tug of War was no longer on the programme of the Olympic Games, the oppor-
tunity to participate in international competitions had disappeared. With the foundation
of National Tug of War Associations, this need for international competition however
remained a high priority. The initiative to form an international federation was taken in
1960 by George Hutton of the Great Britain Association. In co-operation with repre-
sentatives from the Swedish Association, the idea was brought into reality.

TWIF Competitions

The first international competition of the new federation was staged at the Baltic
Games in 1964 (Malmö, Sweden). The Tug of War International Federation, TWIF,
participated with four countries; Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands and Denmark. Af-
ter the international competition in the Baltic Games, TWIF organised in 1965 its first
European Championship in Crystal Palace, London, Great Britain. From that year on,
with regular intervals, European Championships were staged until 1975, when coun-
tries from outside Europe affiliated to TWIF, resulting in the first World Championship
in the Netherlands. Currently TWIF organises World Championships in both outdoor
and indoor every two years. Continental Championships are organised in the interven-
ing years.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 6

HISTORY OF TUG OF WAR

TWIF affiliation to International Federations

The Tug of War International Federation (TWIF) is a full Member of the General Asso-
ciation of International Sport Federations (GAISF) and the Association of Olympic Rec-
ognised International Sports Federations (ARISF). The TWIF is also a founder member
of the International World Games Association (IWGA).

World Games

Tug of War has been on the programme of all World Games events. TWIF currently
participates with three weight classes on the programme. World Games medal winners
since 1981 are the following.

Year Venue Men Women Gold Silver Bronze

1981 Santa Clara 720 Switzerland Netherlands England

USA 640 England Switzerland Netherlands

1985 London 720 Rep. Ireland Switzerland England

UK 640 Rep. Ireland England Switzerland

1989 Karlsruhe 720 England Switzerland Rep. Ireland

Germany 640 Switzerland Rep. Ireland England

1993 The Hague 720 Switzerland Rep. Ireland Germany

Netherlands 640 Switzerland Rep. Ireland Spain

1997 Lahti 720 Netherlands Sweden Rep. Ireland

Finland 640 Spain Switzerland Rep. Ireland

2001 Akita 680 Netherlands Switzerland Sweden

Japan 600 England Scotland Japan

2005 Duisburg 680 Netherlands Sweden Rep. Ireland

Germany 640 Switzerland Sweden Germany
520 Chinese Taipei Japan Netherlands
2009 Kaohsiung 680 Netherlands Switzerland Great Britain
Chinese Taipei 640 Switzerland Germany Netherlands
520 Chinese Taipei Netherlands Great Britain
2013 Cali 700 Netherlands Switzerland Sweden
Columbia 640 Switzerland Great Britain Germany
520 Chinese Taipei Netherlands South Africa
2017 Wroclaw 540 Chinese Taipei China South Africa
Poland 700 Switzerland Netherlands Great Britain
640 Great Britain Switzerland Germany

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 7

HISTORY OF TUG OF WAR

TWIF Recognised by IOC

In July 1999 TWIF was provisionally recognized by the International Olympic Commit-
tee.

During the 113th Session of the International Olympic Committee in Salt Lake City,
USA from 4 – 6 February 2002, TWIF has been granted formal recognition by the IOC
pursuant to rule 29 of the Olympic Charter.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 8

INTERNATIONAL TUG OF WAR FEDERATION

Management of the Tug of War sport

The organizational structure of the Tug of War International Federation (TWIF) is not
a complex set-up. The central point is the Congress with administration by an executive
body, the Executive Committee comprising of 5 members. The main activity of the
Executive Committee is focused on the technical aspects of the organization of inter-
national competitions and the global development of the sport. Managerial aspects
such as budgeting and planning however are becoming more and more important, in
particular the promotion and the public relations of the sport, as well as compliance
with the anti-doping requirements of the WADA and the IOC.

TWIF Congress

TWIF is an assembly of national Tug of War Associations. The highest authority in the
TWIF therefore is the Annual Congress. TWIF Congress is the meeting of all affiliated
members associations of TWIF in good standing. The TWIF Congress elects the TWIF
Executive Committee and ratifies the appointment of Commissions and Committees
from time to time.

TWIF Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is the administrative and management body of TWIF. It man-
ages all TWIF affairs and represents TWIF in international organizations it is affiliated
to.

TWIF Commissions

To assist the Executive Committee in the discharge of its work, TWIF has appointed
five Commissions and two advisors.

• Technical and Athletes Commission

• Medical / Doping Commission
• PR and Promotion Commission
• TUE (Therapeutic Use Exemption) Commission
• Appeals Commission
• ICT Information Technology Advisor
• Legal Advisor

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 9

NATIONAL TUG OF WAR ORGANIZATIONS

Recognition by National Sports organizations

A national Tug of War Association needs to be recognized by its National Olympic

Committee or National Sports Organisation as a requirement for affiliation to TWIF. As
a newcomer in the Tug of War sport, the relation between the Tug of War Association
and the national sport administrations is very important for the development of a na-
tional Tug of War organization. If required TWIF will assist in achieving the required
contacts.

Organisation structure

The management structure in the affiliated member associations of TWIF varies

widely. There is however one particular similarity in the structure of the Tug of War
Associations being pre-eminently a team sport, so the Tug of War Associations are
primarily Assemblies of Clubs and/or Regional structures.

General Meeting of Clubs

The General Meeting of clubs is the highest authority in a national association. In some
countries the association is subdivided in regions or districts, depending on the number
of affiliated clubs and the geographic situation. A President or Chairman heads the
national Tug of War Association. The Annual General Meeting elects the Executive
Committee, including the Chairman or President.

Executive Committee of National Associations

Management of the daily affairs of the Tug of War sport is done by the respective
Executive Committees, when required assisted by Commissions. These Commissions
are established by the Executive Committees to deal with specific items such as: Com-
petitions, Judging and Recording, Training courses and Public Relations. Regional
Committees, where applicable, are in charge of the daily affairs of the regions or dis-
tricts.

National Council

Some Associations have formed a Council with representatives from the Regional
Committees, the Commissions and the Executive Committee. Council Meetings take
place annually as required and deal mainly with the general policy of the Tug of War
sport in the country, while the Executive Committee meetings deal with the day to day
affairs of the Tug of War Association.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 10

NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SPORT ORGANIZATION

National sport structures

The organization of the sport in the various countries is not identical; mostly three major
administrations are involved;
• National Olympic Committee
• National Controlling Sports organization
• Department of Sport/Recreation (Government)

National Olympic Committee (NOC)

All countries have a National Olympic Committee (NOC). Since TWIF has been
granted Olympic Recognition, several National Olympic Committees (NOC’s) have rec-
ognized the National Tug of War Associations in their respective countries. However,
as it is up to the NOC’s to recognise a national association and not all NOC’s have as
yet accepted or acknowledged the national tug of war association. The Association of
National Olympic Committees (ANOC) of the IOC has however formally invited the
NOC’s to recognise the national associations of Olympic Recognised Sport Federa-
tions.

National Controlling Sports organization

In most countries the national sport is managed by a non-government “umbrella” or-

ganization. These non-government sports organizations have different names in the
various countries, but are generally known as the National Controlling Sports organi-
zations. There is a trend that the national controlling sports organizations are co-oper-
ating - or even merging with the NOC’s.

Affiliation to national sports organization

The affiliation to the National Controlling Sport Body is of particular importance for a
national Tug of War Association in order to become eligible for financial support from
these organizations. However, the significance of affiliation is not limited to the financial
assistance only, the know-how of the national sports body is of great value to the man-
agement of national Tug of War associations.

Support from Department of Sport (Ministry of Sport)

In some countries the Ministry of Sport supports the sport either directly or renders
financial support via the National Controlling Sports organization. In some countries
regional and/or local authorities financially support the sport on regional or club level,
especially through the provision of sports facilities and in the assistance to youth sport
activities.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 11

TWIF ADDRESSES

Administrative Headquarters.

mailing address Tug of War International Federation

Lytse Dyk 2
9026 BD Jellum
The Netherlands

Telecom tel 0031623271158

fax
e-mail [email protected]
Website www.tugofwar-twif.org

twif executive committee

President Mr Anton Rabe tel 27 21 870 2900/

Mobile 27 (0) 83 453 3422
PO Box 163 Fax 27 21 870 2915
Paarl 7620 Email [email protected]/
South Africa [email protected]

secretary general Mrs. Maaike Hornstra tel 0031582519739

Lytse Dyk 2 Mobile 0031623271158
9026 BD Jellum E-mail [email protected]
The Netherlands

Senior vice pres Mr. Pete Dyer tel 44 (0) 1934 823 462
7 Somerville Road Mobile 44 7557508523
Winscombe E-mail [email protected]
England U.K.

vice president Mr. Jost Waser tel

Eintracht 4 Mobile 0041794315319
6386 Wolfenschiessen Email [email protected]
Switzerland

Treasurer Mr. Dan McCarthy tel 353 (0) 872308258

Acre Gate Mobile
Ballyorban E-mail [email protected]
Monkstown, Co Cork
Republic of Ireland

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 12

Honorary Life Mr Co Koren tel + 31 563 1089
President (non Executive position) fax + 31 563 1079
Slot Aldeborglaan 33 e-mail [email protected]
6432 JM Hoensbroek
Netherlands

Honorary Life Mr. Cathal McKeever

President (non Executive position) tel + 44 2838 891 661
22 Annahugh Road
LOUGHGALL
Co. Armagh BT61 8PQ e-mail [email protected]
Northern Ireland

Honorary Life Mr Glen Johnson Mobile +1 (608) 290-3524

Vice-President (non Executive position)
PO Box 77 e-mail [email protected]
Orfordville WI 53576
USA

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 13

MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS

Please check TWIF website (www.tugofwar-twif.org) for up-to-date addresses and tel-
ecom data of national representatives as these change from time-time.

Member

1 AUS Australia
2 BAS Basque Country
3 BEL Belgium
4 BRA Brazil
5 BRU Brunei Darussalam
6 CAB Cambodia
7 CAM Cameroon
8 CAN Canada
9 CHI Channel Islands
10 CHN People’s Rep. Of China
11 TPE Chinese Taipei
12 COL Colombia
13 COG Democratic Rep of Congo
14 CZE Czech Republic
15 DNK Denmark
16 DOM Dominican Republic
17 ENG England
18 EST Estonia
19 FIN Finland
20 FRA France
21 GMB Gambia
22 GEO Georgia
23 GER Germany
24 GHA Ghana
25 GRE Greece
26 HTI Haiti
27 HKG Hong Kong China
28 HUN Hungary
29 IND India
30 IRI Iran
31 IRL Ireland
32 ISR Israel
33 ITA Italy
34 JPN Japan
35 KEN Kenya
36 KOR Korea
37 LAO Lao-DRP
38 LAT Latvia

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 14

 39 LTU Lithuania
40 MAC Macau
41 MYS Malaysia
42 MAL Malta
43 MRI Mauritius
44 MGL Mongolia
45 MOR Morocco
46 MYA Myanmar
47 NAM Namibia
48 NEP Nepal
49 NED Netherlands
50 NGR Nigeria
51 NIR Northern Ireland
52 PAK Pakistan
53 PHI Philippines
54 POL Poland
55 ROU Romania
56 RUS Russia
57 SCO Scotland
58 SER Serbia
59 SLE Sierra Leone
60 SIN Singapore
61 SVK Slovakia
62 RSA South Africa
63 SRI Sri Lanka
64 SWE Sweden
65 SUI Switzerland
66 THA Thailand
67 TUR Turkey
68 UKR Ukraine
69 USA United States
70 VIE Vietnam
71 WAL Wales
72 ZAM Zambia
73 ZIM Zimbabwe

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 15

TWIF CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE 1 - Founding
The Tug of War International Federation is an Amateur Federation founded in 1960,
further referred to as "TWIF". It is affiliated to the General Association of International
Sports Federations (GAISF), the Association of Olympic Recognised Associations
(ARISF) and the International World Games Association (IWGA) and follows the Olym-
pic Principles in its activities.

ARTICLE 2 - Interpretation Clause

In interpreting the Constitution and Rules of the Tug of War International Federation;
the following definitions apply:
a) "The Associations" refers to the National Associations in control of Tug of War in
their respective countries.
b) "Member" means a National Tug of War Association, which is in membership of
"TWIF".
c) "British Associations" refers to the Associations of the United Kingdom, i.e. the
English Tug of War Association, the Scottish Tug of War Association, the Welsh
Tug of War Association, the Northern Ireland Tug of War Association and the Tug
of War Association of the Channel Islands
d) "Executive" refers to the Executive Committee of TWIF.

ARTICLE 3 - Objects and General Provisions

The objective and purpose of TWIF is:
(1) To encourage, promote and control International Competition between Members.
To work together to develop world-wide competition in Tug of War, to participate in
global multi-sports events such as The World Games and to strive for the re-inclu-
sion of the sport in the Olympic Games.
(2) To develop and intensify friendship and co-operation between the Association and
all their Members.
(3) To set up Rules for Tug of War to ensure uniformity of control; to hold development
and training courses and examinations to set up International Panels of Tug of War
Judges and Timekeeper Recorders.
(4) To regulate and control exclusively on the technical and sporting basis, World
Championships, Continental Championships and International Competitions on
the programme of major multi-sport event such as the World Games and the Olym-
pic Games.

ARTICLE 4 - Headquarters
The Headquarters of the TWIF shall be determined by Resolution of Congress. For the
time being it shall be in Lucerne, Switzerland, and can be transferred to another country
by a two-third-majority vote of Congress.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 16

ARTICLE 5 - Members
(1) The TWIF shall consist of affiliated Members, which are recognized as the only
Association controlling Tug of War in their respective Countries.
(2) The Association in Membership with TWIF shall recognize each other as the ONLY
Associations controlling Tug of War in their respective countries, to the exclusions
of all others.
(3) A Member will be regarded as in “good standing” with the status to participate in
TWIF events such as championships and congress, only when all its obligations in
terms of the appropriate annual membership fee and annual reporting, including
anti-doping reporting, have been submitted and acknowledged by the Secretary
General and/or Treasurer.

ARTICLE 6 - Congress
Congress, which is the highest power of TWIF, is formed by the affiliated Members. Each
Member Association may be represented by two delegates, one being the International
Representative of the Member Association.

Congress could be held either physically (in person) or via an appropriate virtual plat-
form.

ARTICLE 7 - Congress Power

TWIF Congress will have the power:
a) To decide on the affiliation of new Members.
b) To elect the Executive.
c) To elect Special Committees and Commissions.
d) To change the Rules of Competition of TWIF.
e) To change the Constitution and the Rules of TWIF.
f) To decide on the Suspension and Expulsion of Members and the Dissolution of
TWIF.
g) To decide on special funds and fees.

ARTICLE 8 - Quorum
The Quorum necessary for holding Congress is one third of the Affiliated Members in
good standing. If fewer members attend, only a Meeting of the Members can be held,
without the powers of Congress.

ARTICLE 9 - Voting - Election

Voting.
Each Affiliated Member in good standing has one vote only. Unless otherwise specified
in this Constitution, voting of Congress and within the Executive Committee must be
approved by a simple majority of the valid votes taken. If the result of voting is equal, the
Presiding Officer may give the casting vote. Voting by proxy is permitted. If either time
or situation do not allow for the organization of an Extra-ordinary Congress, the Execu-
tive may hold a voting by letter.
Election.
Elections will be by secret ballot.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 17

ARTICLE 10 - Extra-ordinary Congress
The Executive Committee may, at any time, and must at the written request of two-thirds
of the Members, in good standing, of TWIF, call an Extra-ordinary Congress.

ARTICLE 11 - The Executive Committee

(1) The following officials shall be elected by the Members and appointed to act as the
Executive:
a) President
b) Senior Vice President
c) Vice President
d) Secretary General
e) Treasurer
(2) The duration of their appointment shall be four years based on a staggered rota-
tional schedule with 2 years overlapping periods. The President, Vice-President
and Secretary General will be elected in the same 4-year cycle, whilst the Snr Vice-
President and Treasurer will be elected in the same 4-year cycle. After this period
the officials can be re-elected by Congress.
(3) When, during the period mentioned in paragraph 2 of this Article, an official resigns
from the Executive or is no longer available to act as an official, the Executive may
appoint an official to act in the vacant office for the duration of the period until the
next Annual Congress.

ARTICLE 12 - Executive Committee Powers

(1) The Executive Committee is the Administrative Body of TWIF. It manages the af-
fairs of TWIF according to the Rules and it represents TWIF at all occasions. It has
to prepare the Annual Congress and report its activities to Congress. The Execu-
tive can appoint interim officials in case of resignation of officials.
(2) The Executive proposes the assignment of a Legal Advisor and/or Arbitrators, if
necessary. The assignment of the legal advisor and arbitrators shall be approved
by Congress.
(3) The Executive can, when needed for a special task or liaison, co-opt up to a max-
imum of two (2) officials, whose term of office will end on the termination of the
special task or liaison.
(4) The Executive Committee is empowered to suspend or expel Clubs and/or Individ-
uals from participation in international tug of war, when Clubs and/or Individuals
are liable of action bringing the tug of war sport into disrepute.
(5) Appeals against decisions and rulings passed by the Executive Committee shall
be lodged within 21 days with the TWIF Appeals Commission.

ARTICLE 13 - Committees and Commissions

The Committees and Commissions necessary shall be proposed by the Executive and
ratified by Congress.

ARTICLE 14 - Affiliation Fee

The Affiliation Fee is payable in the first month of the year. A member, who does not pay
the affiliation fee for the current year, will not be allowed to take part in TWIF Champion-
ships or Congress until the affiliation fee is fully paid.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 18

ARTICLE 15 - Fees
The rules may stipulate the fees necessary for the financial needs of TWIF such as the
Permit Fees for International Competitions.

ARTICLE 16 - Financial Year

The Financial Year shall run from 1st November until 31st October. The finance of TWIF
shall be vested in the Executive. The Treasurer will submit certified accounts and balance
sheet to the Annual Congress.

ARTICLE 17 - Auditors report

The Treasurer will submit the Accounts and Balance Sheet, three months prior to Con-
gress to a firm of Chartered Accountants for their inspection and they in turn, will submit
a written report (Auditors report) on their inspection to Congress.

ARTICLE 18 - Resignations, Suspensions and Expulsions

Resignation: A Member may resign at any time provided that at the time of resignation
the Member has no outstanding liabilities to the Federation and is at the time a fully paid-
up Member. Such resignation shall take effect immediately upon receipt by the Secretary
General of a Notice of Resignation signed by two Members of the Executive Committee
of the Member and shall be reported at the next Annual Congress by the Secretary Gen-
eral.
Suspension:
(1) The Congress is responsible for suspending members, clubs and/or individuals
by a recommendation of the Executive Committee and a 50% +1 majority deci-
sion of votes taken of the Annual Congress.
(2) Decisions taken by Congress supersede any disciplinary actions taken by an in-
dividual member association.
(3) The Executive Committee may, with immediate effect, suspend members, clubs
and/or individuals that seriously violate its obligation as a member or through
its/their actions bring the sport into disrepute.
(4) Suspension pronounced by the Executive Committee shall last until the next An-
nual Congress unless the Executive Committee has lifted it in the meantime.
Such suspension shall be confirmed at the next Congress by a 50% + 1 majority
of votes taken. If the suspension is not confirmed by the Congress, the suspen-
sion is automatically abolished.
(5) A suspended member, club, and/or individual shall lose its/their membership
rights.
(6) Other members, clubs, or individuals may not entertain sporting contact with sus-
pended members, clubs or individuals.
Expulsion: A member may be expelled from Membership of the TWIF on a resolution
passed by a 75% majority of the Federation Members present at an Annual Congress
or an Extra-ordinary Congress specially convened, for the following reasons:
a) Refusal to pay any liabilities due to TWIF.
b) Refusal to comply with the provisions of these Articles.
c) Persistent action liable to bring the sport of tug of war into disrepute as agreed
by the Executive Committee.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 19

ARTICLE 19 – Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
(1) TWIF recognises the Independent Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) with head-
quarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, to resolve disputes between TWIF, Mem-
bers, clubs and individuals.
(2) The provisions of the CAS Code of Sports-Related Arbitration shall apply to the
proceedings. CAS shall primarily apply the various regulations of TWIF, and ad-
ditionally, Swiss Law.
(3) Appeals against decisions and rulings passed by the TWIF Appeals Committee
or Congress shall be lodged with CAS within 21 days of notification of the decision
in question.
(4) Recourse may only be made to CAS after all other internal channels have been
exhausted.
(5) CAS however, does not deal with appeals rising from:
(a) violations of the rules of the tug of war sport
(b) suspensions for up to 2 Indoor and/or Outdoor TWIF Championships
whatever may be applicable to the particular incident or dispute.
(6) The appeal shall not have a suspensive effect.
(7) Any costs associated with the appeal to CAS shall be borne by the party lodging
the appeal.

ARTICLE 20 - Obligation
(1) Members and clubs shall agree to recognise CAS as an independent judicial
authority and ensure that their members, officials and individuals comply with
the decisions passed by CAS.
(2) Recourse to ordinary courts of law. In matters associated with transgressions
against articles and clauses contained in the TWIF Constitution and Rules is pro-
hibited until internal remedies and appeals procedures as listed within the consti-
tution and rules have been exhausted. These remedies include referral to CAS.
(3) To ensure the foregoing, Members shall insert a clause in their statutes stipulating
that their clubs and individuals are prohibited from taking a dispute to ordinary
courts of law until all internal remedies referred to in (2) above have been ex-
hausted.

ARTICLE 21 – TWIF Appeal Commission

Term of office:
Shall be 4 years coinciding with the 4-year cycle of the President’s term of office.
Composition:
(a) The Commission will consist of 3 members
(b) The TWIF Legal Advisor will serve as Chairman of the Commission
(c) Members in good standing will nominate and Congress will appoint 2 members
and 2 alternates to serve on the Commission.
Terms of Reference & Procedures:
(a) The Commission is responsible for hearing appeals against decisions of the Ex-
ecutive Committee that have not been confirmed by Congress. Any appeal must
be lodged within 21 days.
(b) The Commission may determine the procedures to be followed during the appeal
process on a case-by-case basis.
(c) The Commission shall pass decisions only when at least 3 members (of which
the Chairman/Legal Advisor must be one) are present.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 20

 (d) The Commission will announce its ruling/decision via the normal TWIF commu-
nications and circulars to all members.
(e) Any party wishing to appeal to the Appeal Commission shall deposit an amount
equal to 3x the annual membership affiliation fees at the time, with the TWIF
Treasurer before any appeal process will be initiated.
(f) If the appeal is lost, the deposit will be retained by TWIF to cover the costs as-
sociated with the appeal and the Appeal Commission.
(g) If the appeal is upheld, the deposit will be returned. TWIF will however not
cover any expenses (travel, legal or otherwise) of the Appellant.

ARTICLE 22 – Interpretation of Constitution and Rules

In case of a dispute arising from interpretation of the Constitution or Rules, the TWIF
legal advisor, when so requested by the Executive or two Members, has to be consulted
before any decision is taken by Congress.

For any dispute in these matters, the English text shall apply.

ARTICLE 23 - Modifications
Modifications of any Articles of this Constitution may only be effected by the Annual Con-
gress or an Extra-ordinary Congress convened especially for that purpose. The majority
has to be 75% at any ballot.

ARTICLE 24 - Special Provisions - Non-Amateurs and Professionals

The Tug of War International Federation, as the Controlling body for Tug of War through-
out the World may, if Congress approves, and without prejudice to the foregoing Articles,
take under its jurisdiction and control non-amateurs and professionals. Non-amateurs and
professionals shall be subject to special registration with TWIF which means they will be
listed in the Records of Control with TWIF.

ARTICLE 25 - Dissolution
The intended dissolution of TWIF shall require an Extra-ordinary Congress at which sole
item on the Agenda shall be the business of dissolution. The quorum for dissolution shall
be 75% of the Membership and the vote for dissolution shall require a majority of 75% of
the Voting Members present.

If, upon dissolution of the Federation there remains after satisfaction of all its debts and
liabilities, any property whatsoever, the same shall not be paid to or distributed among
Members of the Federation, but shall be applied to the furtherance of any object or objects
as may be determined by the Federation, at or before the dissolution, and, in so far as
effect cannot be given the foregoing provisions, then to some charitable object.

ARTICLE 26 - Any Other Matters

Any other matters, which are not covered by the Constitution, Rules and Rules of Com-
petition of TWIF, must be referred to the Executive Committee prior to any discussion
being allowed by Congress.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 21

ARTICLE 27 - Date of Acceptance and Inception
These Articles making up this Constitution were approved by the Annual Congress at
Engelberg, Switzerland, on 14 May 1983 and came into force immediately.
Amended by the Annual Congress at Drogheda, Rep of Ireland on 11 April 1992
Amended by the Annual Congress at London, England on 24 April 1993
Amended by the Annual Congress at Rochester, USA on 18 April 1998
Amended by the Annual Congress at Cento, Italy on 21 April 2004
Amended by the Annual Congress at Cape Town, South Africa on 7 May 2005
Amended by the Annual Congress at Minehead, England on 6 May 2006
Amended by the Annual Congress at Stenungsund, Sweden on 12 May 2007
Amended by the Annual Congress at Amsterdam, Netherlands on 26 April 2008
Amended by the Annual Congress at Pretoria, South Africa on 2 May 2009
Amended by the Annual Congress at Belfast, Northern Ireland on 30 April 2016
Amended by the Annual Congress at Cork, Republic of Ireland on 28 April 2018
Amended by the Annual Congress at Getxo, Basque Country on 27 April 2019

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 22

RULES OF TUG OF WAR INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION

ARTICLE 1 - Affiliations
A National Tug of War Association wishing to affiliate to TWIF must send to the Secretary
General the following documents:
• A written request for affiliation signed by TWO Members of its Executive.
• A statement that its Constitution and Rules for Tug of War are in compliance with the
TWIF Constitution and Rules.
• A statement certifying that it is the only Controlling Body for Tug of War in its Country,
as confirmed by the National Sports Governing body of the country.

ARTICLE 2 - Affiliation Fee

The annual affiliation fee shall be paid in the currency of the Treasurer's choice. The an-
nual affiliation fee for Members shall be determined by Annual Congress.

ARTICLE 3 - Congress
Members shall be represented at Congress by representatives of their own Association
who will give proof of their membership being in good standing, and also of their appoint-
ment to attend Congress. These members must be of the nationality or citizenship of the
country they represent and their credentials must be sent to the Secretary General of
TWIF by letter prior to the date of the Congress. Before the opening of Congress the
Secretary General of TWIF will verify the credentials of the delegates to the Congress.
Any cases of doubt will be referred to the Executive. All sessions of the TWIF Congress
are private.

ARTICLE 4 - Agenda
The Agenda for Annual Congress shall include the following items:
(1) An Address by the President
(2) The appointment of Scrutineers
(3) Confirmation of the Minutes of the previous Congress
(4) Matters Arising
(5) Report covering the period since the previous Congress
(6) Submission and vote on the Balance Sheet and Accounts
(7) Affiliation of New Members
(8) Proposals and questions submitted by Members and all other matters which the
Executive Committee wishes to propose
(9) If required, the election or re-election of the Members of the Executive
(10) Reports from Commissions appointed by Congress
(11) Approval of budget for the next year
(12) Any other business for the good of TWIF

ARTICLE 5 - Standing Orders for Congress of TWIF

(1) The date, time and place of Congress must be notified to Members, by letter from
the Secretary General, posted at least four months in advance.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 23

(2) All proposals and questions submitted to Congress by the Member Associations
must be sent by letter to reach the Secretary General of TWIF not later than the 1st
of January of the year of the Congress.
(3) The Agenda specifying the nature of the business to be discussed by Annual Con-
gress, a copy of the Accounts and Report of the Financial Inspection Committee
will be sent to the Associations two months before the date of the Congress.
(4) No proposal passed or failed can be brought forward to be put on the agenda for
two years unless brought forward by the Executive. (Congress April 1987)
(5) The place, date and time and the Agenda for an Extra-ordinary Congress must be
notified at least three weeks before it takes place.
(6) Only those items included in the Agenda will be discussed by Congress.
(7) The President of TWIF shall take the chair at Congress.
(8) The President shall ensure the strict application of the present Standing Orders.
He shall open and adjourn the Sessions and Debates, unless the Congress should
decide otherwise, give permission to speak and conduct the proceedings. The
President will open and close the Congress with an Address to Members of TWIF.
(9) The President shall maintain order at Congress and may propose to Congress
penalties to be inflicted on those Members who interfere with the proper procedure
of the discussions, or are guilty of misconduct towards their colleagues.
The penalties shall be:
a) A call to order;
b) Censure;
c) Exclusion from the Meeting.
(10) In the case of an appeal, Congress shall decide immediately and without debate.
(11) The Secretary General will be responsible for the Minutes.
(12) At the beginning of Congress, Scrutineers will be appointed to count votes for and
against, whenever a vote is taken.
(13) Official Interpreters will be allowed as necessary.
(14) The Secretary General shall be responsible for recording the debates.
(15) Each discussion shall be opened by statement:
a) By the President, or by the Executive to act for him/her, if the item in question
has been placed on the Agenda by the Executive.
b) By the representative of the Member responsible for the inclusion of that
item on the Agenda.
The general discussion will then open.
(16) The right to speak shall be granted in the order in which it is requested. No speaker
shall start speaking before he has permission to do so. A speaker cannot obtain
permission to speak a second time if a Member who has not yet spoken requests
permission. The President will decide the number of speeches allowed to dele-
gates and their duration.
(17) If a Motion for Adjournment is proposed, discussion on the main question shall be
suspended until a vote has been taken on the Motion.
(18) All amendments to proposals shown on the Agenda shall be drawn up in writing
and passed to the President before being put to the debate.
(19) If proposal is made to close the discussion, it must immediately be put to the vote
without debate.
(20) If motion (as at 19) is approved, permission to speak shall however be granted only
to those Members who have requested the right to speak before the vote was
taken. As a general rule, the President shall close the discussion unless Congress
shall decide otherwise by a simple majority of those voting.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 24

 (21) Decisions of Congress will come into force after publication, which has to be exe-
cuted within sixty days.

ARTICLE 6 - Voting and Elections

Voting -
Members in good standing are entitled to ONE vote only. The vote shall be by a show of
hands (voting cards). No-one shall be compelled to vote. Before each vote the President
shall read aloud the text of the proposal and explain to Congress the method of voting. In
case of an appeal, Congress shall decide it immediately. Proposals must be put to the
vote in the order in which they are submitted. If there are more than two main proposals
they shall be put to the vote in succession and no Member of Congress may vote for more
than one of the proposals. Amendments to amendments shall be put to the vote before
the amendments, and amendments before the main proposal. Proposals which are not
contested shall be considered as adopted. The President shall verify the results of the
voting and announce them to Congress.
No-one may obtain permission to speak during voting and until the result has been an-
nounced by the President.

Voting by Proxy -
The Proxy vote has to be sent to the Secretary General by letter prior to the date of Con-
gress. It has to indicate clearly how the proxy has to vote on the different subjects on the
Agenda. It has to be verified by the Executive.

Voting by Letter -
The Executive having decided on voting by letter, mails or e-mails a bulletin with the sub-
jects to be voted on to the Members in good standing indicating the date by which the
vote has to be returned. Voting taken by letter must be approved by a simple majority.
They have to be ratified at the next Annual or Extra-ordinary Congress. If not approved,
they are considered null from then on.

Elections -
All Elections shall be carried out by secret ballot, by means of the ballot papers. The dis-
tribution and count of the ballot papers shall be done by the Secretary, assisted by the
Scrutineers.

The number of ballot papers issued shall be announced by the President before the count.

If the number of ballot papers returned is equal to or less than that of the ballot papers
issued, the vote shall be valid. If the number exceeds that of the ballot papers issued, the
vote shall be declared null and void and another vote shall be taken. Blank or cancelled
papers may not be included in the count.

Voting by simple majority is sufficient, for the election of Members. The President shall
announce the result of each vote to Congress. The ballot papers returned shall be re-
tained until the last count has been verified and then destroyed immediately afterwards.
Committees (with the exception of the Executive) and Commissions are considered
elected until revoked by Congress.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 25

ARTICLE 7 - The Executive
During their term of office, Members of the Executive will not be eligible to act as delegates
for their own Associations. The Executive may, for its belongings, always vote by letter
sent to the Headquarters. The Executive may bind TWIF by joint signatures by two of its
Members.

ARTICLE 8 - Duties of the President

a) The President may attend World Championships, Regional and European Cham-
pionships and other major events for Tug of War, and his/her expenses shall be
paid by TWIF when finance permits.
b) The President or any person acting in his/her place, may represent TWIF at a
meeting of the International Olympic Committee, the GAISF, ARISF and the
IWGA and report on such meetings at the next Congress.
c) The President or any other person appointed by him/her shall take a principal part
in the opening and closing ceremonies at the World and other Championships
and may present the Awards to the winning competitors.

ARTICLE 9 - Finance
(1) All financial transactions shall require the signature of the Treasurer and one other
member of the Executive.
(2) The Treasurer will maintain an amount equal to £3.000, - or such sum as agreed
by Congress in a working Current Account. Funds in excess of this amount will be
transferred to a Hard Currency Account.

ARTICLE 10 - Budget
The Treasurer has to submit to Congress a Budget for the coming year which, if approved,
has to be executed with a tolerance of 25%. To exceed the tolerance up to 100% the
Treasurer has to be backed by a unanimous vote of the Executive.

ARTICLE 11 - Television and Broadcasting

a) The rights of television and broadcasting, videotaping or filming the World Cham-
pionships, Regional or European Championships and other major International
Contests under the control of TWIF are the property of TWIF.
b) All fees involved will be decided and negotiated by the President in consultation
with Members of the Executive Committee and representatives of the country or
organising committee hosting the TWIF event.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 26

RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

DEFINITIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS

1 TUG OF WAR SPORT

Tug of War is a sport practised by teams who are bona-fide members of the National
Tug of War Associations affiliated to TWIF. The participants must be amateurs, as ap-
proved by TWIF, and they will adhere to the Rules and Directions as laid down by the
Tug of War International Federation.

2 CATEGORIES
(a) In International Tug of War competitions, the following categories are recognized:
Outdoor and Indoor
Men and Women
Senior, Under 23 and Junior
Mixed 4x4 Male & Female
(b) TWIF organises each year a World Championships for Junior and U23 categories
women and men

3 WEIGHT CLASSES
In all International competitions the following team weights will apply:
World (W) European (E) Indoor (I) Outdoor (O)
Ultra Featherweight not exceeding 480 Kilos Junior Women (I.O.) W
Featherweight not exceeding 500 Kilos U23 Women (I.O.) W
Light weight not exceeding 500 Kilos Senior Women (I.O.) W
Light Heavyweight not exceeding 520 Kilos Senior women (O.) E
Heavyweight not exceeding 540 Kilos Senior Women (I.O.) W
Heavyweight not exceeding 560 Kilos Senior Women (O.) E
Lightweight not exceeding 560 Kilos Junior Men (I.O.) W
Lightweight not exceeding 560 Kilos Senior men (I.O) W.E

Light Middleweight not exceeding 600 Kilos U23 Men (I.O) W

Light Middleweight not exceeding 600 Kilos Senior Men (I) W
Middleweight not exceeding 640 Kilos Senior Men (I.O) W. E
Cruiserweight not exceeding 680 Kilos Senior Men (I.O) W. E
Heavyweight not exceeding *700 Kilos Senior Men (O) W.E

Catch weight no weight limitations

Mixed (4 x 4) not exceeding 580 Kilos Senior Mixed (I.O.) W. E
Mixed (4 x 4) not exceeding 520 Kilos Junior Mixed (I.O.) W
Mixed (4 x 4) not exceeding 560 Kilos U/23 Mixed (I.O.) W

(Note: Weight classes can only be amended on a 4-year cycle)

(Note: 720 Kilos remain on Outdoor programme up to and including 2022)

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 27

4 WEIGHING AND STAMPING
1. All athletes first collect accreditation, having prepaid.
2. All potential pullers must weigh at a pre-determined time schedule.
3. An accreditation download will be carried out listing all athletes from a particular
country. Accessible only by the controller and the appointed representative of a
particular country.
4. The athlete will weigh on an individual scale. The number of scales to be deter-
mined by the organizers and TWIF. Only one weigh- in on the official scales.
5. After weighing the athletes, the weight will be recorded in an excel spreadsheet,
and also hand written on the downloaded excel file as a backup.
6. The athlete will be given his or her certified weight. The athlete can then give his
or her weight to the coach of the team.
7. Open Clubs entries.
The coach of a particular club entering in the TWIF club’s competition will bring a
completed weigh list to control at a predetermined time. The weigh list shall contain
the name, accreditation number and the weight of each puller, totalling the ade-
quate weight of a particular weight class. Eight pullers, coach and trainer only.
7.1 A coach may change any and all pullers prior to and up until stamping,
as long as the maximum weight for that particular weight class is not
exceeded. Changes must be reported to control by the coach 30
minutes before stamping begins.
8. National team weigh in.
The coach of a national team may choose any pullers that are listed and weighed
from the downloaded excel file from his/her country.
8.2 A coach may change any and all pullers prior to and up until stamping,
as long as the maximum weight for that particular weight class is not
exceeded. Changes must be reported to control by the coach 30
minutes before stamping begins.
9. The coach of a particular national team will present a completed weigh certificate
to control at a predetermined time schedule.
10 Control shall enter teams in a draw for a particular weigh class, after checking the
weight & accreditation numbers against the completed excel downloaded list.
11. Scanners/Bar code readers at designated areas to control substitutions, and team
weight checks throughout the competitions.

5 AGE LIMITS
5.1 Junior category
A puller is eligible to participate in the junior category from the beginning of the
year in which the puller reaches the age of 14 years until the end of the year in
which the puller reaches the age of 18 years.
5.2 Under 23
Male and female pullers are eligible to participate in the Under 23 category from
the beginning of the year in which the puller reaches the age of 16 years until the
end of the year in which the puller reaches the age of 22 years.
5.3 Senior
Male and Female pullers are eligible to participate in the senior category from the
beginning of the year in which the puller reaches the age of 16 years.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 28

6 Teams and Substitutions.
6.1 Number of pullers in a team
Teams shall consist of eight pulling members at the start of the competition. The
contest will have deemed to have commenced when both teams are in a position
to pull under the direct supervision of the judge.
6.2 Members national team
Members of a national team must be citizens of the country the team is represent-
ing. Proof of citizenship is only accepted by passport or by a national government
issued identification card. Members of the team includes pullers, coach and team
attendant.
6.3 Conditions for using a substitute
The substitute may replace any one puller for the duration of the competition. After
the substitution has taken place, no other such changes may occur.
Substitution may be used for tactical reasons or due to injury.
Substitution may only take place after the team has weighed-in, and has finished
the first end of the first match it pulls in.
The replaced puller shall not participate in any subsequent matches of that weight-
class.
The substitute must be a registered puller of the specific Club or Country for which
he/she acts as a substitute.
6.4 Substitution procedures.
Both, the puller to be replaced and the substitute, must report in full pulling outfit,
(shirts, shorts, stockings and footwear) with both of their accreditation cards avail-
able for checking by the Official in charge of the match; before being sent to the
Official designated by the Chief Judge to deal with the substitutions.
6.4.1 Accreditation cards will be used to verify the athletes and their weights, by
scanning or typing the accreditation cards into the system.
The substitute puller must be of equal weight or less than the puller he/she re-
places. The total weight of the team cannot be increased by the weight of the sub-
stitute, even if the team originally weighed less than the maximum weight for that
weight class.
Directly after the change, the Chief Judge or designated official shall cancel the
stamp or marking of the replaced puller, and indicate a similar marking on the sub-
stitute, with an indelible marker. The Chief Judge or the designated official shall
note the substitution on the appropriate weight certificate, by adding and deleting
the accreditation numbers of the pullers involved with the changes.
6.5 Minimum number of pullers.
A second substitution will not be permitted. Should a second injury occur, the team
is allowed to continue with seven pullers. A team is not allowed to continue a com-
petition with less than seven pullers.

7 COACH / TRAINER
Each team may have a team coach to direct their pulling.
One trainer for each team is also allowed. The trainer’s function is to take care of his
team before and after pulls. He is not allowed to communicate to his/her team whilst

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 29

 they are pulling and must take up position as directed by the judge in charge of the
match.

8 SPORT EQUIPMENT
Sport dress
8.1.1 Sport dress puller

Teams will wear proper sports clothing consisting of shorts, sports shirt or jer-
seys and knee-stockings or socks. The sport dress of the pullers in the teams
shall be uniform.
8.1.2 Sport dress coach and team attendant

Coach and team attendant of a team will wear either the same proper sports
dress as the team or will wear proper tracksuit which shall conform to the col-
our(s) of the sport dress of the teams
8.1.3 Headgear

Pullers, coach and team attendant are allowed to wear the following headgear;
cap, visor or bandanna. The headgear shall conform to the colour(s) of the
sport dress.
Exemption: Headgear such as turbans or other such headgear may be allowed
according to religion or culture. This would be decided on a case by case basis
by the Chief Judge.
8.1.4 Protective clothing

Clothing to protect the skin may be worn under the sport clothing subject to
judge’s approval. A leather or woven belt may be worn by a puller to support
his/her back during competition. No construction or additional material may be
attached to any belt. The buckle or closing apparatus of the leather belt cannot
come into contact with the rope and must be worn to the front of the body. The
loose ends of a woven belt cannot come into contact or be wrapped around
the rope and must be worn to the front or opposite side of the rope. Under no
circumstances will the rope be permitted to run BETWEEN the belt and the
pullers’ body.
Any belt should be made available for inspection by a judge at any time during
a tournament.

The protective clothing worn by the anchor shall not exceed a maximum thick-
ness of 5 centimetres; it must always be worn under the sport clothing and
placed between the rope and the body. No hooks, grooves or other construc-
tions intended to lock the rope are allowed on any of the protective clothing.
Recommended Anchor vest (see page 45)

8.2 Resin
Resin is allowed to facilitate the grip on the rope and the use is restricted to the hands
only. In indoor competition resin may only be used when authorisation is obtained to

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 30

 utilise resin in the sports hall; if permitted to use resin in the sports hall it shall be
applied under the directions of the judges only.
8.3 Dress at weigh-in
Men-teams may weigh-in in proper sized non-transparent shorts only.
Women-teams may weigh in proper sized non-transparent shorts and shirt or suitable
sports top.

Boots need not be carried or worn on the scale during weigh-in, but should be pre-
sented for inspection by officials during the weigh-in to ensure compliance with boot
specifications.
8.4 Shoes
8.4.1 Outdoor shoes

Heel: The heel shall be flush with the sole of the shoe – vertically down from the
sole as seen from the back and side of the shoe. The front of the heel facing
forward shall also be straight across, perpendicular to the sole and vertically
down from the sole of the shoe.
The side of the heel impacting with the ground – the “cutting edge” – can have
a tapered edge towards the front of the heel with a maximum protrusion of 15mm
to the outside of the heel as measured from the vertical line from the sole. The
other side of the heel must be completely flush with the sole and may not have
any protruding feature. The breadth of the heal must not exceed the breadth of
the shoe.
The maximum height of the heel, including a metal plate with a maximum thick-
ness of 6,5mm, may not be more than 35mm from the bottom of the shoe. The
35mm includes the thickness of the sole. The length of the heel may not be less
than one quarter or more than one third of the length of the shoe. (see illustra-
tion/drawing Page 42)

Sole structure
The sole ‘structure’ (which includes the structure of the heel) may be metal but
the sole plate must not be metallic, the minimum thickness of the non-metallic
plate is 6.5 mm. (see illustration/drawing)

Front part of the Shoe: Can be built up or left as is. If not built up, the sole can
be higher than the heel when viewed on a flat horizontal surface. In this config-
uration, the sole must be a minimum of 6.5 mm higher than the heel. If built up,
the front part of the shoe may not be less than half the total length of the shoe.
The maximum height, including the sole may not be more than 35mm. The ‘sole
plate’ must not be metallic and be a minimum of 6.5 mm. (see illustration/draw-
ing)

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 31

 8.4.2. Indoor shoes

The shoes to be used for indoor tug of war should be as originally produced by
any sport shoe manufacturer. The sole may be adapted but, should not be wider
or longer than the upper part of the shoe. The sole should be made of rubber or
such material as to give optimum grip but not cause damage to the pulling surface
or floor. The maximum length and width of the sole must not exceed the ‘bare
foot’ measurement of the puller by more than 20%. The only material or sub-
stance which may be applied to the sole of the shoe is a clean dry cloth which
must be devoid of any chemicals or fluids.

Championship controlling Officials shall arbitrate in matters of dispute.

9 ROPE SPECIFICATIONS
9.1 Rope dimensions
The rope must not be less than 10 centimetres (100 mm) or more than 12.5 centimetres
(125 mm) in circumference and must be free from knots or other holdings for the hands.
The ends of the rope shall have a whipping finish. The minimum length of the rope
must not be less than 33.5 metres.
Rope marking
The tapes or markings shall be affixed so that they are easily adjustable by the judge
in the event of the rope stretching or shrinking.
9.1.1 Rope marking OUTDOOR

Five tapes or rope markings shall be affixed as follows:

a) one (1) tape or marking at the centre of the rope
b) two (2) tapes or markings each four (4) metres on either side of the centre
marking.
c) two (2) tapes or markings each five (5) metres on either side of the centre
marking.
d) markings listed in (a), (b) and (c) shall be in three different colours.

9.1.2 Rope marking INDOOR

Three tapes or rope markings shall be affixed as follows:

a) one (1) tape or marking at the centre of the rope

b) two (2) tapes or markings each two and a half (2.5) metres on either side
of the centre marking
c) markings listed in (a) and (b) shall be in two different colours

10 PULLING AREA AND MARKINGS

Outdoor pulling area and marking
The pulling area shall be flat, level grass covered surface.
One centre line shall be marked on the ground.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 32

 Indoor pulling area and marking
The pulling surface shall be made of a material that will give sufficient friction to normal
indoor sports shoes and is approved by TWIF.
The recommended length of the pulling surface will be 36 metres. The recommended
width of the pulling surface will be 100 - 120 centimetres
One centre line and two side lines four (4) metres on either side of the centre line shall
be marked on the pulling surface/floor.

PULLING TECHNIQUES RULES

11 ROPE GRIP
No competitor shall grip the rope within the length bounded by the outer tapes or mark-
ings. At the commencement of each pull the first pulling member shall grip the rope as
close as possible to the outer tape or marking.
No knots or loops shall be made in the rope, nor shall it be locked across any part of
the body of any member of the team. Crossing the rope over itself constitutes a loop.
At the start of a pull, the rope shall be taut with the centre rope marking over the centre
line marking on the ground.

12 PULLING POSITION
With the exception of the Anchor, every pulling member shall hold the rope with both
bare hands by the ordinary grip, i.e. the palms of both hands facing up, and the rope
shall pass between the body and the upper part of the arm. For hold of Anchor see
Rule 13.
Any other hold, which prevents the free movement of the rope, is a Lock and is an
infringement of the Rules. The feet must be extended forward of the knees and team
members should be in a pulling position at all times.

13 ANCHOR‘S POSITION
The end puller shall be called the Anchor. The rope shall pass alongside the body,
diagonally across the back and over the opposite shoulder from rear to front. The re-
maining rope shall pass under the armpit in a backward and outward direction and the
slack shall run free. The Anchor shall then grip the standing part of the rope by the
ordinary grip; i.e. the palms of both hands facing up, with both arms extended forward.
The Anchor is allowed to keep the rope below the level of the protective clothing
and contact with the belt for safety considerations will not constitute a Lock.

INFRINGEMENTS OF THE RULES

14 INFRINGEMENTS DURING COMPETITION

Infringements General
1 Sitting deliberately sitting on the ground, or failure to return immedi-
ately to the pulling position after slipping
2 Leaning touching the ground with any part of the body other than the
feet
3 Locking any hold which prevents the free movement of the rope
4 Grip any grip other than the ordinary grip as described in Rule 11,
12 and 13

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 33

 5 Propping holding the rope in a position where it does not pass between
the body and the upper part of the arm
6 Position sitting on a foot or a limb or the feet not extended forward of
the knee
7 Climbing the rope passing the rope through the hands
8 Rowing repeatedly sitting on the ground whilst the feet are moved
backwards
9 Anchor Position any other than the position described in Rule 13
10 Trainer trainer communicating to his team whilst they are pulling
11 Side-Stepping Stepping outside the pulling track, lane or surface. For outdoor
this would mean a team moving sideways out of the existing
tracks/footholds such that neither foot is in the existing
tracks/footholds

Infringements during outdoor competitions

12 Footholds Digging with the heel and making indents in the ground in any
way prior to the Judge issuing the instruction to “Take the Strain”

Interpretation of Inactivity (not leading to disqualification)

13 Inactivity teams failing to actively engage in a competitive effort during a

pull, leading to a prolonged stalemate, which could bring the
sport into disrepute, constitute a “No pull”, (see rule 21) which
can be called at any time. The judge will make the coach aware
of his/her plan to give a no pull by pointing at his/her watch and
if no activity starts, a no pull will follow. The pull will be
restarted, and will continue for this match, on either new or less
broken ground in the immediate proximity of the original pulling
lane. This match will not be allowed to return to the original pull-
ing lane. If a pull with periods of inactivity lasts longer than ten
minutes, the Chief Judge will draw the attention of the Centre
Judge to call a “No pull” for this purpose.

15 DISQUALIFICATION
Teams will receive two (2) cautions for infringements of the Rules in any one (1) pull,
before being disqualified. For all infringements of the Rules, a team may be deemed
guilty if only one person offends.

16 BREACH OF THE RULES

Failure to comply with any of the Rules for International Competition may disqualify
teams from competing.

COMPETITION MATCHES AND SCORES

17 MATCHES, PULLS AND REST PERIOD

A point’s competition consists of (n x (n-1)÷2) matches, in which n is the number of
teams in the competition. Each match consists of two (2) pulls.
A reasonable rest will be granted between pulls.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 34

 A maximum of six (6) minutes may be claimed between matches, beginning when a
team leaves the arena and ending when a team is in the marshalling area ready to re-
enter the arena.

18 TOSS
Before pulling commences the choice of ends will be decided by the toss of a coin. After
the first pull, the teams will change ends. If a third pull is necessary, the choice of ends
will again be decided by the toss of a coin.

19 WINNING A PULL
19.1 Winning a pull general
A pull is won by a team either by moving the rope the required distance as
indicated by the markings or through the disqualification of the other team by
the judge.
19.2 Winning pull outdoor
A pull is won when one of the side markers on the rope is pulled beyond the
centre line marking on the ground.
19.3 Winning pull indoor
A pull is won when the middle marker on the rope is pulled beyond the side
marking on the floor.

20 SCORE
20.1 Point’s Competition
A team winning a match by two (2) pulls to nil will score three (3) points, the
losing team will score no (0) points. Teams wining one pull each; each team
will score one (1) point.
20.2 Pull-offs, Semi Finals and Finals
Matches will be won by two (2) pulls out of three (3). A team winning a match
by two (2) pulls to nil (0) will score three (3) points, the losing team scoring no
(0) points. A team winning a match by two (2) pulls to one (1) will score two
(2) points, the losing team scoring one (1) point

21 NO PULL
A “No Pull” will be declared in the event of;
a) both teams being guilty of infringements; after twice being cautioned
b) both teams being guilty of inactivity: A warning (judge pointing to his/her watch)
shall be given to both teams before a No Pull for inactivity is given in order for
both teams to have a possibility to react. Any cautions will be carried over to the
new pull.
c) both teams leaving go of the rope before the finish of a pull
d) a pull being interrupted without infringement by either of the teams, the teams will
be granted a reasonable rest and retake the pull.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 35

 21.1 When a “No pull” is declared, in the case a), during the points phase of a
competition, in the event of a “no pull”, the pull will not be repeated. Both teams
get nil (0) points and three (3) cautions for that end. If one of the teams win the
other end, that team will get 1 point and the other team nil. If both ends during
a match results in a “no pull”, both teams will get nil (0) points and six (6) cau-
tions.

This change will not be applicable to rule 20.2, for pull-offs, semi-finals and finals.

JUDGING

22 OFFICIALS AND JUDGES

Officials shall be appointed by the Tug of War International Federation to have control
of all international competitions.
The final selection of judges for international competition shall be the responsibility of
the Technical Commission.

23 POWERS OF REFEREE, CONTROLLER AND CHIEF JUDGE

In case Clubs and/or Individuals at an event are liable of action of bringing the tug of
war sport into disrepute, the Referee, Controller and the Chief Judge, in coordination
with each other, are empowered to expel the club and/or individuals from further partic-
ipation during the event. The Referee shall prepare a report to the TWIF ExCo, which in
accordance with Article 12 of the Constitution might take further disciplinary action
against the club and/or individuals

24 POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE JUDGE

The appointed judge for a match shall have sole control.
He shall be responsible for ensuring:
(1) that the Rules of “TWIF” are adhered to
(2) that the rope is laid out ready for competition before the teams arrive in the pulling
area
(3) that, as far as possible, the pre-determined timetable is adhered to.
(4) grant rest periods as shown in Rule 17
(5) declare a “No pull”
(6) disqualify a team or teams after caution.
(7) a judge may award only 1 friendly caution to a particular team during a pull.
(8) disqualify a team without caution which he deems to be guilty of ungentlemanly
conduct, by word or act, which is likely to bring the sport into disrepute.
In the event of the judge in charge giving a caution, which he will indicate by the com-
mon signal code, naming the team and adding “first caution” or “last caution”. Any such
instructions given by the judge in charge must be clear and brief using the appropriate
signals.
The judge’s decision shall be final at all times.

25 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIDE JUDGES

Side judges shall at all times act under the directions of the judge in charge. During the
actual pulling the side judge shall take up a position alongside the competing teams

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 36

 and to the opposite side of the judge in charge. The side judge shall observe the com-
peting teams and indicate the infringements of the teams to the judge in charge, using
the common signal code. The side judge will inform the offenders of the cautions given
by the judge in charge.

26 WEIGHMASTER
In international competitions, stewards may be appointed by TWIF who shall be re-
sponsible to the Weigh master (judge in charge of the weigh-in) for correctly weighing
and stamping all competitors.

SIGNALS AND COMMANDS

27 THE START PROCEDURE

When the judge has received a signal from the two coaches that all is ready, he shall
give the teams the following verbal and visual commands:
Pick up the rope The rope shall then be gripped as defined in paragraphs 11, 12
and 13, the feet being flat on the ground
Take the Strain Sufficient strain being put on the rope to ensure that it is taut. In
out-door competitions each puller may establish one foothold with
the heel or side of the boot with the extended foot
Steady The judge shall then signal the rope to the centre position. When
the rope is steady with the centre mark over the centre line on the
ground
Pull After a reasonable pause

28 FINISH OF A PULL
The finish of a pull shall be signalled by the judge blowing a whistle and pointing in the
direction of the team winning the pull or in the case of a “No pull” crossing his arms
and pointing to the centre mark.

29 LIST OF COMMANDS IN TUG OF WAR COMPETITION

COMMAND SIGNAL

1 Team are you ready Indicating the team with the arm
2 Pick up the rope Arms extended in front of the body
3 Take the strain Arms extended upwards with hand palms inward
4 Rope to centre Indicating the side which has to move to centre
5 Steady Arms extended upwards with palms outwards
6 Pull Flinging arms down to the sides
7 Indicate winner Blowing whistle and pointing to the winning team
8 Change ends Blowing whistle and crossing the arms over the head
9 No Pull Blowing whistle and crossing the arms in front of the body
10 Caution Raising the arm on the side of the infringing team and in-
dicating by one or two fingers the first or second caution
11 Inactivity Pointing to wristwatch before a no pull for inactivity is given

30 LIST OF COMMON INFRINGEMENTS IN COMPETITION

INFRINGEMENTS SIGNAL

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 37

 1 SITTING moving flat hand horizontally
2 LEANING open hand horizontal indicating to the ground
3 LOCKING elbow touching the lifted upper leg
4 GRIP two fists in front of each other
5 PROPPING lifting movement with hands along the body
6 POSITION kicking movement and stretching of the lower leg
7 CLIMBING THE ROPE climbing movements with the fists
8 ROWING rowing motion with arm and upper body
9 ANCHOR’S GRIP with the hand touching the back
10 TRAINER with the finger touching the lips
11 SIDE-STEPPING side stepping with one foot
12 FOOTHOLDS kicking with heels in the ground
13 INACTIVITY pointing to wristwatch

COMPETITION STRUCTURE

31 General
The TWIF International Championships competition consists of a qualifying round, semi-
finals and finals.
• The qualifying round will be a point’s competition. The draw shall be made in the
presence of the appointed delegates to the Tug of War International Federation.
(See rule 37)
• The qualifying competition will result in four teams entering the semi-finals. The los-
ers of the semi-final matches enter into the pull-off for the bronze medal and the
winners of the semi-final matches enter into the final for the silver and the gold med-
als.

32 Minimum number of teams

A minimum number of 4 teams per weight class are required for participation in World
or Continental Championships. If there are not four teams taking part in a particular
weight class, it will not be considered a World or Regional Championships

33 Competition with one group

When less than 12 teams have entered in a weight class, all teams will compete in one
qualifying points competition.
• The top four teams of the qualifying point’s competition will enter into the semi-finals.
• The team in 1st. place will be matched against the team in 4th place and the team
in 2nd place will be matched against the team in 3rd place
• The winners of the matches will then compete for the gold and silver medal and the
losers will compete for the bronze medal

34 Competition with more than one group

When 12 or more teams have entered in a weight class, the qualifying point’s competi-
tion will be divided into two groups.
The placing into the groups will be based on the ranking in the previous applicable com-
petitions (regional or world championships)
The teams ranking first and second place after the qualifying point’s competition will
enter into the semi-finals. The teams ranking first in their group will compete against the

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 38

teams ranking second from the other group. In case, after the qualifying competition, the
first two teams in a particular group are equal on points, teams will be ranked in accord-
ance with rule 35.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 39

 Policy to standardize the number of teams in a group

less than 4 teams No competition

4-11 teams 1 group
12-22 teams 2 groups
23-44 teams 4 groups
44< teams 8 groups

Policy for timing of competitions: Where there is more than one group at a competi-
tion weight class, if those groups have different numbers of teams, that the group(s) with
the greater number of teams start a suitable number of pulls before the groups with the
lesser number of pulls.

35 Determination of ranking in qualifying competition

In the event that, after the qualifying competition, teams are in contention to enter into
the semi-finals the following rules will apply to determine which team(s) will qualify for
the semi-finals These rules will also apply to rank teams with equal points in qualifying
competition
(1) Result of matches
The team(s) with the best results in the matches between the teams concerned
during the qualifying rounds will be first to qualify for participation in the semi-
finals.
(2) Matches won
In the case that the results between the teams do not break the tie the team with
the most matches won will go to the semi-finals.
(3) Cautions
In case the first 2 options do not break the tie, the team(s) with the least cautions
in the qualifying rounds will be first to qualify for participation in the semi-finals.
(The number of cautions of a team in a match is the total number of cautions
accumulated in the pulls of that match. A team being disqualified in the qualify-
ing rounds will be considered to have accumulated 3 cautions during that pull.
In the event of a No-Pull, the cautions given prior to declaring a No-Pull will be
accumulated to the total number of cautions of the team in that match. In the
case of a No-Pull being declared due to infringements as indicated in rule 21
(a.) both teams will accumulate 3 cautions.)
(4) Team weight
In case the first 3 options do not break the tie, the lightest team(s) will be first to
qualify for participation in the semi-final. For this criterion the certified weight on
the weighing sheet will be used.
(5) Toss or draw
In case all of the above criteria have not broken the tie, the qualification for
participation in the semi-finals will be decided by a coin toss or a draw.

36 Supervision pull-off and draw

Following the first draw a second draw may take place, if a team withdraws after the
original draw has taken place and the competition for the specific weight class has not
started.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 40

37 The qualifying round will be a points competition. Should a team or teams (club or
national) withdraw from a competition after the draw was made which causes a gross
inequality in the number of the teams in different groups, a new draw may be made to
ensure a more equal distribution of teams between groups for the point competition.
The draw shall be made in the presence of the appointed delegates of TWIF.

38 All pull-offs and drawing of lots shall be done under direct supervision of the appointed
officials of the competition, these officials shall arbitrate in matters of dispute.

Amendments to Rules for International Competition

Amended by the Annual Congress at

Drogheda Rep of Ireland on 11 April 1992

London, England On 24 April 1993
Rochester USA On 18 April 1998
Mogelsberg Switzerland on 6 May 2000
Pretoria South Africa on 28 April 2001
Assen Netherlands On 27 April 2002
Rochester USA on 3 May 2003
Cento Italy On 21 April 2004
Capetown South Africa On 7 May 2005
Minehead England on 6 May 2006
London England on 2 May 2010
Appenzell Switzerland on 7 May 2011
Belfast N. Ireland on 12 April 2014
Cape Town South Africa on 24 Mar 2017
Cork Ireland on 28 April 2018
Getxo Basque Country on 27 April 2019

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 41

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 42
 Attachment 1 Signals Commands

TEAM ARE YOU READY PICK UP THE ROPE TAKE THE STRAIN

ROPE TO CENTRE STEADY PULL

INDICATING WINNER CHANGE ENDS NO PULL

FIRST CAUTION SECOND CAUTION INACTIVITY

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 43

Attachment 2 Signals infringements

SITTING LEANING LOCKING

GRIP PROPPING POSITION

CLIMBING ROWING ANCHORMAN

TRAINER FOOTHOLDS SIDESTEP

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 44

Ref: 8.1.4: Anchor vest

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 45

RULES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS NATIONAL TEAMS

1 Conditions for advertisement

A national team may wear advertisements on the competition dress during TWIF Cham-
pionships under the conditions as mentioned in these rules. A team consists of 8 pullers,
its coach and its trainer.
• The use of company and product names is allowed as well as brand names and
product groups as long as they do not offend good taste.
• Advertising must not be of a political, religious or ideological nature.
• Product advertising for alcohol, tobacco and drugs is not allowed.
• The use of fluorescent paints is not permitted. This rule applies not only to advertis-
ing but also to the material from which the competition dress is made.
• The competition dress has to comply with the rules of the TWIF.
• Advertising on other articles belonging to the competition dress (e.g. shoes, socks,
etc.) is not permitted.

2 Dimensions of advertisement areas (See Attachment 3 Pictorial example adver-

tisement)
The maximum dimensions of- and total areas for advertisements on competition dress
of a puller is either;
• a letter height of 10 cm when used in the advertisers name or;
• an area of 300 cm 2, when used as one advertisement area or;
• a total area of 150 cm 2, when used on maximum three advertisement areas of
which two may be of the same advertiser.
The maximum dimensions of- and total areas for advertisements on competition dress
of a coach is;
• a total area of 75 cm 2, on the dress of a coach, who is wearing an identification
number with an advertisement area of maximum 75 cm 2 ( See pictorial examples)

3 Identification numbers
The organiser of the Championship is allowed to use the identification numbers at TWIF
events for advertisements. These numbers have to be worn by the coach of the team.
The advertisement on the numbers is only permitted for one company or brand name
and may not exceed the height of 5 cm and a maximum area of 75 cm 2. The numbers
may not be cut, folded or altered.

4 Non liability
The TWIF is neither responsible nor liable for any disputes which should arise from
advertising contracts between a TWIF member federation and the advertising compa-
nies or sponsors.

5 Penalty on non-compliance
Non-compliance with these regulations will be dealt with by the TWIF Executive Com-
mittee and can be penalised with a fine or a ban on advertising

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 47

 Attachment 3 Pictorial example advertisement

E X A M P L E O F A D V E R T IS E M E N T A R E A S O N S H IR T S A N D S H O R T S

A D V E R T IS E M E N T

ST
BE

ST
BE

L E T T E R H E IG H T 1 0 C M

ST
BE

M A X T H R E E A R E A S T O TA L 1 5 0 C M 2

O N E AR EA M AX 300 C M 2

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 48

TWIF OFFICIALS

TERMS OF REFERENCE COMMITTEES / COMMISSIONS

1 THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The members of the Committee are elected by Congress and appointed to act as the
Executive.

1.1. COMPOSITION

(Ref. article 11 TWIF Constitution)

The following officials shall be elected by the Members and appointed to act as
the Executive:
• President
• Senior Vice President
• Vice President
• Secretary General
• Treasurer

1.2. TERM OF OFFICE

(Ref. article 11 TWIF Constitution)
The duration of their appointment is four years. After this period the officials can
be re-elected by Congress. When, during the period mentioned in paragraph 2 of
this Article, an official resigns from the Executive or is no longer available to act
as an official, the Executive may appoint an official to act in the vacant office for
the duration of the period until the next Annual Congress.

1.3. TASK
(Ref. article 12 TWIF Constitution)
The Executive Committee is the Administrative Body of TWIF. It manages the
affairs of TWIF according to the Rules. It has to report its activities to the Annual
Congress, which it has to prepare also. It represents TWIF at all occasions. The
Executive can appoint ad interim officials in case of resignation of officials.
The Executive proposes the assignment of a Legal Advisor and/or Arbitrators, if
necessary. The assignment of the legal advisor and arbitrators shall be approved
by Congress. The Executive can, when needed for a special task or liaison; co-
opt up to a maximum of two (2) officials, whose term of office will end on the
termination of the special task or liaison.

1.4. MEETING
The Executive Committee meets at the following occasions;
• at the beginning of the year
• before Congress
• at the world and/or continental championships, and
• Any other times and in a manner they deem required.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 49

TWIF OFFICIALS

2 TECHNICAL AND ATHLETES COMMISSION

The Commission is an advisory body, at all times responsible to the TWIF Executive
and Congress.

2.1 COMPOSITION
The Commission consists of not more than ten and not less than six members,
appointed by the Executive Committee, from as wide a spectrum as appropriate.
Member Countries may forward names for consideration by the Executive Com-
mittee, prior to the Congress when the appointments will be made. The appoint-
ment shall be ratified in conformity with Article 13 of the TWIF Constitution.
The Commission can, when necessary, invite persons to attend the meeting for
special advice. Such persons can only address the Commission on request and
have no voting rights

2.2 TERM OF OFFICE

The term of appointment to the Commission shall be four years.
2.3 TASK
The Commission shall:

• advise on all matters related to the Rules of International competition.

• advise on any aspect of Tug of War referred to it by the TWIF Executive
Committee or Congress
• advise on any matter brought to the attention of the Executive Committee
by a Member Association, for which the Executive Committee wishes to
have the view of the Commission
• discuss any relevant matter put before the Commission by Commission
members, for onward transmission to the Executive Committee
• biannually at World Championships, stage Judges Courses for Grade 1
Judges nominated by Member Associations, where sufficient nominations
ensure a viable course
• in conjunction with the above mentioned Judges Courses, stage Refresher
Courses for Judges from the TWIF Panel of Judges

2.4 MEETINGS
The Commission will normally meet on the day before a World- or Continental
Championships
The Agenda, including time and venue for the meeting will be dispatched three
weeks prior to the meeting

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 50

 TWIF OFFICIALS

3 PRESS AND PUBLICITY COMMISSION

The Commission is an advisory body, at all times responsible to the TWIF Executive
and Congress.

3.1 COMPOSITION
The Commission consists of not more than five members, appointed by the Ex-
ecutive Committee.

3.2 TERM OF OFFICE

The term of appointment to the Commission shall be four years.

3.3 TASK
The Commission shall;
• arrange for the regular publication of the TWIF Magazine
• arrange for the editing and publishing of the TWIF website on Internet
• ensure that expenses remain within the allocated budget for press, and pub-
licity
• advise the Executive Committee on matters of press and publicity.
3.4 MEETINGS
The Commission will normally meet at Congress and/or at World or Continental
Championships.
The Agenda, including time and venue for the meeting will be dispatched three
weeks prior to the meeting.

4 MEDICAL COMMISSION / ANTI DOPING

The Commission is an advisory body, at all times responsible to the TWIF Executive
and Congress.

4.1 COMPOSITION
The Commission consists of three members with adequate expertise in the do-
main of the Commission, appointed by the Executive Committee. The appoint-
ment shall be ratified in conformity with Article 13 of the TWIF Constitution.
The Commission can, when necessary, invite persons to attend the meeting for
special advice. Such persons can only address the Commission on request and
have no voting rights

4.2 TERM OF OFFICE

The term of appointment to the Commission shall be four years.

4.3 TASK
The Commission shall;
• advise the Executive Committee on all matters regarding doping control

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 51

TWIF OFFICIALS

• arrange for the correct doping control procedure, in co-operation with the
doping control authority of the host country
• report to the Executive Committee on the result of the doping control after the
competition
• ensure that the correct procedure is performed in case(s) of positive test(s)
• advise the Executive Committee on any sport medical matter for which the
Executive Committee has requested advice from the Commission
4.4 MEETINGS
The Commission will normally meet at Congress and/or at World or Continental
Championships
The Agenda, including time and venue for the meeting will be dispatched three
weeks prior to the meeting.

5 Appeal Commission

The Appeal Commission is responsible for hearing appeals against decisions of the
Executive Committee that have not been confirmed by Congress. Composition and
terms of reference are indicated in Article 21 of the TWIF Constitution.
The appointed TWIF Legal Advisor is the Chair of the Commission.

6 TUE (THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION) Commission

The TUE Commission (TUEC) is appointed in accordance with article 4.4.4.3. of the
TWIF Anti-Doping Rules.

The TWIF TUEC, which can be outsourced and operated by a Delegated Third Party,
shall consist of a minimum of five (5) members with experience in the care and treat-
ment of Athletes and sound knowledge of clinical, sports and exercise medicine. Each
appointed member should serve a term of four (4) years which is renewable

Before serving as a member of the TWIF TUEC, each member must sign a conflict of
interest and confidentiality declaration. The appointed members shall not be employ-
ees of TWIF.
When an application to TWIF for the grant or recognition of a TUE is made, the Chair
of the TWIF TUEC shall appoint three (3) members (which may include the Chair) to
consider the application.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 52

TWIF OFFICIALS

OFFICIALS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS

Note: The Controller, Referee and Chief Judge have, in in coordination with each other,
the power to expel teams and/or individual from participating in an event in accordance
with Powers of Officials as indicated page 36

1 CONTROLLER
The Controller is responsible for the overall running of events and works in close liaison
with the Chief Judge and Referee. The Controller will normally be the Secretary General
of TWIF
1.1 TASK
The Controller shall:

• examine, before commencing an event, the Weigh-in Forms of the teams en-
tered for the event, presented to him by the Weigh master, in order to check
that the teams have passed the scales and signed the appropriate section,
committing the team to strict adherence to the TWIF Rules for Competition.
• ensure that full information is announced by public address system throughout
the event, giving particular emphasis to changes in timing of the start of a par-
ticular weight class and ensure that teams entered such weight class are fully
aware of such changes
• ensure that Draw Sheets are distributed to TWIF Officials (officiating Judges,
Marshal’s and Timekeeper/Recorders) and team coaches in the event
• ensure that Medals and Awards are available for presentation and that teams
and spectators are informed of the time of the presentation.
• select Timekeeper/Recorders for World and Continental Championships
• brief the Timekeeper/Recorders prior to the competitions.

2 REFEREE
The Referee is responsible to deal with matters of dispute and undiscipline not related
to the pulling and works in close liaison with the Controller and the Chief Judge. The
Referee will not officiate as Judge at any of the competitions
2.1 TASK
The Referee shall:
• ensure that complainant(s) present any major issue of dispute in writing, stat-
ing the nature of the complaint and in the case of breach of the TWIF Rules,
the relevant rule or directive
• ensure that appointed Stewards will keep unauthorized persons outside the
pulling arena whilst the competition is in progress
• assist the Chief Judge in ensuring that all competition are completed with
minimum delay
• confirm, in consultation with the Chief Judge, the necessity to move the rope
to fresh ground, when appropriate.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 53

TWIF OFFICIALS

3 CHIEF JUDGE
The Chief Judge has authority over the entire pulling arena and works in close liaison with the
Controller and the Referee.

3.1 TASK
The Chief Judge shall;
• arrange the "lay-out' of all ropes for competition and ensure that the ropes
are correctly marked
• brief all Judges and Marshals prior to the competition
• allocate Judges their respective ropes in competition
• deal with matters of dispute and indiscipline related to pulling and refer all
other matters of dispute or indiscipline to the Referee
• arrange breaks for officiating Judges to leave the arena for a meal
• decide to move ropes to fresh grounds when appropriate
ensure that Marshals have teams lined up at the entrance of the arena in time
and ready for the competition

4 WEIGHMASTER
(ref. article 25 TWIF Rules)
In international competitions, stewards may be appointed by TWIF who shall be respon-
sible to the Weigh master (judge in charge of the weigh-in) for correctly weighing and
stamping all competitors.
The Weigh master is responsible for all weigh-in matters and works in close liaison with
the Controller and Chief Judge

4.1 TASK
The Weigh master shall;
• check the accuracy of the (digital/electronic)scales
• arrange, in consultation with the host country, the setting up of the scales
• provide the stamps for marking of the competitors
• appoint Judges to assist at the weigh-in
• allocate Judges to scales as well as Judges to check the competitors boots
• arrange that the teams are marshalled to the scales
• ensure that team coaches sign the appropriate section of the Weigh-in Form,
committing the team to compete in strict adherence to the TWI F Rules
• check, where appropriate, the passport of the competitor to confirm age
• inform the Chief Judge on the marks on the competitors legs and/or arms
• ensure that all Weigh-in Forms have been handed to the Controller
• take decisions, in case of dispute between competitor and Judge checking
the boots
• note the name(s) of competitors whose boots have been determined to be
illegal and ensure that they will be rechecked before starting the competition
• consult the Referee in case boots are still illegal after rechecking at the start
of the competition
• close the scales at the appointed time
• consult with Controller and Chief Judge when there are mitigating circum-
stances which merit weigh-in of (a) teams(s) after the scales are closed.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 54

TWIF OFFICIALS

5 CHIEF MARSHAL
The Chief Marshal shall ensure that throughout the competition, teams are timely as-
sembled at the entry point(s) of the arena ready to march with the judges in charge to
the rope
5.1 TASK
The Chief Marshal shall:
• Attend all briefings.
• Approach organisers and appoint Marshals.
• Co-ordinate with the Controller and the Chief Judge prior to the start of the com-
petition to arrange the order of the competition.
• Brief Marshals before the start of the competition and allocate them to their re-
spective marshalling corners / areas
• Appoint one Marshal to be in charge of each corner / area.
• Issue bibs to Marshals and collect the bibs at the close of each day of competition.
• Liaise with the Controller and the Chief Judge throughout the competition to en-
sure smooth running of the programme.
• Distribute draw sheets to each corner / area.
• Arrange that athletes are marshalled to the scales during weigh-ins
• Ensure all teams are marshalled ready for prompt start of competition.
• Liaise with Control and Organisers to have necessary teams ready for Parade
and Presentations.
• Organise teams in marshalling area for the pull-offs and finals in co-ordination
with the Chief Judge.
• Inform the Controller throughout the competition – of the instructions of the Chief
Judge on what ropes are to be used and where pull-offs are to take place.

6 JUDGES
(ref. article 22 TWIF Rules)
The final selection of judges for international competition shall be the responsibility of
the Technical and Athletes Commission.

6.1 TASK CENTRE JUDGE

(ref. article 24 TWIF Rules)
The appointed judge for a match shall have sole control.
He/She shall be responsible for ensuring:
• that the Rules of "TWIF" are adhered to
• that the rope is laid out ready for competition before the teams arrive in the
pulling area
• that, as far as possible, the pre-determined timetable is adhered to.
He/She has the power to;
• grant rest periods as shown in Rule 17
• declare a "No pull"
• disqualify a team or teams after caution.
• disqualify a team without caution which he deems to be guilty of ungentlemanly
conduct, by word or act, which is likely to bring the sport into disrepute.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 55

TWIF OFFICIALS

In the event of the judge in charge giving a caution, which he will indicate by the com-
mon signal code, naming the team and adding "first caution" or "last caution". Any such
instructions given by the judge in charge must be clear and brief using the appropriate
signals.

The judge's decision shall be final at all times subject to a review by the Executive,
Competition Manager, Chief Judge and Chief Recorder if an immediate challenge has
been lodged.

6.2 TASK SIDE JUDGE

(ref. article 25 TWIF Rules)
Side judges shall at all times act under the directions of the judge in charge. During
the actual pulling the side judge shall take up a position alongside the competing
teams and to the opposite side of the judge in charge. The side judge shall observe
the competing teams and indicate the infringements of the teams to the judge in
charge, using the common signal code. The side judge will inform the offenders of
the cautions given by the judge in charge.

7 CHIEF TIMEKEEPER/RECORDER
The Chief Timekeeper/Recorder is directly responsible to the Controller. The Chief
Timekeeper/ Recorder will be responsible for all the other timekeeper/recorders. Assist-
ing should they experience any difficulties. Also ensure that the results are recorded
correctly either by use of computer and / or legibly by hand.

7.1 TASK
• Attend all briefings and at the conclusion of the main briefing, be responsible for
gathering the timekeeper/recorders together, and with the Controller, brief them
on the requirements.
• Liaise with the Controller, on all aspects of the competition. Jointly making the
decision on how many timekeeper/recorders will be required for weigh-in as well
as the competition start. Check the start time of the competition, and decide
with the Controller what time timekeeper/recorders should report to the
Arena/Hall. Including nominating personnel for duties on the field to collect
Judge’s caution cards.
• Ensure that sufficient recording sheets are available for timekeeper/recorders in
plenty of time before the start of each competition and each weight class. Also
ensure that copies of draw sheets have been given to all other officials.
• Should confusion arise regarding cautions, be ready to immediately confirm with
the judge regarding their given cautions on any pull. Delay will only add to the
confusion. This action must be taken immediately.
• Ensure that timekeeper/recorders are given ‘space and time’ when the crite-
ria/call-back system had to be implemented.
• Nearing the end of the competition, ensure that sufficient, pull-off sheets, final
sheets and placing sheets are available for timekeeper/recorders. Confirm
which ropes these matches will appear on with the Chief Judge or Controller via
headset or handset. Ensure that each timekeeper/recorder is fully aware of
which match/matches and which rope/ropes will be used.
• Ensure that Control has a full list of placing, for the medal presentations.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 56

TWIF OFFICIALS

• At the end of the competition ensure the results are thoroughly checked before
going to admin for inclusion onto disk or into a result book. Also collect each
timekeeper/recorder’s set of result sheets and place in a folder for future refer-
ence, and give to the Controller.

8. TIMEKEEPER/RECORDER
The Timekeeper/Recorder keeps record during the competition of the results of the
teams and has full knowledge of relevant sections of the TWIF Rules for International
Competitions. The task of recording can be done by one individual or by a pair of two
timekeeper/recorders. The Timekeeper/Recorders are responsible to the Chief Time-
keeper/Recorder and Controller.
8.1 TASK
The Timekeeper/Recorder shall:
▪ after the weigh-in when so requested assist the Controller with;
▪ checking the weigh-in sheets
▪ input names of teams in computer programme or on appropriate draw sheets
when no computer programme is available
▪ copying draw sheets for the competition for the Judges, Marshals, Team Coaches
and Timekeeper/Recorders.
▪ during the competition when so requested assist the Controller with;
▪ preparing a list of results in readiness for the presentation of medals/awards.
▪ preparing master copy of the results for the organisers for preparation for the re-
sult book.
▪ report to the Controller at least fifteen to twenty minutes before the competition
starts.
▪ on receipt of the appropriate score sheet report to the allocated recording area.
▪ once the competition starts record on the score sheet in the appropriate places
▪ the times of each pull
▪ the cautions accrued
▪ the score at the end of the match
▪ during the competition keep the score table and the caution table of the TWIF
score sheet up to date so at the end of the competition the results can be given
to the Chief Timekeeper/Recorder or Controller as soon as possible.
▪ during the competition, if necessary, record the times of teams coming off their
rope at the end of the match, to check the rest period and liaise with the judge
and advise accordingly.
▪ at the end of the qualifying round check the points scored by each team and list
the teams in order of placing and advise the Chief Timekeeper/Recorder or Con-
troller on the teams to go forward to the pull-offs
▪ have applicable details available in case there are teams on equal points and the
ranking criteria have to be applied.
▪ hand the score sheets to the Chief Timekeeper/Recorder or Controller at the end
of each competition
▪ prepare the score sheets for the pull-offs and once the competition is finished
pass the results to the Chief Timekeeper/Recorder or Controller.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 57

TWIF OFFICIALS

9. JUDGES’ DRESS CODE:

The appropriate TWIF Judges uniform comprises of a softshell, shirt, hat & badge
BLACK dress trousers (see illustration below) must also be worn.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2020 Page 58

TWIF JUDGES PANEL

1 THE PANEL
The TWIF Panel of Judges is a list of qualified international judges. The judges offici-
ating at international championships will be selected from this list.

2 QUALIFICATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE TWIF JUDGES PANEL

Before inclusion in the TWIF Panel of Judges, the judges will have to qualify during an
official TWIF Judges course with an overall result of 85 percent in the examination. A
Judge will remain on the panel until they decide to retire, they do not pass the refresher
course or fail the evaluation criteria (see below).

3 Twif Qualified Judges.

Twif qualified Judges will be assigned to three categories as follows;

a) Both Indoor and Outdoor, or

b) Outdoor only, or
c) Indoor only

4 TWIF JUDGES COURSE

National judges will be qualified by a grading system of their national association. The
grading consists of three levels, Grade 3, 2 and 1. (Grade 1 is the highest level) Each
member association of TWIF can nominate national Grade 1 judges for participation in
a TWIF Judges Course. When a member association nominates a national grade one
judge for the course they MUST submit, in detail, their national association grading
system for assessment by TWIF. If this fails to meet the requirement the Judge may
not be permitted to attend the course. That to be eligible to sit the TWIF Judges course,
Judges must be able to demonstrate, with suitable evidence, that they have a minimum
of 6 years judging experience. This experience should include Judging at regular com-
petitions throughout the period and Judging at National Championships. A TWIF
Judges Course consists of a session at which the national judges will be instructed on
the required international interpretation and implementation of the TWIF Rules for Tug
of War. The examination consists of a written examination, as well as a practical test
during international competition.

5 REFRESHER COURSES
At each TWIF Judges course a maximum of ten (10) judges from the TWIF Panel of
Judges shall retake the TWIF Judges course. The judges from the TWIF Panel of
Judges shall be invited by rotation, so all judges on the Panel will be given the oppor-
tunity to enhance and improve their judging proficiency. TWIF judges failing to attend
the Refresher Course without acceptable justification and TWIF Judges not qualifying
in the examination of the Refresher Course will be removed from the TWIF Panel of
Judges. In case a TWIF judge, for justifiable reason, is unable to attend a Refresher
Course he/ she will take the next available Refresher Course. The maximum period
between Refresher Courses for a Judge is six years.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2018 Page 59

6 CRITIQUE
During TWIF Championships, each and every TWIF Judge will be observed by a qual-
ified person. Instantly after the observation, the judge will be informed on his/her
achievement in judging, with the aim to improve the proficiency and performance of
the judge. The observer shall be appointed by the TWIF Executive in consultation with
the Technical Commission.

7 EVALUATION OF JUDGES
Each TWIF judge will be evaluated during their judging in the championships by three
appointed TWIF evaluators. The evaluators will be appointed by the TWIF Executive
in consultation with the Technical Commission. The evaluation report will indicate
whether the performance of the Judge is in conformity with the required standard or is
below standard. The TWIF Judges will be informed on the result of the evaluation by
the evaluators. In case a TWIF Judge has been evaluated three times with a profi-
ciency result below standard, he/she will be removed from the Panel of TWIF Judges.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2018 Page 60

TIMEKEEPER RECORDERS PANEL
________________________________________________________________________

1 THE PANEL
The TWIF Panel of Timekeeper/Recorders is a list of qualified international recorders.

2 QUALIFICATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE TWIF TIMEKEEPER/RECORDERS

PANEL
Before the inclusion in the TWIF Panel of Timekeeper/Recorders, the timekeeper/re-
corders will have to qualify during an official TWIF Timekeeper/Recorders course

3 TWIF TIMEKEEPER/RECORDERS COURSE

TWIF has held a number of Timekeeper/Recorders Courses
Future courses will also focus on using computer programmes for recording competi-
tion results

4 REFRESHER COURSE
In future these courses might be organized to ensure the required proficiency of the
timekeeper/recorders officiating at the event.

5 TIMEKEEPER/ RECORDER DRESS CODE

The appropriate TWIF Timekeepers and Recorders Uniform comprises of a jacket
(softshell), polo shirt, black trousers or skirt and sensible black shoes.

TWIF Rules Manual Edition 2018 Page 61