Types of Operating Systems: There are several types of Operating Systems, mentioned below. 1) Batch Operating System 2) Multi-Programming Operating System 3) Multi-Processing Operating System 4) Multi-Tasking Operating System 5) Time-Sharing Operating System 6) Distributed Operating System 7) Network Operating System 8) Real-Time Operating System 9) Embedded operating system 10) Single User and Multi User Operating System: 1. Batch Operating System: In Batch Operating System same type of process will be batched together and they will be executed one-by-one. In Batch Operating System memory (RAM) is divided into two parts. In first part the Operating System will stored and in the second part only one user program can be stored or execute at any time. Example: suppose there are three program of C language, five program of JAVA language and three program of C+ language. If we want to execute these programs by using batch Operating System then we will have to go through the following step: ‘STEP 1: Form a batch of all 'C’ Program ‘STEP 2: Load the ‘C’ compiler. STEP 3: Execute ‘C’ programs one-by-one by bringing them into memory. STEP 4: Unload the ‘C’ compiler. ‘STEP 5: Repeat steps 1 to 4 for other program. Batch Operating System =f Figure 1.1: Batch Operating System Batch operating systems have several disadvantages: a. Starvation b. CPU utilization is less, so the throughput of the system will decrease. ‘Throughput: The number of processes executed per unit time is called throughput of the system.2. Multi-Programming System: In Multi-Programming System memory (RAM) is divided into two parts. In first part the Operating System will stored and in the second part two or more user program will be stored. A multiprogramming operating system is a type of operating system that allows multiple programs to run simultaneously on a single CPU. xt MOR} OFEEATINA 3 [e2, ceu ° a ching i The CPU will execute these programs one by one. The CPU will switch from Program 1 (P1) to Program 2 (P2) in two cases: Case 1: Preemptive Pre-emptive means leaving the CPU before completing its execution. If Program 1 (P1) wants to perform some input/output operation, then the CPU will switch to the next program, Program 2 (P2). Case 2: Non-Preemptive Non-preemptive means leaving the CPU after completing its execution. If Program 1 (P1) finishes its execution, then the CPU will switch from Program 1 (P1) to Program 2 (P2). This has the below advantages: 1. CPUis utilized better 2. Context switch between process. 3. Switching happens when current process undergoes waiting state. 4, CPU idle time is reduced. 5. High resource utilization. 6. High Performance. 3, 6. Multiprocessing Operating System: Multiprocessing Operating System have two or more processor (CPU) in close communication and their processors (CPUs) will share same memory bus and other peripheral device such as memory, CPU, disk controller, USB controller, and graphics adapter. There are two types of Multiprocessing Operating System. a. Tightly Coupled System b. Loosely Couples SystemA. Tightly Coupled System: In Tightly Coupled System two or more processor (CPU) in close communication and their processors (CPUs) will share same memory bus and other peripheral device such as memory, CPU, disk controller, USB controller, and graphics adapter. The block diagram of tightly coupled system is as follows. Figure 1.3: Symmetric multiprocessor system | Parallel multiprocessor system Loosely Coupled System (Distributed System) : In distributed system each system will have its own memory, CPU, disk controller, USB controller, and graphics adapter and own other peripheral device. The computer of distributed system will communicate with each other using network. nating 8 System t Distributed Oj Figure 1.4: Asymmetric multiprocessor system4-5. Multi-Tasking Operating System: If pre-emption is used, in a multiprogramming operating system, it is called a multitasking operating system. The multitasking operating system is an extension to multiprogramming operating system with preemptive. Multitasking can be achieved by using time-sharing system. In time-sharing system, the processor's time is shared with multiple users. Time Slice | Time Quantum A fixed amount of time is given to each process for its execution, and after executing each process for the allocated time quantum, the CPU switches to the next process. In this way, processes are executed in a time-sharing system. 7. Network Operating System: A Network Operating System (extension of distributed operating system) is a software that connects multiple device and computers on the networks and allow them to share resource on the network. Types of Network Operating Systems A. Client-Server System: In a Network Operating System, a server (also known as a service provider or responder) is a computer that offers services to another computer called a client. A client (service request), or end-user system, is a computer that connects to and utilizes the resources provided by a remote server. When a large number of processes are required to execute, they can be distributed among the systems. a“ - Client-Server Peer-to-Peer B. Peer-to-Peer System: In P2P system there is no client and no server system. In P2P system every system act as independent system. In this every node is itself client and server. In Peer-to-Peer Network, Each and every node can do both request and respond for the services. C. Clustered system: Independent systems, with shared common storage and connected by a high-speed LAN, working together are known as clustered system.8. RealTime Operating System: Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are used in environments where a large number of processes, mostly external to the computer system, must be accepted and processed within certain deadlines. If the processes are not executed within a certain deadline, then system crash will occur. There are two types of Real-time operating systems ‘A. Hard Real-time operating system B. Soft Real-time operating system Hard Real-time operating system: In Hard Real-time operating system do not allow any further extension of deadline in any circumstance. Example: Satellite Launching Soft Real-time operating system: In Soft Real-time operating system the deadline can be further extended up to a certain limit. Example: Landing of Aircraft 9. Embedded operating system: An embedded operating system is a specialized operating system (OS) designed to perform a specific task for a device that is not a computer. The main job of an embedded OS is to run the code that allows the device to do its job. An embedded OS often works within an embedded system. An embedded system is a computer that supports a machine. It performs one task in the bigger machine. Examples include computer systems in car, cell-phone, traffic lights, digital televisions, ATMs, digit cameras, GPS navigation systems, elevators. 10. Single User and Multi User Operating System: There are various types of operating systems, and one key distinction is between single-user and multi-user operating systems. a. Single-user and single task operating system: Manages the computer for one user to perform one task at a time (e.g., early versions of MS-DOS). CUI b. Single-user and multitask operating system: Allows one user to run multiple applications simultaneously (e.g., modern versions of Windows or macOS). GUI+ CUI . Multi-user and multitask operating system: Enables multiple users to run multiple applications concurrently, managing resources and permissions for each user (e.g., UNIX, Linux, Windows Server). GUI + CUI CUI: Character User Interface | GUI : Graphical User Interface