Cloud Computing is a model for delivering computing services over the internet.

where
resources such as databases, servers and applications are provided as a service to users on
demand.
Instead of having to manage and maintain physical hardware & software,users can access
these services on a pay as you go basis, allowing for greater-flexibility, scalability and cost
savings.

Features of cloud computing

1. On demand access and self services
2. Broad network access :resources ae accessible over
the internet for many devices
3. Resource Pooling: resources are pooled together to provide a multitenant environment
4. Rapid elasticity:scalability of resources
5. Measured services:with cloud computing user only pay for the resources they use.

Benefits of Cloud computing

1. Enhanced security and compliance.
2. It is cost-saving.
3. Improved collaboration & productivity
4. It is flexible and scalable.
5. Increased reliability and uptime.

Applications of cloud computing

● Big Data Analytics
● Internet of things
● Web and mobile applications
● Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning.
● Data storage and backup

Cloud Computing service models

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Platform as a Service(PaaS).

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service IaaS

It is a cloud computing model that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.
With Iaas, users can manage their own infrastructure including servers, storage and network
services.
ADVANTAGES

● It is reliable
● It provides access to latest technology
● It is flexible
● Enhanced security
● It is cost-effective

Disadvantages

● Less control over underlying infrastructure and security

● Data stored in the cloud may be vulnerable to security breaches.
● It might be challenging to optimize costs
● Risk of being tied to a specific vendor

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

It is a cloud computing model that provides a platform for developing,running and managing
applications without the need to manage the underlying infrastructure

Advantages
● Increased productivity
● Paas solutions automatically scale to meet application demands
● It enhances easy development and management of applications
● Paas providers often offer the latest development tools and technologies
● It enables collaboration and version control
● It provides a preconfigured development environment, reducing Setup time

Disadvantage

● It may require additional support & expertise.

● The PaaS environment may have limitations on Customination.

PaaS Application
1. Develop web application
2. Mobile application
3. API development
4. Microservices architecture

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Is a cloud computing model that provides access to software applications over the internet
eliminating the need for local installation and maintenance

Sacs is suitable for

 ● Productivity software
● CRM software (customer relationship management)
● HRM software (Human resources management)
● Marketing automation software

Advantage

1. Accessible from anywhere on any device at any time.

2. No maintenance and support burden on Internal team.
3. Automatic software upgrade and updates.
4. Enhanced collaboration and data sharing

Disadvantage

● Ensure Compliance with regulatory requirements e.g patent right

● Potential concern over data ownership
● Lesser control over software customization and integration

Common Cloud Computing threats

1. Data loss: This can be caused by human error, malicious activities by staff and
hardware or software failure
2. Data breaches : It is caused by inadequate encryption, misconfigurations or
unauthorised access.
3. Denial of Service: It is the process of overloading cloud services with excessive Traffic
leading to downtime and disruption of Cloud based services.
4. Lack of Compliance: Non-adherence to regulatory requirements such as HIPAA or
PCI-DSS lead to reputational damage.
5. Insider threats:Malicious or careless employees with access to sensitive information
may leak organizations information to unauthorized users.
6. Shared Technology Vulnerability:

Strategies for mitigating cloud computing threats

1. Data protection and encryption
2. Backup strategy
3. Continuous monitoring
4. Configuration management:regular review and update cloud configuration

Types Of Cloud
There are 4 types of cloud you can deploy according to the requirement to the organization
 1. Public Cloud: it is a type of cloud that is open to all to store and access public
information through the Internet using the pay per usage method. In public cloud
computing, resources are managed and operated by the Cloud service Provider (CSP).
Examples:
=> Amazon Elastic Cloud (EC2)
=> IBM Smart Cloud enterprises
=> Google App Engine
=> Windows Azure Service Platform

Advantages of Public Cloud

1. It's easier to Integrate

2. It offers a better flexibility approach
3. It is located independently,because its services are delivered through the internet.
4. It's maintained by the CSP,so the customer has no need to worry
5. It is owned at a lower cost

Disadvantages of public Cloud

1. It's less secured because the resources are shared publicly

2. The client has no control over the data
3. The performance depends on the high speed Internet network linked to the cloud
provider.

2. Private Cloud: This is also known as Internal or corporate cloud. It's used by
organizations to build and manage their own data center internally or by a third party.
It's classified into 2 parts namely;
On-premise private Cloud and Out-Sourced Private Cloud

Advantages
1. It provides high level of Security and privacy to the users
2. It offers high performance with Improved speed and high space capacity.
3. Private cloud allows IT teams to quickly allocate and deliver on demand IT resources.
4. The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the
organization itself.

Disadvantages
1. It requires skilled personnel to manage and operate cloud services
2. Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that do not have the pre-built infrastructure,
sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.
3. Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operation is limited.
 3. Hybrid Cloud: Combination of both public and private cloud, it is partially secure
because services which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by anyone and
the services on the private cloud can be accessed on only within the Organization.
Examples are: Google Apps,Gmail , amazon web Services, etc.

Advantages
1. It is suitable for organization that require more security
2. It helps to deliver new products and services more quickly.
3. It provides an excellent way to reduce risks
4. It offers flexible resources because of public and secure resources because of private

Disadvantages
1. The reliability of the Services depend on the cloud Service provider
2. Managing a hybrid Cloud is Complex because it is difficult to manage more than one
type of deployment model
3. The security features are good not as good as private cloud.

4. Community Cloud:It allows System and Services to be accessible by a group of l

several organisations to share within the organization and a specific community It is
owned,managed and updated by one the or more organization in the community.

Advantages
1. It more secure than public Cloud
2. It provides a Collaborative and distributive environment.
3. It is Cost effective

Disadvantages
1. It is not suitable if there is no collaboration
2. Security features are not as good as the private
3. the fixed amount of data storage and bandwidths is shared among all community
members.

Fault Tolerance (in vm)

It is a feature that allows Virtual machines to remain operational In the event of hardware or
software failure. It refers to a systems ability to operate when Components fail

Components of Fault Tolerance

● Physical Redundancy
● Dala Redundancy
● Logical Redundancy
 ● Fault detection mechanism
● Failover mechanism

1. Physical Redundancy : It involves duplicating critical hardware to prevent a single point

of failure from disrupting the entire system.

2. Logical Redundancy : This refers to the duplication of data computational processes to

ensure continuity incase of failure. It ensures that even if a physical machine fails, the
services it provides can Continue running on another machine.

3. Data Redundancy : If involves storing copies of data in multiple locations to prevent

data loss. Techniques such RAID (Redundant Array & Independent Disk) configurations
provides various levels of redundancy and performance.

4. Fault detection Mechanism: These are systems and protocols designed to identify
failures as they occur. These mechanisms include real time monitoring tools that
continuously check the health of hardware and software Components.

5. Failover Mechanism: If automatically switches operation from a failed component to a

redundant one minimizing destruction In an active passive failover setup. A stand by
system takes over when the primary system fails.

Challenges in Implementing Fault Tolerance

● Cost of Implementation
● Performance Overhead
● Complexity of design and maintenance
● Scalability issue
● Ensuring Consistency and data Integrity

Consideration In Implementing Fault Tolerance

Challenge and considerations
1. Cost of Implementation: Organization should conduct a cost benefit analysis

2. Performance Overhead:Optimise the fault tolerance architecture by balancing

redundancy with performance need.
3. Complexity of decision and maintenance: Organization should adopt standardized
architecture and best practices
4. Scalability issue: fault tolerant systems with modular components that can be easily
scaled horizontally.
5. Ensuring Consistency and data integrity: a robust data replication strategy.

Fault Tolerance In Data Center :

This is a data Center designed to provide uninterrupted and maintain operation even in the
event of hardware, software,network or power failure. This is achieved by incorporating
redundancy, failover mechanisms and advanced monitoring systems to minimize or eliminate
downtime, Fault tolerant Data center must;

● protect

● Back up

● Repair

● Plan ahead

Data Center Tier System

This is a classification method used to define the reliability, availability and performance
capabilities of data centers. It helps the organizations to assess the level of infrastructure and
services that meets their business needs from basic facilities to high availability and mission
critical environment

● Tier 1 - Basic Capacity

● Tier 2 - Redundant Capacity
● Tier 3 - Concurrently maintainable
● Tier 4 - Fault Tolerant

Tier 1 Data Center: These are among the most affordable options as they are usually sufficient
for companies looking for the basic level of support for existing systems. It does not provide a
high level of fault tolerance.

Characteristics
1. No redundancy for power or Cooling
2. 99.67% uptime
 3. Suitable for small businesses or non-critical applications where occasional downtime is
acceptable
4. Single path for power and cooling
5. If the primary power source fails or there is a cooling the entire facility is affected

Tier 2: The data center improves the basic level of services that th3 tier 1 center provides,
which includes power and cooling components. This helps companies to complete maintenance
tasks without disrupting systems. Tier 2 provides some components useful in limiting the chance
of any downtime caused by equipment failure.

Characteristics :
1. Small to medium business services that need more reliability than tier 1 but can tolerate
some downtime during maintenance.
2. It includes some redundancy in power and cooling systems
3. where there is backup any issue that disrupt the single path for power and cooling can
still lead to downtime

Tier 3: Data Centers are built in such a way that shut downs are never required during
maintenance tasks and equipment can be replaced with no need for any downtime at all. This is
achieved through the addition of a redundant delivery path which is used for power and cooling
alongside all the redundant components of Tier 2 data Center.

Characteristics
1. Suitable for small to medium business requiring high availability for critical applications
and Services
2. Allows for planned maintenance and component failure without Impacting services
3. Multiple Independent poth for power and Cooling paths
4. Single path for power and cooling Still exist but with a redundant system for backup
5. Ability to perform maintenance without shutting down operation