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Web-Lecture-1

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages, using tags to structure content. It includes various elements like headings, paragraphs, and attributes to define the characteristics of those elements. The document outlines the basic structure of HTML, common tags, and their usage in formatting web content.

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asfa rehman
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2 views

Web-Lecture-1

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages, using tags to structure content. It includes various elements like headings, paragraphs, and attributes to define the characteristics of those elements. The document outlines the basic structure of HTML, common tags, and their usage in formatting web content.

Uploaded by

asfa rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

HTML – OVERVIEW HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.

• Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

• As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure
it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.

Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available
in HTML language.

Basic HTML Document


In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here .... </p>
</body>
</html>

To check the result of this HTML code, let's save it in an HTML file test.html using your
favorite text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google
Chrome, or Firefox etc. It must show the following output:
HTML

HTMLTags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most
of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.

Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:

Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises
<html> of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and
document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
<head>
tags like <title>, <link> etc.

The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
<title>
document title.

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags
<body>
like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

<h1> This tag represents the heading.


HTML

<p> This tag represents a paragraph.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML
4.

HTML Document Structure


A typical HTML document will have the following structure:

Document declaration tag


<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>

We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what
is document declaration tag.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration


The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of
the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following
declaration:

<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on
what version of HTML is being used.
2. HTML – BASIC TAGS HTML

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also
has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and
<h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that
heading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:


HTML

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of
text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the
example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Here is a first paragraph of text.


Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.

Line Break Tag


Whenever you use the <br/> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This
tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as
there is nothing to go in between them.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment on time.<br />
Thanks<br />
Rida</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
This will produce the following result:

Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Rida

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centering Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is not in the center.

This text is in the center.

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates
a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr/>
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML

This will produce the following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr/> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
HTML
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to
split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a
nonbreaking space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the
"12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
3. HTML – ELEMENTS
HTML

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends
with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below
with few tags:

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There


are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and
<br /> elements. These are known as void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents
should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element


An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends
with a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same
paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.
Nested HTML Elements
It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
This will display the following result:
</body>
</html>
This is italic heading

This is underlined paragraph


4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES HTML

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag
<p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags
can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:

• The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element
in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate
the alignment of paragraph on the page.
•
• The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within
quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left,
center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align="left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned</p>
</body>
</html>

This will display the following result:

This is left aligned


This is center aligned
HTML

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all)
are:

• Id
• Title
• Class
• Style

The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML
page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an
element:

• If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just


that element and its content.

• If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you
can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.

Let's use the id attribute to distinguishbetween two paragraph elements as shown below.

Example
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The titleAttribute
The title attribute in HTML is used to provide additional information about an element. When
a user hovers over the element with the title attribute, a tooltip is displayed, showing the
value of the attribute.

Example: <a href="https://example.com" title="Visit Example Website">Example</a>

When hovering over the link, "Visit Example Website" will appear as a tooltip.
HTML

The class Attribute


The class attribute in HTML is used to assign one or more names (or "classes") to an HTML element.
These class names can be used to apply CSS styles or manipulate the elements with JavaScript. Multiple
elements can share the same class, allowing them to be styled or targeted in a consistent way.

Purpose:
• To apply CSS styles to elements.
• To group elements for JavaScript manipulation.

• Multiple elements can share the same class, making it reusable.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:

class="className1 className2 className3"

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.highlight {
background-color: yellow;
font-weight: bold;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="highlight">This paragraph is highlighted.</p>
<p>This paragraph is not highlighted.</p>
<p class="highlight">Another highlighted paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Explanation:
In the example above, two paragraphs (<p>) have the class highlight, while the second one does not.
The CSS class .highlight makes the background color yellow and the text bold.
The result is that only the paragraphs with the class highlight are styled with the specified CSS.

The style Attribute


The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
This will produce the following result:

Some text...

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much
about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be
used while formatting content.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags withinan HTML


element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an


values element

background URL Places a background image behind an


element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading


Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading


Style Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or


table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or


table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.


5. HTML – FORMATTING HTML

If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized,
or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear
in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a bold typeface.

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
HTML

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an italicized typeface.

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an underlined typeface.

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough,
which is a thin line through the text as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
HTML

<title>Strike Text Example</title>


</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are
known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example,
the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the
same width.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the
same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above
the other characters.
HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a superscript typeface.

Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the
same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the
other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a subscript typeface.


Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example
<p>This is the <ins>new</ins> version of the document.</p>

This will produce the following result:


This is the new version of the document.

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example

<p>This is the <del>old</del> version of the document.</p>

This will produce the following result:

This is the oldold version of the document

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of
the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a big typeface.


Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the
rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a small typeface.

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