Brilliant Education Centre Name:

CLASS X - SCIENCE-BIOLOGY
CHAPTER:– CONTROL & COORDINATION - NOTES
______________________________________________________________________
Living organisms respond and react to various stimuli like heat, light, cold, touch, pressure etc. Plants and
animals both respond to stimuli but in different manner.

Example: withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object.

Control and Coordination in Animals:

It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems
a) Nervous System b) Endocrine System
Nervous System:
Functions:
i) To receive the information from environment
ii) To receive the information from various body parts. (Stimuli response)
iii) To act accordingly through muscles and glands.
Stimulus: Any change in environment or within that brings about the reaction eg: touching a hot plate.
Response: The reaction of our body to these changes. eg. Withdrawal of our hand

In animals Nervous system & Hormonal system plays an important role in control & co-ordination.
In plants control and coordination is done by chemical substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.
Coordination in animals :-

 In animals control and coordination is done by the nervous system and endocrine system.
 Nervous system- The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called
neurons.
 Types of Nervous system:
1. Central Nervous system (CNS) – It includes – Brain & Spinal cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) - It includes all neurons other than that of brain and spinal cord.
Neurons (Nerves) - The structural & functional unit of Nervous system called as Neurons.

 Structure of Neurons:
It has a cell body called cyton containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm.
It has several branched structures called dendrites.
It has a long nerve fibre called axon which may covered
by Schwann cells & a protective covering called Myelin
sheath.
Schwann cells separated by a gap called as Nodes of
Ranvier.
Neuron ends by bulb like structure at nerve ending
called as Synaptic Knob.
Synaptic knob consists of several vesicles called as Synaptic vesicles, which contain the chemical for
pass on the information, called as Neurotransmitters. Ex: Acetyl choline.
GRADE: Brilliant Education Centre Name:
CLASS X - SCIENCE-BIOLOGY
CHAPTER:– CONTROL & COORDINATION - NOTES
______________________________________________________________________
 Synapse: The junction between two neurons or with muscles is called synapse.

 Nerve impulse: Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical signals
called nerve impulse.

The dendrites receive the information and start a chemical reaction which produces electrical impulse
which passes through the axon.

 Reflex action:

Reflex action is a sudden, unconscious and involuntary response of the effectors to a stimulus.

Ex: - We suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object.

In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin (receptor) detect the heat and pass the message through
the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. Then the information passes through the motor nerves to the
muscles (effector) of the hand and we withdraw our hand.

• REFLEX ARC: The brain plays no action as the

reflex action takes place at the level of spinal
cord.
But later brain is informed by the spinal cord and
then later the thinking part of the action is done
by brain.
But brain is not active during a reflex action.

Reflex arc: The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc.

In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs) and it passes through the sensory
nerves to the spinal cord.
From the spinal cord the information passes through the motor nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for
the response.

• Difference between Reflex action & walking.

Reflex action: 1. It is inborn, involuntary (automatic) & require for survival & protection.

Walking: 1.It is acquired by learning, under control of brain (voluntary) & for various functions.
GRADE: Brilliant Education Centre Name:
CLASS X - SCIENCE-BIOLOGY
CHAPTER:– CONTROL & COORDINATION - NOTES
______________________________________________________________________

• Human Brain:
The brain is the main coordinating center in the
human body.
It is protected by the cranium.
The brain has three main parts. They are fore brain,
mid brain and hind brain.

i) Fore brain:-
- Consists of the cerebrum and Thalamus and
hypothalamus.
- It is the thinking part of the brain and controls voluntary actions.
- It controls touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight, mental activities like thinking, learning, memory,
emotions, decision making etc.

ii) Mid brain: - controls involuntary actions and reflex movements of head, neck, eyes etc.

iii) Hind brain:-

- Also controls involuntary activities.
- Consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.
- Cerebellum: - controls body movements, balance and posture.
- Pons: - controls respiration.
- Medulla: - controls heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, Sneezing, vomiting etc.

• How are tissues protected?

Spinal cord:

The spinal cord starts from the brain and extends through the vertebral column.
It carries messages to and from the brain.
It also controls reflex actions.

 How does Nervous tissue cause action?

Muscles are 3 types:
1. Skeletal muscles (Voluntary muscles /Striated muscles)-: Attached with bones & having alternate
dark and light bands
2. Smooth muscles (Involuntary muscles .Non striated muscles): present in internal body organs.
3. Cardiac muscles: Present in heart
GRADE: Brilliant Education Centre Name:
CLASS X - SCIENCE-BIOLOGY
CHAPTER:– CONTROL & COORDINATION - NOTES
______________________________________________________________________
Coordination in plants :-

• In plants control and coordination is done by chemical substances called plant hormones or
phytohormones.

There are five main types of plant hormones.

• They are :- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene.

i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth.

ii) Gibberellins :- help in growth of stem and branches, seed germination etc.

iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits and sseeds.

iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves.

vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

• 6) Movements in plants :-

Movements in plants are of two main types: They are :-Tropic movements and Nastic movements.

• a) Tropic movements :- are directional movements towards or away from the stimulus and it
depends on growth. They are of different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
Hydrotropism etc.

i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is towards light, it is called

positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is called
negative phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light.

ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If it is towards gravity it is called
positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative
geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot.

iii) Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen
tube towards the ovule.

iv) Hydrotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to water.

Eg :- Growth of roots towards water.

 Nastic movements :- are non-directional movements which are neither towards or away from
the stimulus and it does not depend on growth.

Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its leaves fold up and droops down immediately
due to the change in the amount of water in the leaves. Depending upon the amount of water in
the leaves, it swells or shrinks.
GRADE: Brilliant Education Centre Name:
CLASS X - SCIENCE-BIOLOGY
CHAPTER:– CONTROL & COORDINATION - NOTES
______________________________________________________________________
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN HUMAN BEINGS

Endocrine glands in human beings :-

• The endocrine glands are also known as Ductless gland.

• The endocrine glands produce chemical substances called

as Hormones, & it directly diffuses into blood and reaches
to target organ.

• The endocrine glands in our body are :-

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,

thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes and ovary.

• Major hormones of the body:

• Thyroxine
• Growth hormone
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
• Insulin
• Adrenaline

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