Algorithm & Flowchart Manual

ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART

ALGORITHM:

The word “algorithm” relates to the name of the mathematician Al-khowarizmi, which means a
procedure or a technique. Software Engineer commonly uses an algorithm for planning and
solving the problems. An algorithm is a sequence of steps to solve a particular problem or
algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous steps that produces a result and terminates in a
finite time

Algorithm has the following characteristics

• Input: An algorithm may or may not require input

• Output: Each algorithm is expected to produce at least one result

• Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.

• Finiteness: If the instructions of an algorithm are executed, the algorithm should

terminate after finite number of steps

The algorithm and flowchart include following three types of control structures.

1. Sequence: In the sequence structure, statements are placed one after the other and
the execution takes place starting from up to down.
2. Branching (Selection): In branch control, there is a condition and according to a
condition, a decision of either TRUE or FALSE is achieved. In the case of TRUE, one
of the two branches is explored; but in the case of FALSE condition, the other
alternative is taken. Generally, the ‘IF-THEN’ is used to represent branch control.
3. Loop (Repetition): The Loop or Repetition allows a statement(s) to be executed
repeatedly based on certain loop condition e.g. WHILE, FOR loops.

Advantages of algorithm

• It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy

to understand.
• An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
• It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for
anyone even without programming knowledge.
• Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.

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HOW TO WRITE ALGORITHMS

Step 1 Define your algorithms input: Many algorithms take in data to be processed, e.g. to
calculate the area of rectangle input may be the rectangle height and rectangle width.

Step 2 Define the variables: Algorithm's variables allow you to use it for more than one
place. We can define two variables for rectangle height and rectangle width as HEIGHT and
WIDTH (or H & W). We should use meaningful variable name e.g. instead of using H & W
use HEIGHT and WIDTH as variable name.

Step 3 Outline the algorithm's operations: Use input variable for computation purpose,
e.g. to find area of rectangle multiply the HEIGHT and WIDTH variable and store the value in
new variable (say) AREA. An algorithm's operations can take the form of multiple steps and
even branch, depending on the value of the input variables.

Step 4 Output the results of your algorithm's operations: In case of area of rectangle
output will be the value stored in variable AREA. if the input variables described a rectangle
with a HEIGHT of 2 and a WIDTH of 3, the algorithm would output the value of 6.

FLOWCHART:

The first design of flowchart goes back to 1945 which was designed by John Von Neumann.
Unlike an algorithm, Flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem. It is
another commonly used programming tool. By looking at a Flowchartone can understand the
operations and sequence of operations performed in a system. Flowchart is often considered
as a blueprint of a design used for solving a specific problem.

Advantages of flowchart:

• Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program.

• Easy and efficient to analyze problem using flowchart.
• During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint, which
makes program development process easier.
• After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely maintenance
during the course of its operation. The flowchart makes program or system
maintenance easier.
• It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code.

Flowchart is diagrammatic /Graphical representation of sequence of steps to solve a

problem. To draw a flowchart following standard symbols are use

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Symbol Name Symbol function

Used to represent start and

Oval end of flowchart

Used for input and output

Parallelogram
operation

Processing: Used for

Rectangle arithmetic operations and
data-manipulations

Decision making. Used to

represent the operation in
Diamond which there are two/three
alternatives, true and false
etc

Flow line Used to indicate

Arrows the flow of logic by
connecting symbols

Circle Page Connector

Off Page Connector

Predefined Process
/Function Used to represent
a group of statements
performing one processing
task.

Preprocessor

|--------------
--------- | Comments
|--------------

The language used to write algorithm is simple and similar to day-to-day life language. The

variable names are used to store the values. The value store in variable can change in the

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solution steps. In addition some special symbols are used as below Assignment Symbol

(  or =) is used to assign value to the variable.

e.g. to assign value 5 to the variable HEIGHT, statement is

HEIGHT  5

or

HEIGHT = 5

The symbol ‘=’ is used in most of the programming language as an assignment symbol, the
same has been used in all the algorithms and flowcharts in the manual.

The statement C = A + B means that add the value stored in variable A and variable B
then assign/store the value in variable C.

The statement R = R + 1 means that add I to the value stored in variable R and then
assign/store the new value in variable R, in other words increase the value of variable R by 1
Mathematical Operators:
Operator Meaning Example
+ Addition A+B
- Subtraction A–B
* Multiplication A*B
/ Division A/ B
^ Power A^3 for A3
% Reminder A%B

Relational Operators
Operator Meaning Example
< Less than A<B
<= Less than or equal to A <= B
= or == Equal to A = B
# or != Not equal to A # B or A !=B
> Greater than A>B
>= Greater tha or equal to A >= B
Logical Operators
Operator Example Meaning
AND A < B AND B < C Result is True if both A<B and
B<C are true else false

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OR A< B OR B < C Result is True if either A<B or
B<C are true else false
NOT NOT (A >B) Result is True if A>B is false
else true

Selection control Statements

Selection Control Example Meaning
IF ( Condition ) Then IF ( X > 10 ) THEN If condition X>10 is True
… Y=Y+5 execute the statement
ENDIF ENDIF between THEN and ENDIF

IF ( Condition ) Then IF ( X > 10 ) THEN If condition X>10 is True

… Y=Y+5 execute the statement
ELSE ELSE between THEN and ELSE
….. Y=Y+8 otherwise execute the
Z=Z+3 statements between ELSE
ENDIF ENDIF and ENDIF

Loop control Statements

Selection Control Example Meaning
WHILE (Condition) WHILE ( X < 10) Execute the loop as long as
DO DO the condition is TRUE
.. print x
.. x=x+1
ENDDO ENDDO
DO DO Execute the loop as long as
…. print x the condition is false
… x=x+1
UNTILL (Condition) UNTILL ( X >10)

GO TO statement also called unconditional transfer of control statement is used to transfer

control of execution to another step/statement. . e.g. the statement GOTO n will transfer
control to step/statement n.

Note: We can use keyword INPUT or READ or GET to accept input(s) /value(s) and
keywords PRINT or WRITE or DISPLAY to output the result(s). ..

Algorithm & Flowchart to find the sum of two numbers

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Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input first numbers say A

Step-3 Input second number say B

Step-4 SUM = A + B

Step-5 Display SUM

Step-6 Stop

OR

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input two numbers say A & B

Step-3 SUM = A + B

Step-4 Display SUM

Step-5 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit

C : temperature in Celsius
F : temperature Fahrenheit

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input temperature in Celsius say C

Step-3 F = (9.0/5.0 x C) + 32

Step-4 Display Temperature in Fahrenheit F

Step-5 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

C : temperature in Celsius
F : temperature Fahrenheit

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input temperature in Fahrenheit say F

Step-3 C = 5.0/9.0 (F - 32 )

Step-4 Display Temperature in Celsius C

Step-5 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Area and Perimeter of Square

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..

L : Side Length of Square

AREA : Area of Square
PERIMETER : Perimeter of Square

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Side Length of Square say L

Step-3 Area = L x L

Step-4 PERIMETER = 4 x L

Step-5 Display AREA, PERIMETER

Step-6 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

L : Length of Rectangle
B : Breadth of Rectangle
AREA : Area of Rectangle
PERIMETER : Perimeter of Rectangle

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Side Length & Breadth say L, B

Step-3 Area = L x B

Step-4 PERIMETER = 2 x ( L + B)

Step-5 Display AREA, PERIMETER

Step-6 Stop

find Area and Perimeter of Circle

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

R : Radius of Circle
AREA : Area of Circle Start

PERIMETER : Perimeter of Circle

Algorithm Input Value

of R

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Radius of Circle say R AREA = 22.0/7.0

xRx R

Step-3 Area = 22.0/7.0 x R x R

Step-4 PERIMETER = 2 x 22.0/7.0 x R PERIMTER = 2 X

22.0/7.0 x R

Step-5 Display AREA, PERIMETER

Step-6 Stop Pr int A REA,

PER I M T ER

Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Area & Perimeter of Triangle

(when three sides are given)

A : First Side of Triangle

B : Second Side of Triangle
C : Third Side of Triangle
AREA : Area of Triangle
PERIMETER : Perimeter of Triangle

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Sides of Triangle A,B,C

Step-3 S= (A + B + C)/ 2.0

Step-4 AREA = SQRT(S x (S-A) x (S-B) x(S-C))

Step-5 PERIMETER = S1 + S2 + S3

Step-6 Display AREA, PERIMETER

Step-7 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Simple Interest

P : Principle Amount
N : Time in Years
R : % Annual Rate of Interest
SI : Simple Interest

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input value of P, N, R

Step-3 SI = (P x N x R)/100.0

Step-4 Display SI F

Step-6 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Compound Interest

P : Principle Amount
N : Time in Years
R : % Annual Rate of Interest
CI : Compound Interest

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input value of P, N, R C

Step-3 CI = P(1+R/100)N - P

Step-4 Display CI

Step-6 Stop

..

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Algorithm & Flowchart to

..

Swap Two Numbers using Temporary Variable

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Two Numbers Say NUM1,NUM2

Step-3 Display Before Swap Values NUM1, NUM2

Step-4 TEMP = NUM1

Step-5 NUM1 = NUM2

Step-6 NUM2 = NUM1

Step-7 Display After Swap Values NUM1,NUM

Step-8 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to Swap Two Numbers without using temporary variable

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Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Two Numbers Say A,B

Step-3 Display Before Swap Values A, B

Step-4 A=A+B

Step-5 B=A-B

Step-6 A=A-B

Step-7 Display After Swap Values A, B

Step-8 Stop

..

Algorithm & Flowchart to find the smallest of two numbers

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input two numbers say

NUM1,NUM2

Step-3 IF NUM1 < NUM2 THEN

print smallest is NUM1

ELSE print smallest is

NUM2

ENDIF

Step-4 Stop

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Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm & Flowchart to find the largest of two numbers

Algorithm
Start
Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input two numbers say

I nput V alue
NUM1,NUM2 of NUM1

Step-3 IF NUM1 > NUM2 THEN

print largest is NUM1 Input Value

of NUM2
ELSE print largest is NUM2

ENDIF Print Yes No Print

if
Largest is NUM1 > NUM2
Largest is
NUM1 NUM2
Step-4 Stop

Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

find the largest of three numbers

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Read three numbers say num1,num2, num3

Step-3 if num1>num2 then go to step-5

Step-4 IF num2>num3 THEN

print num2 is largest
ELSE
print num3 is largest
ENDIF
GO TO Step-6
Step-5 IF num1>num3 THEN
print num1 is largest
ELSE
print num3 is largest
ENDIF

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
..

Algorithm & Flowchart to find the largest of three numbers (an another way)

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Read three numbers say A,B,C

Step-3 BIG = A

Step-4 IF B > BIG THEN

BIG = B

ENDIF

Step-5 IF C >BIG THEN

BIG = C

ENDIF

Step-6 Write BIG

Step-7 Stop

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find Even number between 1 to 50

Step-2 I=1

Step-3 IF (I >50) THEN

GO TO Step-7
ENDIF
Step-4 IF ( (I % 2) =0) THEN
Display I
ENDIF
Step-5 I=I+1

Step-6 GO TO Step--3

Step-7 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find Odd numbers between 1 to n where n is a

positive Integer

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Value of N

Step-3 I=1

Step-4 IF (I >N) THEN

GO TO Step-8
ENDIF
Step-5 IF ( (I % 2)=1) THEN
Display I
ENDIF
Step-6 I=I+1

Step-7 GO TO Step-4

Step-8 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
..

Algorithm & Flowchart to find sum of series 1+2+3+…..+N

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Value of N

Step-3 I = 1, SUM=0

Step-4 IF (I >N) THEN

GO TO Step-8
ENDIF
Step-5 SUM = SUM + I

Step-6 I=I+1

Step-7 Go to step-4

Step-8 Display value of SUM

Step-9 Stop

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Algorithm & Flowchart to find sum of series 1+3+5+…..+N, Where N is positive
odd Integer
Algorithm

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Value of N

Step-3 I = 1, SUM=0

Step-4 IF (I >N) THEN

GO TO step 8
ENDIF
Step-5 SUM = SUM + I

Step-6 I=I+2

Step-7 Go to step-4

Step-8 Display value of SUM

Step-9 Stop

find sum of series 1 – X + X2 –X3 ….XN

Step-2 Input Value of N, X

Step-3 I = 1, SUM=1, TERM=1

Step-4 IF (I >N) THEN

GO TO Step-9
ENDIF
Step-5 TERM = - TERM * X

Step-6 SUM = SUM + TERM

Step-7 I=I+1

Step-8 Go to step-4

Step-9 Display value of SUM

Step-10 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
Algorithm & Flowchart to print multiplication Table of a number

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Value of NUM

Step-3 I=1

Step-4 IF (I >10) THEN

GO TO Step 9
ENDIF
Step-5 PROD = NUM * I

Step-6 WRITE I “x” NUM “=” PROD

Step-7 I=I+1

Step-8 Go to step-4

Step-9 Stop

..

Algorithm & Flowchart to generate first n Fibonacci terms 0,1,1,2,3,5…n (n>2)

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Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Input Value of N

Step-3 A=0, B=1, COUNT=2

Step-4 WRITE A, B

Step-5 IF (COUNT >N) then go to step 12

Step-6 NEXT= A + B

Step-7 WRITE NEXT

Step-8 A=B

Step-9 B=NEXT

Step-10 COUNT=COUNT + 1

Step-11 Go to step-4

Step-12 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
find sum and average of given series of numbers

Step-2 COUNT=0

Step-3 SUM=0

Step-4 Input NUM (next number in series)

Step-5 SUM= SUM +NUM

Step-6 COUNT=COUNT+1

Step-7 IF More Number in Series then

GOTO Step-4

ENDIF

Step-8 AVERGAE=SUM / COUNT

Step-9 WRITE SUM, AVERAGE

Step-10 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
find Roots of Quadratic Equations
AX2+BX+C=0

Step-2 Input A,B,C

Step-3 DISC= B2 – 4 A * C

Step-4 IF (DISC < 0) THEN

Write Roots are Imaginary
Stop
ENDIF
Step-5 IF (DISC==0) THEN
Write Roots are Real and Equal
X1 = - B/(2*A)
Write Roots are X1,X1
Stop
ENDIF
Step-6 IF (DISC >0)

Write Roots are Real and Unequal

X1= (- B + SQRT(DISC)) / (2*A)

X2= (- B + SQRT(DISC)) / (2*A)

Write Roots are X1,X2

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
Stop

ENDIF

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

find if a number is prime or not

Step-2 Input NUM

Step-3 R=SQRT(NUM)

Step-4 I=2

Step-5 IF ( I > R) THEN

Write NUM is Prime Number
Stop
ENDIF
Step 6 IF ( NUM % I ==0) THEN
Write NUM is Not Prime
Stop
ENDIF
Step-7 I=I+1

Step-8 Go to Step-5

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

Algorithm

Step-1 Start
find GCD and LCM of two numbers

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Read two number A, B

Step-3 IF (A > B) THEN

N =A
D=B
ELSE
N=B
D=A
ENDIF
Step-4 r=N/D

Step-5 WHILE (r != 0)
DO
N=D D=r
r =N%D
DONE

Step-6 gcd=d
Step-7 lcm = (a*b)/gcd

Step-8 Display gcd, lcm

Step-9 Stop

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..

Algorithm & Flowchart to

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Algorithm & Flowchart to find Factorial of number n ( n!=1x2x3x…n)

Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Read number N

Step-3 FACT=1 CTRL=1

Step-4 WHILE (CTRL <= N)
DO
FACT=FACT*I
CTRL=CTRL+1
DONE
Step-5 Display FACT

Step-6 Stop

Algorithm & Flowchart to find all the divisor of a number

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Algorithm

Step-1 Start

Step-2 Read number N

Step-3 D=1
Step-4 WHILE (D< N)
DO
IF ( N % D ==0) THEN
PRINT D
ENDIF
D=D+1
DONE
Step-5 Stop

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