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Introduction and Types of Operating System 518374

The document provides an overview of operating systems, detailing their role as resource managers for computer systems, managing processor, memory, and I/O devices. It discusses different views of operating systems, their management tasks, functions, evolution, and types, including simple batch systems, multiprogramming systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed operating systems, and real-time operating systems. Additionally, it highlights the historical development of operating systems from the 1940s to modern times.

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23 views13 pages

Introduction and Types of Operating System 518374

The document provides an overview of operating systems, detailing their role as resource managers for computer systems, managing processor, memory, and I/O devices. It discusses different views of operating systems, their management tasks, functions, evolution, and types, including simple batch systems, multiprogramming systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed operating systems, and real-time operating systems. Additionally, it highlights the historical development of operating systems from the 1940s to modern times.

Uploaded by

rajpky143
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction
A computer system has many resources (hardware and software), which may be require
to complete a task. The commonly required resources are input/output devices, memory,
file storage space, CPU etc. The operating system acts as a manager of the above
resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their task.
Therefore operating system is the resource manager i.e. it can manage the resource of a
computer system internally. The resources are processor, memory, files, and I/O devices.

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OPERATING SYSTEM

Two Views of Operating System


1. User's View
2. System View
User View :

The user view of the computer refers to the interface being used. Such systems are
designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to maximize the work that the user is
performing. In these cases, the operating system is designed mostly for ease of use, with
some attention paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.

System View :
Operating system can be viewed as a resource allocator also. A computer system consists
of many resources like - hardware and software - that must be managed efficiently. The
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OPERATING SYSTEM
operating system acts as the manager of the resources, decides between conflicting
requests, controls execution of programs etc.

Operating System Management Tasks


1. Processor management which involves putting the tasks into order and pairing
them into manageable size before they go to the CPU.
2. Memory management which coordinates data to and from RAM (random- access
memory) and determines the necessity for virtual memory.
3. Device management which provides interface between connected devices.
4. Storage management which directs permanent data storage.
5. Application which allows standard communication between software and your
computer.
6. User interface which allows you to communicate with your computer.

Functions of Operating System


1. It boots the computer
2. It performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various peripheral devices e.g.
mouse, keyboard
3. It provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI)
4. It handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central
processing unit(CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
5. It provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system
manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.
6. Error Handling is done by the operating system. It takes preventive measures
whenever required to avoid errors.

Evolution of Operating Systems


The evolution of operating systems is directly dependent to the development of
computer systems and how users use them. Here is a quick tour of computing systems
through the past fifty years in the timeline.

Early Evolution
• 1945: ENIAC, Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.
• 1949: EDSAC and EDVAC
• 1949 BINAC – a successor to the ENIAC
• 1951: UNIVAC by Remington
• 1952: IBM 701
• 1956: The interrupt
• 1954–1957: FORTRAN was developed

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OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating Systems by the late 1950s
By the late 1950s Operating systems were well improved and started supporting
following usages :

• It was able to Single stream batch processing


• It could use Common, standardized, input/output routines for device access
• Program transition capabilities to reduce the overhead of starting a new job was
added
• Error recovery to clean up after a job terminated abnormally was added.
• Job control languages that allowed users to specify the job definition and resource
requirements were made possible.

Operating Systems In 1960s


• 1961: The dawn of minicomputers
• 1962 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) from MIT
• 1963 Burroughs Master Control Program (MCP) for the B5000 system
• 1964: IBM System/360
• 1960s: Disks become mainstream
• 1966: Minicomputers get cheaper, more powerful, and really useful • 1967–1968:
The mouse
• 1964 and onward: Multics
• 1969: The UNIX Time-Sharing System from Bell Telephone Laboratories

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OPERATING SYSTEM

Supported OS Features by 1970s


• Multi User and Multi tasking was introduced.
• Dynamic address translation hardware and Virtual machines came into picture.
• Modular architectures came into existence.
• Personal, interactive systems came into existence.

Accomplishments after 1970


• 1971: Intel announces the microprocessor
• 1972: IBM comes out with VM: the Virtual Machine Operating System
• 1973: UNIX 4th Edition is published
• 1973: Ethernet
• 1974 The Personal Computer Age begins
• 1974: Gates and Allen wrote BASIC for the Altair
• 1976: Apple II
• August 12, 1981: IBM introduces the IBM PC
• 1983 Microsoft begins work on MS-Windows 1984 Apple Macintosh comes out
• 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 comes out
• 1991 GNU/Linux
• 1992 The first Windows virus comes out
• 1993 Windows NT
• 2007: iOS
• 2008: Android OS

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OPERATING SYSTEM
And the research and development work still goes on, with new operating systems being
developed and existing ones being improved to enhance the overall user experience
while making operating systems fast and efficient like they have never been before.

Types of Operating Systems


Following are some of the most widely used types of Operating system.

1. Simple Batch System


2. Multiprogramming Batch System
3. Multiprocessor System
4. Distributed Operating System
5. Realtime Operating System

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OPERATING SYSTEM
1- SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEMS

• In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the computer.
• The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.
• Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
• Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
• Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in
the batch.
• The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.

Following are some disadvantages of this type of system:

1. Zero interaction between user and computer.


2. No mechanism to prioritize processes.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
2- MULTIPROGRAMMING BATCH SYSTEMS

• In this the operating system, picks and begins to execute one job from memory.
• Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job
(CPU and OS always busy).
• Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
• If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then system chooses which one
to run (CPU Scheduling).
• In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does
not do any work.
• In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.

Time-Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact


time sharing systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
In time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while in
multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.

3- MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

A multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical


memory. Multiprocessor system provides higher computing power and speed. In
multiprocessor system all processors operate under single operating system.
Multiplicity of the processors and how they do act together are transparent to the others.

Following are some advantages of this type of system.

1. Enhanced performance
2. Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the
system's throughput without speeding up the execution of a single task.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
3. If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can be
executed in parallel in different processors. Thereby speeding up the execution of
single tasks.

4- DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the availability of


powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in communication technology.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and develop
distributed systems comprising of many computers that are inter connected by
communication networks. The main benefit of distributed systems is its low
price/performance ratio.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
5- REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of the critical
operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.

The Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for these operations are
commonly referred to as hard real-time, while operating systems that can only
guarantee a maximum of the time are referred to as soft real-time.

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