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Basic concepts of Polynomial

A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of many terms made up of variables and coefficients. Polynomials are classified by their degree, including linear, quadratic, cubic, bi-quadratic, and constant polynomials, each having specific general forms and characteristics. The document also discusses the relationship between the zeroes of polynomials and their coefficients, providing methods to find zeroes and examples of polynomial equations.

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5 views

Basic concepts of Polynomial

A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of many terms made up of variables and coefficients. Polynomials are classified by their degree, including linear, quadratic, cubic, bi-quadratic, and constant polynomials, each having specific general forms and characteristics. The document also discusses the relationship between the zeroes of polynomials and their coefficients, providing methods to find zeroes and examples of polynomial equations.

Uploaded by

abhayaryanmishra2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polynomials

Introduction
• The word 'Polynomial' is itself made up of two words i.e. Poly which means "many" and
Nomial which means "Terms".
• So Polynomial is an algebraic/mathematical expression which has many terms or more
than one term.
What are Terms?
Terms are simply the combination of "Variables" & "Coefficients".
Variables : All the "Alphabets" or "Letters" are called Variables. E.g: a,b,c,......x,y,z.
2x, 5y, 7a, -4z, etc..... here x, y, a & z are variables.
Coefficient : Number with variable is called coefficient.
E.g: 3x, 4y, -2z, -7b, etc.... here 3, 4, -2 & -7 are the coefficients.
Therefore, Example of Terms = -2x, 5y, 4t, -6z, etc.......
Degree of Polynomial
If P(x) is a polynomial in X, the highest power of X in P(x) is called 'the degree of
Polynomial'. For example, 4x + 2 is a polynomial in the variable X of degree 1.
Example of a Polynomial P(x) :
2
P(x) = 3x + 4x + 7

3 is the
coefficient Of X
2 CONSTANT
4 is the Term
coefficient Of X
*Note: The above given P(x) is a polynomial in Variable X.
Types of Polynomial
On the basis of degree, Polynomials are divided into few types:
• Linear Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 1 is called a Linear Polynomial.
For example: x + 1 ; y + 7 ; z - 3
• Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 2 is called a Quadratic
Polynomial. For example: x2 + 7x + 10 ; x2 - 5x + 3 ;
• Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 3 is called a Cubic Polynomial.
For example: 4x3 + 7x2 + 9x -3
• Bi-Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 4 is called a Bi-Quadratic
Polynomial. For example: 7x4+ 9x3 + 3x2 + 5x - 10
• Constant Polynomial: A polynomial having a power of 0 is called a Constant Polynomial.
0
For example: X = 1 (which is a constant)

General Forms of Polynomials


(General Forms bole toh saare Polynomials inhi forms ki tarah ke dikte hain...OK)
• Linear Polynomial: ax + b ; For e.g: 2x + 3
• Quadratic Polynomial: ax2 + bx + c ; For e.g: 2x2 + 3x - 7
• 3 2 3 2
Cubic Polynomial: ax + bx + cx + d ; For e.g: 4x + 3x - 7x + 2
• 4
Bi-Quadratic Polynomial: ax + bx3+ cx2 + dx + e ; For e.g: 4x4 + 3x3 - 7x2 + 2x + 6
#Suno ye forms yaad bhi rakhni hain.. important hoti hain, questions me confusion se
bachna hai toh yaad karlena..OK.
Zeroes of a Polynomial
It refers to those values of variables (such as x) for which the Polynomial P(x) becomes
Zero.
Example: Check if X = 2 is a zero of P(x) = x2- 2x
ANSWER: Put X = 2 2in P(x)
=> P(2) = (2) - 2 × 2 = 4 - 4 = 0
Hence X = 2 is a zero of P(x).
# IMPORTANT RESULTS
• A Linear Polynomial P(x) = ax + b will have only 1 zero.
• A Quadratic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + c will have 2 zeroes.
2

• A Cubic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + cx + d will have 3 zeroes.


3 2

#Bole toh jitni polynomial ki degree utne hi no. of zeroes hote


hain..OK!
How to find No of zeroes from Graph?
(Ye topic exercise 2.1 me aata hai and iska 1M ka question aa jaata hai Boards me)
• Iss tarah ke questions ko karne ki trick ye hai ki bas ye dekho Y
ki graph me x-axis kitni jagah par cut raha hai..ok.
• In the given graph of a polynomial P(x), the x-axis is
cutting at 2 points. Hence, no of zeroes of P(x) = 2 X
0
P(x)

Relation between Zeroes & Coefficients V.V.V.Imp

• If Alpha(α) is the Zero of a Linear Polynomial P(x) = ax + b, then


α = -b
a
_
• If Alpha(α) & Beta(β) are the two Zeroes of a Quadratic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx 2

+ c,
then α + β = -b
a
_ αβ = c _
a
-coefficient of x Product of Zeroes = Constant
Sum of Zeroes = 2 coefficient of x2
coefficient of x
• If Alpha(α), Beta(β) & Gamma(γ) are the Zeroes of a Cubic Polynomial
P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then

α + β + γ = -b/a ; αβ
2 + βγ + γα = c/a ; αβγ = -d/a
•If Alpha(α) & Beta(β) are the Zeroes of a Quadratic Polynomial, then P(x) will be
2

given by a formula
P(x) = k [ X - (α + β)X + αβ ]
i.e P(x) = [X - (sum of Zeroes)X + Product of Zeroes]
Ques: Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are - 3 and
2, respectively

Solution:

A quadratic polynomial is in the form of ax² + bx + c = 0

where a ≠ 0.

The sum of the zeroes is expressed as - b/a that is

coefficient of x / coefficient of x²

The product of the zeroes is expressed as c/a that is

constant term/ coefficient of x²

In the above question,

The sum of zeroes = - b/a

= - 3/1

The product of the zeroes = c/a

= 2/1

The quadratic polynomial is x² - 3x + 2 = 0

Ques: If α and β are the zeros of quadratic polynomial f(x)=kx²+4x+4 such that
α²+β²=24, find the value of k.

Solution:
α,β roots of f(x)=kx²+4x+4

Given α²+β²=24

We know α+β=−ba=−4k

αβ=c/a=4/k

(α+β)²=α²+β²+2αβ
(α+β)²=α²+β²+2αβ

(−4/k)²=24+2(4k)

4² / k²=24+2(4k)

16=24k²+8k

2=3k²+k

0=3k²+k−2

0=3k²+3k−2k−2

0=3k(k+1)−2(k+1)

0=(k+1)(3k−2)

∴k=−1,2/3

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