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vi ABOUT THE AUTHORS

psychology from Yale University in 1973. He has taught at Purdue Univer-

sity (1973–1988) and Rice University, where he was the Lynette S. Autrey
professor of psychology. He also spent three years as a visiting professor at
the University of Toronto. His research interests lie in cognitive psychology,
particularly in human learning and memory. Dr. Roediger has published
over 250 articles, chapters, and reviews, as well as coauthoring or editing
ten other books. These include Research Methods in Psychology (with
D. G. Elmes and B. H. Kantowitz) that came out in its ninth edition in
2012. Dr. Roediger has served as editor of the Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition (1984–1989) and was the
founding editor of Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (1994–1997). He is
currently a consulting editor for ten journals. He has served as president of
the Association for Psychological Science, the Midwestern Psychological
Association, and the Experimental Psychology Division of the American
Psychological Association. Roediger’s current research is supported by
grants from the Institute of Education Sciences of the Department of Educa-
tion, Dart Neuroscience, and the James S. McDonnell Foundation. He was
a member of the governing board of the Psychonomic Society for five years
and its chair in 1989–1990. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher
by the Institute of Scientific Information and also received a Guggenheim
Fellowship. Roediger has been elected to membership in the Society of Experimen-
tal Psychologists and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as being
elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the
American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science,
and the Canadian Psychological Association. He has received the Howard
Crosby Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists for his
research on false memories and the William James Lifetime Achievement Award
from the Association for Psychological Science.

DAVID G. ELMES is professor emeritus of psychology at Washington and

Courtesy, David Elmes; Photo by Patrick Hinely

Lee University, where he taught for forty years. He earned his B.A. with high
honors from the University of Virginia and completed the M.A. and Ph.D.
degrees in psychology there. Dr. Elmes was an adjunct professor at Hamp-
den-Sydney College, was a research associate for a year in the Human Perfor-
mance Center of the University of Michigan, and was a visiting fellow of
University College at the University of Oxford. At Washington and Lee, he
codirected the Cognitive Science Program for fourteen years and chaired the
Department of Psychology for ten years. Professor Elmes edited Readings in
Experimental Psychology, Directory of Research in Psychology at Primarily
Undergraduate Institutions, and is coauthor of the ninth edition of Research
Methods in Psychology (2012, with B. H. Kantowitz and H. L. Roediger III).
Dr. Elmes has published numerous articles concerned with human and animal
learning, memory, and the sense of smell. The smell research has been sup-
ported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. He fre-
quently referees papers submitted to technical journals and was a consulting

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 ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii

editor for the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and

Cognition for several years. Professor Elmes is passionate about the educa-
tional value of undergraduate research. For a number of years he was active
in the Council of Undergraduate Research, for which he has served as psy-
chology councilor, Psychology Division chair, and president. Dr. Elmes is a
fellow of the Association for Psychological Science and the Virginia Academy
of Science.

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 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 CONTENTS IN BRIEF

PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH 1

Chapter 1 Explanation in Scientific Psychology 3
Chapter 2 Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation 28
Chapter 3 Research Techniques: Experiments 59
Chapter 4 Ethics in Psychological Research 93
Chapter 5 How to Read and Write Research Reports 113

PART TWO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 165
Chapter 6 Psychophysics 167
Chapter 7 Perception 197
Chapter 8 Attention and Reaction Time 227
Chapter 9 Learning and Conditioning 252
Chapter 10 Remembering and Forgetting 287
Chapter 11 Thinking and Problem Solving 329

ix
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x CONTENTS IN BRIEF

Chapter 12 Individual Differences and Development 363

Chapter 13 Social Psychology 398
Chapter 14 Environmental Psychology 431
Chapter 15 Human Factors 457

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 CONTENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS v

PREFACE xxiii

PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH 1

CHAPTER 1 EXPLANATION IN SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY 3
Making Sense of the World 4
Social Loafing 4
Curiosity: The Wellspring of Science 6
Sources of Knowledge 6
Fixation of Belief 6
The Nature of the Scientific Explanation 8
What Is a Theory? 8
Induction and Deduction 10
From Theory to Hypothesis 13
Evaluating Theories 16
Intervening Variables 17
Foxes and Hedgehogs Roaming through Psychological Theory 19
The Science of Psychology 21
Psychology and the Real World 22
Summary 26
Key Terms 26
Discussion Questions 27
Web Connections 27

xi
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xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: OBSERVATION AND

CORRELATION 28
Naturalistic Observation 30
What Do We Observe? 32
Reactivity 35
The Case Study 37
Survey Research 38
Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observations 39
The Relational Approach 42
Contingency Research 42
Correlational Research 44
The Correlation Coefficient 44
Complex Correlational Procedures 51
Cause: A Note 54
Summary 55
Key Terms 56
Discussion Questions 57
Web Connections 58
Laboratory Resource 58
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: EXPERIMENTS 59
What Is an Experiment? 60
Advantages of Experiments 61
Why Experiments Are Conducted 62
Variables 63
Independent Variables 63
Dependent Variables 64
Control Variables 65
Name the Variables 66
More Than One Independent Variable 67
More Than One Dependent Variable 72
Experimental Designs 73
Between-Subjects Designs 73
Within-Subjects Designs 74
Small-n Designs 76
Mixed Designs 76
Control Conditions 76
Pitfalls 78
Quasi-Experiments 81
From Problem to Experiment 86
Data 88

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 CONTENTS xiii

Obtaining Data 88
Analyzing Data 89
Reporting Data 90
Summary 90
Key Terms 91
Discussion Questions 92
Web Connections 92
CHAPTER 4 ETHICS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 93
Research with Human Participants 94
Informed Consent and Deception 96
Freedom to Withdraw 98
Protection from Harm and Debriefing 98
Removing Harmful Consequences 99
Confidentiality 99
Ethics in Research with Animals 101
Arguments against Research with Animals 101
Arguments for Research with Animals 101
Guidelines for Use of Animals in Research 103
Scientific Fraud 105
Monitoring Ethical Practices 107
Summary 109
Key Terms 110
Discussion Questions 110
Web Connections 110
Suggested Readings 110
Psychology in Action: Understanding and Remembering
Consent Forms 111
CHAPTER 5 HOW TO READ AND WRITE RESEARCH REPORTS 113
How to Do a Literature Search 114
The Parts of an Article 115
Title and Author(s) 115
Abstract 115
Introduction 116
Method 116
Results 116
Discussion 119
References 119
Checklist for the Critical Reader 119

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xiv CONTENTS

Introduction 119
Method 120
Results 121
Discussion 121
Checklist Summary 122
A Sample Journal Article 123
Writing a Research Report 139
Format 140
Sample Manuscript 142
Style 142
Publishing an Article 161
Summary 162
Key Terms 163
Web Connections 163
Laboratory Resource 163
Psychology in Action: A Literature Search 163

PART TWO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 165
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOPHYSICS 167
Measuring Sensations 168
6.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Operational Definition: Thresholds 170
Introducing the Variables 171
6.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Measurement Scales: Fechner’s Law and Stevens’ Law 185
6.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Small-n Design: Psychophysical Methods 191
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Do Pigeons Have Visual Thresholds? 193
How Can We Measure a Pigeon’s Visual Threshold? 193
Summary 194
Key Terms 195
Discussion Questions 195
Web Connections 196
Psychology in Action: Weber’s Law 196

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 CONTENTS xv

CHAPTER 7 PERCEPTION 197

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing 198
Awareness and Perception 199
Introducing the Variables 203
7.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Verbal Report: Perception without Awareness 204
7.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Converging Operations: Perception without Awareness and Perception
with Explicit Awareness 214
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
The Color–Distance Illusion 220
Summary 224
Key Terms 224
Discussion Questions 225
Web Connections 225
Laboratory Resource 225
Psychology in Action: The Stroop Effect 225

CHAPTER 8 ATTENTION AND REACTION TIME 227

The ABC of Reaction Time 228
8.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Confounding: Pure Insertion 231
Introducing the Variables 232
8.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Selection of the Dependent Variable: Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off 236
8.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Researcher Degrees of Freedom: The Psychological Refractory
Period in Driving 242
8.4 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Interaction Effects: Cognitive Control 245
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Measuring Attention 247
Summary 249
Key Terms 250
Discussion Questions 250
Web Connections 250
Psychology in Action: Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off 250

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xvi CONTENTS

CHAPTER 9 LEARNING AND CONDITIONING 252

Types of Conditioning and Learning 254
Classical Conditioning: Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? 254
Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning Is Associated with Skinner 255
Social Learning Is Based on Work by Bandura 256
Human Learning Is Exemplified by Melton’s Work 257
Introducing the Variables 258
9.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Within- and Between-Subjects Designs: Searching for Explanations 259
9.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Counterbalancing: Simultaneous Contrast 265
9.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Small-n Designs: Behavior Problems in Children 271
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
The Testing Effect 280
Summary 282
Key Terms 283
Discussion Questions 284
Web Connections 285
Psychology in Action: Knowledge of Results as Reinforcement 285

CHAPTER 10 REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING 287

Ebbinghaus’s Contribution—When Memory Was Young 288
Varieties of Memory 292
Introducing the Variables 294
10.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Scale Attenuation: Modality Differences 295
10.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Generality of Results: Levels of Processing 301
10.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Interaction Effects: Implicit and Explicit Memory Tests 310
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Which Is More Effective, Reading or Listening? 322
Summary 325
Key Terms 326
Discussion Questions 326
Web Connections 327
Laboratory Resource 327
Psychology in Action: Remembering the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks 327

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 CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER 11 THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING 329

Two Approaches to Thinking 332
Thorndike’s Trial-and-Error Learning 332
Insight in Köhler’s Chimpanzees 332
11.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Reliability and Replication: Analogical Reasoning 334
Introducing the Variables 336
11.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Experimental Control: Functional Fixedness 345
11.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Verbal Reports: Overconfidence in Judgments 350
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Incubation in Problem Solving 355
Summary 359
Key Terms 359
Discussion Questions 360
Web Connections 361
Psychology in Action: Confirmation Bias 361

CHAPTER 12 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND DEVELOPMENT 363

Approaches to Individual Differences 365
Methodological Approaches to Individual Differences 365
Variables Leading to Individual Differences 366
Introducing the Variables 368
12.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Reliability of Measures: Intelligence and Developmental Research
Designs 370
12.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Operational Definitions: Intelligence 377
12.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Regression Artifacts: Educational Assessment 384
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
What Roles Do Motivation and Emotion Play in Intellectual
Performance? 390
Summary 394
Key Terms 395
Discussion Questions 395
Web Connections 396
Psychology in Action: A Demonstration of Regression Artifacts 396

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xviii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 398

The Origins of Social Psychology 399
13.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Experimental Control: Obedience to Authority 402
Introducing the Variables 404
Conditions Encouraging Obedience 408
13.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Demand Characteristics and Experimenter Bias: Hypnosis 412
13.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Field Research: Bystander Intervention 416
13.4 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Choosing the Dependent Variable: Measuring Stereotypes and
Prejudice 420
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
How Does the Presence of Other People Affect an Individual’s
Performance on a Task? 424
Summary 427
Key Terms 428
Discussion Questions 429
Web Connections 429
Laboratory Resources 429
Psychology in Action: The Power of Being in an Experiment 430

CHAPTER 14 ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 431

Is Science the Only Path to Truth? 433
Discovering the Truth about City Life 435
Introducing the Variables 436
14.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Generalization of Results: Crowding 438
14.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Quasi-Experiments: Noise and Cognitive Performance 445
14.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Ethical Issues: Deception and Concealment 447
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Is Exposure to Noise Bad for You? 451
Summary 453
Key Terms 454
Discussion Questions 454
Web Connections 454
Psychology in Action: Noise and Memory 455

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 CONTENTS xix

CHAPTER 15 HUMAN FACTORS 457

Human Factors and Human Behavior 458
Definition 458
Honor Thy User 459
The Value of Life 461
Introducing the Variables 461
15.1 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Small-n Design: Dynamic Visual Acuity 462
15.2 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Selection of Dependent Variable: Mental Workload 465
15.3 Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Field Research: The Centered High-Mounted Brake Light 476
From Problem To Experiment: The Nuts & Bolts
Measure Pilot Mental Workload in Flight 478
Summary 479
Key Terms 480
Discussion Questions 480
Web Connections 481
Psychology in Action: Understanding Traffic Sign Symbols 481

APPENDIX A EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: A HISTORICAL SKETCH 485

Origins of Experimental Psychology: Philosophy and Physiology 486
The Contribution of Helmholtz 488
Early Scientific Psychology 489
Ernst Weber 489
Gustav Fechner 490
Wilhelm Wundt 490
Hermann Ebbinghaus 491
Schools of Psychology 491
Structuralism: The Structure of Mental Life 491
Functionalism: The Uses of Mind 493
Behaviorism: Rejecting Mental Explanations 493
Gestalt Psychology: Perception of the Whole 495
Some Modern Trends 496
World War II and the Extension of Psychology 496
Cognitive Psychology: The Return of Mind 497
Cognitive Neuroscience: The Decade of the Brain 498
Specialization 499
Summary 501
Key Terms 502
Web Connections 503

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Random documents with unrelated
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wyoming
Military Establishment. A History of the
Twenty-fourth Regiment of Connecticut Militia
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Wyoming Military Establishment. A History of the

Twenty-fourth Regiment of Connecticut Militia

Author: Charles Tubbs

Release date: September 26, 2019 [eBook #60361]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WYOMING

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. A HISTORY OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH
REGIMENT OF CONNECTICUT MILITIA ***
EARLY MAP OF WYOMING AND LACKAWANNA VALLIES.

The Wyoming Military Establishment.

A HISTORY

—OF THE—

TWENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT
—OF—
 CONNECTICUT MILITIA.

An Address

before

The Tioga Point Historical Society

delivered December 3rd, 1901, by

Hon. CHARLES TUBBS,

Honorary Member Tioga Point Historical Society.
Corresponding Member Wyoming Historical & Geological Society.

Athens, Penna.
1903.

LIEUTENANT LEBBEUS TUBBS,

PRIVATE SAMUEL TUBBS,
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL GEORGE DORRANCE.
TO THE MEMORY OF THESE, MY ANCESTORS,
MEMBERS OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT,
I DEDICATE THIS STUDY
OF COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY EVENTS,
IN WHICH THEY PERFORMED A PART.
 ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of Wyoming Valley,

Lazarus Stewart's Block House,

Forty Fort in 1778,

Pittston Fort,

Wyoming Monument,
The plates from which the above illustrations were printed were
kindly loaned by the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society.

Athens Gazette,
Athens, Pa.

The Wyoming Military Establishment.

Alsace-Loraine is a conquered province. The flag of Germany floats
over it. Within the memory of most of us it was an integral part of
France. At the time of the conquest, no heart of all its people went
willingly to the side of the victor.
We are met to-day in Pennsylvania. Yet for years, in the eighteenth
century the soil beneath our feet, and five thousand square miles of
adjacent territory, inside the present limits of Pennsylvania, was an
integral part of the State of Connecticut. It was settled by
Connecticut people, was under Connecticut institutions, was
governed by Connecticut laws. It was a Connecticut town; it was a
Connecticut county; had a judge, a sheriff, other officers, and sent
representatives to the Connecticut legislature.
Pennsylvania made conquest of it. No heart of all the people of this
Connecticut town went willingly to the side of the victor. The
Alsatians were no more stunned, at being forcibly wrenched from
their allegiance to the flag they loved, than were the Connecticut
people who had settled a town of their own in the heart of
Pennsylvania.
How did this cataclysm befall? I will tell you. It all came of the
ignorance or carelessness of a King. In 1620 King James I. of
England granted a Charter to the Plymouth company for the ruling of
New England in America. The charter covered North America from
the fortieth to the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, and from
the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The Plymouth Company proceeded
to sub-divide its territory. In 1631 it granted a charter to the
Connecticut Colony which covered the space between the forty-first
and forty-second degrees of north latitude "and from the
Narragansett river on the east to the South Sea on the west
throughout the main lands." The South Sea was the Pacific Ocean.
In 1662 King Charles II. gave a new charter to Connecticut
confirming the act of the Plymouth Company. Nineteen years later
this same King in the grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn, included
a portion of the same territory, already given by him to Connecticut.
The ignorance or carelessness of King Charles, in due time bore a
rich harvest of strife and bloodshed. Under the Connecticut charter
(which was the older) my ancestors, and perhaps yours, came into
this valley of the Susquehanna, and sat themselves down. Under the
Pennsylvania charter (which was the younger) came sheriffs, and
armed men, to drive them off. On the tongues of men this disputed
section was known as Wyoming. In the statute book it is called
Westmoreland.
Having explained how the Connecticut people under a claim of right,
built up a government within the present boundaries of
Pennsylvania, I have said all I desire to say on that subject. It
explains how a part of what is now Pennsylvania was really a part of
Connecticut in the last years of our Colonial history, and in the first
years of our history as an independent nation—from 1774 to 1783.
This Twenty-fourth regiment of Connecticut Militia was organized on
that part of the soil of Pennsylvania which was known as the
Wyoming region, and in that region it performed its deeds, and lived
its organic life.
I am aware that this explanation is quite unnecessary. I am aware
that the Society that listens to me contains many descendants of the
men who made the history I am about to relate. I am aware that the
great-grandchildren of Captains Bidlack, Franklin, Spaulding, and
Whittlesey here reside. I know that descendants of the Buck, Gore,
Mathewson, Satterlee, Stevens and Tozer families abound in this old
town. A writer who knows your community better than I do could
mention others.
I have been attracted to the history of the Twenty-fourth regiment of
Connecticut Militia because in all the histories it has received so little
attention. Mr. Chapman, in his "Sketch of the History of Wyoming,"
(1830) says: "The whole body of the citizens was formed into a
militia." (p. 102). He does not say it was a regiment nor designate it
by its number. Col. Stone, in his work entitled, "Wyoming and its
History," (1841), alludes to it in the phrase, "a regiment of militia
being organized," (p. 202), but does not state its number nor give it
further attention. Charles Miner, in his "History of Wyoming in a
Series of Letters," (1845), gives many facts, but notices only six of
the ten companies of which the regiment was composed and details
only the organization of those companies as it was in 1775. George
Peck, in his "Wyoming: its history, stirring incidents, and romantic
adventures," (1858), devotes to it a passing allusion in the words, "a
regiment of militia having been established." (p. 28). Stewart Pearce
does not allude to the Twenty-fourth regiment at all in his "Annals of
Luzerne," (1866), but does mention five of its companies. (p. 34)
Steuben Jenkins, in his "Historical Address at the Monument,"
(1878), mentions its existence (p. 17), and at another place
enumerates seven of its companies. (p. 34) Horace Edwin Hayden,
in his monograph entitled, "Major John Garret; a forgotten hero of
the Massacre of Wyoming," (1895) explains the existence of the
regiment, credits it with nine companies, and gives the changes of
the officers made in 1777.
In my judgment, the services of this regiment were of more
importance than have been accorded them by the historians. I shall
seek to arrange those already well known, into a comprehensive
whole, to show their relation to other events, and to add some facts
not hitherto brought to light.
The Wyoming community was isolated in its situation. It was seventy
miles from it to the settlements on the Delaware; it was sixty miles
to Fort Augusta; to the north and to the west, was a howling
wilderness. This wilderness was filled with a savage Indian
population. A continual fight was waged with the proprietaries of
Pennsylvania.
The settlement, which became permanent, was begun in 1769. It
was a self-governing community. It kept a record of its official acts.
In 1772 it was voted, "That each and every settler should provide
himself with a flint lock and ammunition, and continue to guard
around the threatened plantations until further notice."[1] That was
the first step—individual action, every man defend his own castle.
This did not prove effectual. Organization was needed. That was the
second step in the evolution. It took time to bring it about—perhaps
a year. At a meeting of the inhabitants held March 22, 1773, it was
voted: "That the Comtee of settlers be Desired to send to the several
towns or to their Comtee. Requiring them to Call all the Inhabitants
in Each of ye said towns to meet on Thursday Next at five a Clock in
ye afternoon of sd Day in some Convenient place in sd town, and
that they then Chouse one Person in Each of sd towns as an officer
to muster them, & so that all are oequipt according to Law with fire
arms, and ammunition, and that they Chuse two Sergants & a Clerk
& that the said Chieff officer is Hereby Commanded & Directed to
Call ye Inhabitants together once in 14 Days for ye future until this
Company orders otherwise & that in case of an allarm or ye
appearance of an Enemy he is Directed to call ye sd Inhabitants
together & stand for ye Defense of ye sd towns & Settlements
without further orders."[2] In speaking of these preparations Miner
says: "If the splendid uniform, the glittering bayonet, the evolution
rapid and precise, with the imposing band of music, did not grace
their trainings, there was yet upon the ground the strong banded old
French musket, the long duck shooting piece, and more efficient
than either the close drawing rifle, little known in New England, but
becoming familiar on the banks of the Susquehanna." Trainings once
in fourteen days! They certainly believed in the strenuous life. Those
trainings were not holidays. They were serious preparation for
impending warfare.
In January. 1774, the Wyoming settlements which had grown to a
population of 1922 souls,[3] were taken official notice of by the
legislature of Connecticut which incorporated them as the town of
Westmoreland. Wyoming and Westmoreland may henceforth be
regarded as interchangeable terms.
The next step in the evolution of the military establishment had its
origin at the second town meeting after the incorporation, which was
held on the 12th day of April, 1774. The town, by a vote, applied for
the establishment of a regiment.[4] For some reason the legislature
was slow to act. It may have been for the want of a representative
in the law making body. The town, however, did not neglect to keep
itself in a state of preparedness. They kept everlastingly at it. At the
fourth town meeting held that year "Votes were passed to form
themselves into companies in a military way,"[5] each district in
Westmoreland to be a company and Zebulon Butler, Esq., Major
Ezekiel Pierce and Mr. John Jenkins were appointed a committee to
repair to the several districts and lead each company to a choice of
officers.
From this it is clear that the officers were chosen by a vote of the
men in each company. The subsequent "establishment" of the rank
of officers by the Connecticut Assembly was but a ratification of
what had already been done by vote of the men.
It was more than a year after the action of the town meeting asking
for the legal organization of a regiment before the legislature acted
upon the subject. At May session, 1775, it enacted "That the town of
Westmoreland shall be one entire regiment distinguished and called
by the name of the Twenty-fourth regiment and shall be under the
same rules and orders, and have the same powers, privileges and
advantages as other regiments of this Colony by law have."[6]
One of these advantages was the promise of six pence for half day
training and twelve pence for whole day training, and this to be paid
out of the Colony treasury.
The regiment was assigned to the sixth brigade, Connecticut State
Militia, commanded by Brig. Gen. Oliver Wolcott. The organization
was begun by the "establishment" of the regimental officers at the
same session. Zebulon Butler was made Colonel; Nathan Denison,
Lieutenant Colonel; William Judd, Major.[7]
Zebulon Butler, the newly elected colonel, born at Lynne. Conn.,
1731, was no novice in the military service. In the French and Indian
war he was Ensign in Captain Andrew Ward's 2 company of the 4
Conn. Regt. in 1755-6-7. He was Lieutenant in Captain Timothy
Mather's company of the 3 Regt. in 1758. He was Captain in the 4th
and 1st regiments in 1759, 1760 and 1761.[8] He had served seven
enlistments. The territorial range of his service extended from Crown
Point on the north to Havana on the south. When elected Colonel his
home was in Wilkes-Barre.
Nathan Denison, the newly elected Lieutenant Colonel, born in
Conn., 1741, had seen service in the French and Indian war as a
private in Col. Eleazar Fitch's 3d Conn. Regt. His services extended
from May to November, 1758. His home was in Kingston.
Speaking of these two men Miner says: "Nature never formed two
excellent men in more distinct contrast. Butler polished in manner,
quick in perception, vehement and rapid in execution: Denison, plain
though courteous, slow to speak, as careful to consider, cool and
firm, if not alert in action. They were the two great and
acknowledged leaders in Westmoreland."[9]
William Judd, the newly elected Major, does not seem to have had
any military experience outside of the militia.
The accessible records are silent about the progress made with the
regiment during the summer of 1775, but it is fair to assume that
the newly commissioned field officers did not neglect their duty in
perfecting their organization and in training their men.
At the October session of the Connecticut legislature the election of
the officers of nine of the companies were ratified. They were as
follows:[10]
First (Lower Wilkes-Barre) Company, Stephen Fuller, Captain; John
Garret, Lieutenant; Christopher Avery, Ensign.
Second (Kingston) Company, Nathaniel Landon, Captain; George
Dorrance, Lieutenant; Asahel Buck, Ensign.
Third (Plymouth) Company, Samuel Ransom, Captain; Perrin Ross,
Lieutenant; Asaph Whittlesey, Ensign.
Fourth (Pittston) Company, Solomon Strong, Captain; Jonathan
Parker, Lieutenant; Timothy Keyes, Ensign.
Fifth (Hanover) Company, William McKarachan, Captain; Lazarus
Stewart, Jr., Lieutenant; Silas Gore, Ensign.
Sixth (Upper Wilkes-Barre) Company, Rezin Geer, Captain; Daniel
Gore, Lieutenant; Matthias Hollenback, Ensign.
Seventh (Exeter) Company, Stephen Harding, Captain; Elisha Scovill,
Lieutenant; John Jenkins, Jr., Ensign.
Eighth (Lackaway) Company, Eliab Farnham, Captain; John Shaw,
Lieutenant; Elijah Winters, Ensign.
Ninth (Up the River) Company, James Secord, Captain; John De Pui,
Lieutenant; Rudolph Fox, Ensign.
Some of these officers had seen service as soldiers in the French and
Indian War.[11] Captain Eliab Farnham, of the Lackaway Company,
had done a tour of duty lasting twenty-five weeks in 1758 in Capt.
Nathan Whiting's Company, 2d Conn. Regt. Lieut. Elisha Scovill had
served 32 weeks in 1759 in Capt. Amos Hitchcock's Company in the
seventh Connecticut regiment.
Lieutenant Jonathan Parker had served 34 weeks in 1761 in the third
company of the First Conn. Regt. commanded by Major David
Baldwin.
The citizen liable to serve in the Connecticut militia was a man,
between 16 and 50 years of age, but for specified reason many were
exempt from the service.[12]
There was an almost immediate call for all the skill and ability of the
newly commissioned officers not only in the training field, but in the
arena of actual war. The Governor of Pennsylvania had made up his
mind to completely destroy the Connecticut settlement at Wyoming.
Wyoming was within the Pennsylvania county of Northumberland of
which William Cook was Sheriff. William Cook, under pretense of
serving sundry writs at Wyoming, took with him an armed force of
700 men under the command of Colonel William Plunket. He called it
a "posse."
This force left Northumberland early in December, 1775, marching
up the west side of the river over the almost impassable roads. The
supplies for the expedition were loaded into boats. Progress was
slow, as the boats had to be propelled against the current,
encumbered as it often was at that season of the year by floating
ice. December 20th, Col. Plunket was at Nescopeck Creek, nineteen
miles below the south eastern extremity of the valley. His progress
now was closely watched by scouts. On Saturday, the 23d he arrived
at Harvey's landing, one-fourth of a mile below the mouth of
Harvey's Creek, where he landed, unloaded his boats, and
encamped for the night.
What preparation had been made to receive the invader? On this
same Saturday Col. Zebulon Butler mustered the newly formed
Twenty-fourth regiment. He also collected all the old men and boys
who did not belong to the ranks of the regiment and armed them
the best he could. In number, his force thus made up, was about
four hundred. The two armies spent the night within a half mile of
each other. From this point Col. Butler sent out a flag to Col. Plunket,
in charge of Lieutenant Garret, inquiring the object of the invasion.
Col. Plunket's reply was that he came on a peaceful errand, simply to
serve some Pennsylvania writs at Wyoming.
On Sunday morning. Col. Butler left Ensign Mason F. Alden[13] with
18 men on the ground where he had spent the night. At the same
time he sent Capt. Lazarus Stewart[14] of the Hanover Company,
with 20 men across the river to the east side above the Nanticoke
Falls to prevent the enemy from landing, should they attempt to do
so. He then, with the main body of his force, retreated about one
mile up the river to a place where a natural defence existed. This
consisted of a ridge of rocks projecting about one-half a mile south
easterly from the Shawanese mountain to the river. Near the river it
was 1 or 2 feet high, but as it ran back toward the mountain it was
of great height. Wherever there were breaks in this natural rampart,
Butler's men filled in the space with logs and stones. Behind this
breastwork the Twenty-fourth regiment and its co-operating forces
were stationed. About 11 o'clock Alden and his men became
conscious that the enemy was moving, and they withdrew. They
announced the approach of the enemy to Col. Butler and joined him
behind the fortification. When the enemy advanced it was met with
a fusilade of shots along the whole line, killing one man, wounding
others and throwing the whole force into the utmost confusion.
Without firing a shot Col. Plunket withdrew to the camp at Harvey's
Creek.
Late in the afternoon the enemy brought two of its boats by land
from Harvey's landing above the Nanticoke Falls. At night fall they
were loaded with soldiers and rowed across the river. When they
attempted to land they were fired upon by Captain Stewart and his
men, who lay in ambush upon the bank, killing one man, and
wounding others. The attempt to land was given up and the boats
and their cargoes floated down through the rapids and were safely
moored at Harvey's landing. Thus ended the events of the day.
On Christmas Day Col. Plunket renewed the attack on the
breastwork. He divided his forces into two divisions. One division
assailed the fortification in front, while the other attempted a
flanking movement on Col. Butler's right. This was promptly met and
repelled. The battle lasted nearly all day, but the enemy, baffled at
all points, finally withdrew. The invasion known by Col. Plunket's
name was at an end. Eight or ten men on each side were killed and
many wounded.[15]
The battle with Plunket had made the officers and men of the
regiment painfully conscious of their lack of equipment. Powder!
How could they get powder? Offer a reward for it? That was what
they did at a town meeting, March 10, 1776—two and a half months
after the battle. "Voted that the first man that shall make fifty weight
of good salt peter, in this town, shall be entitled to ten pounds lawful
money, to be paid out of the town treasury."[16]
Patriotism and this bounty no doubt produced an effect, as witness
the following: "Mrs. Bethiah Jenkins says. The women took up their
floors, dug out the earth, put it in casks, and ran water through it.
Then took ashes in another cask and made lye—mixed the water
from the earth with weak lye, boiled it, set it out to cool, and the salt
peter rose to the top. Charcoal and sulphur were then used, and
powder produced."[17]
In May, 1776, John Jenkins, representative to the legislature,
obtained leave for the selectmen to erect a powder mill in
Westmoreland, but I can not learn that any mill was ever built.[18]
In July of the same year the Council of Safety at Hartford "Voted
that the Selectmen of Westmoreland may receive at Messrs. Elderkin
& Wales mill, not exceeding 200 pounds of gun powder: they to
account to the Colony therefor at the price of 5s, 4d per lb."[19]
Col. Butler, in a letter to Roger Sherman, dated August 6, 1776,
speaks of being in want of arms, "as those 80 guns taken from our
people at Warrior Run have not been returned."[20]
The Continental Congress the next year undertook to aid in
supplying these wants, as witness the following action April 11:
"Resolved, that 175 fire arms, either musquets or rifles, 200 wt.
powder, 800 wt. lead, and 500 flints be sent to the town of
Westmoreland, on the east branch of the Susquehanna river, to the
care of Colonel Nathan Denison, to be used by the malitia there, for
the defense of the said town, if necessary: the arms to be returned
when the service there will admit of it."[21]
I am telling the story of a regiment whose fortunes were profoundly
affected by the Revolutionary War. The men of which it was
composed were intense rebels against the authority of England.
Therefore when the Congress on the 23d of August, "Resolved, That
two companies on the Continental Establishment be raised in the
town of Westmoreland"[22] it responded with an enlistment of 82
men in each company. Captain Samuel Ransom, Lieutenant Perrin
Ross, Ensigns Asahel Buck and Matthias Hollenbeck, with others,
were elected as officers. I mention these because they were officers
in the Twenty-fourth regiment. The men were all taken from the
ranks of the Twenty-fourth regiment. Twenty other men in the
summer of 1776 also enlisted under Lieutenant Obadiah Gore, to
serve in a New York State regiment under Colonel Weisner, as well
as ten more men to serve under Captain Strong. Our regiment thus
lost of its most robust men, 194 in the Summer of 1776, who
enlisted into the Continental Army.
While this depletion was going on the town assigned additional
duties to the field officers at a meeting held August 28. "Voted ye
field officers of ye regiment of this town be appointed a committee
to view the most suitable places to build forts for ye defense of sd
town, and determine on some particular spot or place in each district
for the purpose, and mark out the same."[23] Think for a moment of
the work imposed on this Committee! Think of the large territory to
be gone over, the consideration of reasons for or against any
particular location. Think of the work imposed on the men who were
to build the forts.

STEWART'S BLOCK HOUSE.

There were some old forts like Forty Fort in Kingston, and Fort
Brown in Pittston, that were repaired and enlarged, but in other
districts there were no suitable works of the kind and accordingly
new sites were selected, and the proposed works laid out on the
ground. Such was the case in Wilkes-Barre, Plymouth and Exeter. In
Lower Pittston and Hanover, block houses were recommended and
built. The work of repairing and building the forts ran through the
years 1776, 1777 and was not completed until 1778.
Before closing the regimental history for 1776 I wish to mention the
advent of the tenth company into its ranks, representing the train
bands of the Districts of Huntington and Salem, of which Frethias
Wall was elected Lieutenant and John Franklin, Jr., Ensign, at the
October session of the legislature.[24] I have not seen this company
assigned its proper place in the regiment in any of the histories. Of
this company John Franklin, Jr., was ultimately to become the
Captain and Stoddart Bowen the Lieutenant.
In December, 1776, a supplement to the militia law was enacted by
the Connecticut legislature, by which the age limit of those liable to
serve was extended to persons from 50 to 60 years of age, and
many theretofore exempt were brought into the service. These
persons were to be formed into companies to be called the "Alarm
List," to elect their own officers and to be attached to already
existing regiments.[25]
Under this act two companies were formed in Wyoming in 1777—
one on the east side of the river, of which William Hooker Smith was
elected Captain, one on the west side of the river of which James
Bidlack, Sr., was elected Captain. These became attached to the
Twenty-fourth regiment.
In popular speech these old men and exempts were called
"Reformadoes." Under this Act the Colonels of regiments were given
authority "to assemble in martial array and put in warlike posture,"
the men under their command in case of invasion.
In the Spring of 1777 the regiment took up a new duty. It was the
duty of sending out scouting parties.[26] The Indians and Tories up
the river were showing activity by occasionally capturing some one,
and making a prisoner of him. Lieut. Asa Stevens, of the Kingston
Company, went on a scouting expedition and brought in five
suspected persons. Ensign John Jenkins, Jr., of the Exeter Company,
led a scouting party up as far as Wyalusing, and was himself
captured and three other men. Captain Asaph Whittlesey, of the
Plymouth Company, led a scouting party up as far as Standing
Stone. In January, 1778, Capt. Eliab Farnham, of the Lackaway
Company, captured 18 tories[27] that had been disturbing his
vicinage and sent them to Hartford under the escort of Lieut.
Jonathan Haskell. The legislature declared that these persons should
be treated as prisoners of war. This action was necessary, because
the frontiersmen held that the prisoners ought to be hanged as
cattle thieves. In May, 1778, Nathan Denison memorialized the
legislature to be reimbursed as Colonel of the Twenty-fourth
regiment, in sending out detachments as scouts and for guards
during 1776, 1777 and 1778. The prayer of his memorial was
granted.[28]
I must refer in this place to a further nominal depletion of the
regiment. By act of Congress March 16, 1778, it was resolved to
raise another Company of Continental troops at Westmoreland. The
efforts to do this was at least partially successful and Dethic Hewit
was elected Captain of the new company. In the same resolution it
was provided that the new organization should be under the
command of the field officers of the Twenty-fourth regiment.[29]
The enlistment of this company reduced the strength of the
regiment. It transferred the service of the men from the state to the
service of the United States. It did not, however, withdraw them
from the Wyoming Valley.
I will here explain the changes in the officers of the regiment. Under
the militia laws of Connecticut there were two general muster days
in the year—first Monday of May, first Monday of October. On either
new officers could be elected to fill vacancies or for other reasons.
Able and ambitious men coveted and strove to become officers of
the regiment and of the companies. In the larger and stronger
companies the rivalry was great and the officers were in a continual
state of flux. In this way there were a large number of ex-officers.
The ex-officers retained their titles by courtesy. Once a captain,
always a captain. In the Wyoming histories, and upon the monument
erected on the battlefield, confusion results, from giving the courtesy
titles of ex-officers as much prominence as is given the titles of men
who were in commission, and exercised actual command. In view of
these and similar facts I have been to much pains to make the roster
of those in actual command accurate as it was in the last formation
of the regiment.[30]
I will first call attention to the changes in the regimental officers.
Colonel Zebulon Butler resigned to enter the Continental service
January 1, 1777. Lt. Col. Nathan Denison was promoted to be
colonel. This occasioned a vacancy in the office of lieutenant-colonel,
which was filled by the election of Lazarus Stewart, the famous
Captain of the Paxtang Rangers, who declined to accept, and
thereupon Major George Dorrance was promoted to that office in
Oct., 1777. Major William Judd resigned to enter the Continental
service, and his place was filled in May, 1777, by the promotion of
Lieut. George Dorrance and on his elevation to the Lt. Colonelcy,
Captain John Garret was elected Major in Oct., 1777.[31]
I have given a list of the Company officers as "established" at the
organization of the regiment. They underwent many changes as
heretofore indicated. I will give them as they existed in May, 1778,
when the last changes were made of which there is a record.[32]
This is a list of the Captains beginning with the first Company and
thus on through to the tenth. They were as follows: James Bidlack,
Jr., Aholiab Buck, Asaph Whittlesey, Jeremiah Blanchard, William
McKarachan, Rezin Geer, Stephen Harding, Eliab Farnham, Robert
Carr and John Franklin, Jr.
The Lieutenants were Lebbeus Tubbs, Elijah Shoemaker, Aaron
Gaylord, Timothy Keyes, Roswell Franklin, Daniel Gore, Elisha Scovil,
John Shaw, Nathan Kingsbury and Stoddart Bowen.
The Ensigns were: John Comstock, Asa Gore, William White,
Jeremiah Bigford, Titus Hinman, John Hagerman, John Jenkins, Jr.,
Elijah Winters, Rudolph Fox and Nathaniel Goss. John Jenkins, Jr., of
the Exeter company, probably should not be included as he had
recently been elected a lieutenant in the Continental Service. This
company had no Ensign in commission.
Some of these new officers had seen service in the old French war.
Lieutenant Lebbeus Tubbs had served two enlistments—one of 26
weeks in 1755, in Capt. Nicholas Bishop's company of the first Conn,
regiment—another in 1759 of 27 weeks in Capt. John Pitkin's
company of the Fourth Conn. Regt.[33]
In the latter year he was in the expedition sent out for the reduction
of Crown Point. Ensign William White served 35 weeks in 1756 in
Capt. Samuel Champlin's Company in the First Conn, regiment.
Ensign Titus Hinman in 1755 served 32 weeks in Capt. Benjamin
Hinman's company in the Second Conn. regiment.
The Twenty-fourth regiment availed itself of other means of
becoming efficient. Two deserters from the British army—Abraham
Pike and Sergeant Boyd—were employed as drill masters, and spent
much time in putting the men through their evolutions.[34]
It had need of the skill of all its officers, of the efficiency of all its
men. While I have been talking about officers, important events
have been hastening toward a conclusion, on the northern border.
They now claim attention. Up to this time (1778) no murders had
been committed by the Indians. They now became frequent.
Scouting parties of the regiment were continually going out and
coming in. They heralded the approach of an invading army.
Premonitory signs of its coming had not been wanting.
It consisted of about 1,100 British soldiers, Indians and Tories, under
the command of Major John Butler.[35] This force had been gathered
at Kanadaseago and other points in Western New York. The time
was the month of June, when nature puts on her best apparel. It
approached Wyoming in boats. I can imagine the wild and weird
flotilla, tricked out in barbaric splendor, as it rounded Tioga Point,
and swept out into the broad waters of the Susquehanna, receiving
welcome reinforcements to its numbers as it passed Queen Esther's
flats and the meadows of Sheshequin. It landed above Wyoming in
Keeler's Eddy. It marched about twenty miles by land and was ready
to do its work.
What was the situation at Wyoming? What the preparation to receive
it? We have detailed the building of the forts; the establishment of
the regiment and its depletion from time to time to recruit the
Continental service. The forts were there—and the regiment—what
there was of it.
We left the enemy at the head of the valley. It signified its approach
by killing six men in Exeter on the 30th of June, 1778. On the first
day of July it seized Fort Wintermoot. This fort was occupied by
Elisha Scovil, lieutenant of the Exeter (7th) company and a few
patriotic men. The Wintermoots and other non-combatants in the
fort were Tories[36] and after making the best show of resistance he
could, Scovil capitulated. At Fort Jenkins, one mile above Fort
Wintermoot, were eight men, including Stephen Harding, Captain of
the 7th (Exeter) company. Resistance against such odds was useless
and it surrendered on the second of July, although the articles of
capitulation were dated on the first.[37] This disposes of one of the
companies of the Twenty-fourth regiment.
To the valley below a vague knowledge of what was happening was
communicated by scouts and by persons who had escaped when the
Hardings and Hadsells were killed on the 30th of June. Some
information was obtained by a reconnoisance in force on the first of
July.
In consequence the population gathered into the several forts on the
first and second days of July.
 FORTY FORT IN 1778.
Of these, Forty Fort in Kingston was the largest and the strongest. In
it Col. Nathan Denison established his headquarters. He endeavored
to concentrate his regiment at this point. There were many obstacles
in the way. Captain Robert Carr's (9th) Up River company could not
be reached because of the proximity of the enemy. According to
Hollister, this Company was at Capouse Meadows (Scranton).[38]
Captain Eliab Farnham's (8th) Lackaway company was 70 miles away
and could not be reached on account of the distance. This company
did not learn of the invasion until it was over.[39] Thus these two
companies were unavailable. So far as adding to the force of lighting
men was concerned, they did not do it. Denison sent a messenger
express to Captain Franklin in Huntington, who dispatched
Lieutenant Stoddart Bowen with the first of his men who could be
gotten together. He sent another messenger to Wilkes-Barre.
Zebulon Butler, Lt. Col. of the third regiment of the Connecticut line
was then at Wilkes-Barre on furlough. Denison asked him to come to
Forty Fort. When there, by common consent, he assumed command
of all the forces.
Early in the afternoon of Friday, July 3d, the two Wilkes-Barre, the
Hanover, Plymouth, Kingston and part of the Huntington companies
were at the rendezvous mustering not more than 200 men. In
addition to these were Captain Hewit's company of Continental
Soldiers, some old men, young boys, and refugees from all sides,
who were willing to risk their lives, but did not belong to any military
organization. Perhaps 400 would be a fair estimate to put on the
whole number of fighting men. On the 2d and again on the 3d day
of July the enemy demanded the surrender of the Forts and all the
military forces in the Valley.
What shall be done? Great uncertainty existed, as to the strength
and intention of the enemy. Shall the force now in hand await the
coming of promised reinforcements?—the more complete
concentration of the regiment, the advance of the enemy? or shall
they march out and give battle? A council of war was held in which
the pros and cons were warmly debated. It was decided to give
battle.
"About three o'clock in the afternoon they marched from the fort, in
martial array, with the stars and stripes at their head, to the tune of
Saint Patrick's Day in the Morning, played on the fife by a true son of
Erin, and with drums beating."[40] They proceeded about three miles
in column when they formed a line of battle of about 500 yards
front. Capt. Dethic Hewit with his so-called regulars, was on the
extreme right, with Captain Bidlack next to him, and he joined by
Captain Geer. On the extreme left was Capt. Whittlesey and the
Salem detachment under Lieut. Bowen. Next to them was the
Hanover company under Captain Stewart (McKaracan having that
day resigned), and he was joined by Captain Buck, of Kingston. This
was the order in which the advance was made. It was made over a
plain that was grown up with brush—yellow pines, pitch pines and
scrub oak. These bushes could be seen over by a man, but were
high enough to conceal a skulking foe. The right rested on a rise of
ground near the river, and was led by Lieut. Col. Zebulon Butler,
aided by Major John Garret. The left was commanded by Col.
Nathan Denison, assisted by Lieut. Col. George Dorrance.
The enemy in front had the Tories in the center under Captains
Pawling and Hopkins and the British regulars on their extreme left
under Captain William Caldwell and Lieutenant Turney. On the
enemy's right were the Indians, under cover of the alders in a
swamp led by a Seneca Chief named Sayenqueraghta.[41]
The Americans advanced with spirit, the enemy purposely falling
back under fire for the distance of about a mile, until they came to a
cleared field. On the opposite side of this field was a log fence which
the British used as a breastwork, and from it poured in such a
severe fire that it checked the advance. Just at this point the Indians
with brandishing spears and demoniac yells, rushed out of the
swamp on the left, in which most of them lay concealed, enveloped
the left wing by superior numbers, and turned it in upon the right. In
the melee that ensued an effort was made to re-form it, so that it
would present a front to the enemy, but in the confusion occasioned
by the fierce onset of the enemy the orders were misunderstood and
the day was lost.
The men retreated in squads at first, firing as they gave ground, but
borne down by overwhelming numbers, the retreat became a rout,
and every man did the best he could to save himself. It was four
miles back to the fort. On the way some of the squads were
captured, some in pairs, some singly. The slaughter of captured men
by the Indians constitutes what is known in history as the Wyoming
Massacre. Some of the fugitives reached Forty Fort; some Wilkes-
Barre. Lieut. Col. Zebulon Butler escaped with his life. He and the
remnant of Hewit's regulars left the valley. They did not surrender.

PITTSTON FORT.
What of the Twenty-fourth Regiment? Col. Denison reached Forty
Fort alive. Lieut. Col. George Dorrance was mortally wounded. Major
John Garret was killed. The Captain of every company fell upon the
field, as also did three Lieutenants and three Ensigns. How many
men the regiment lost it is impossible to say, but from 200 to 300 of
those engaged on the American side were slain. The loss of the
enemy was from 40 to 80 men.
Early the next day, July 4, the British commander sent a detachment
across the river and demanded the surrender of Fort Brown, in
which the Pittston people assembled, under the command of Captain
Jeremiah Blanchard. The demand was complied with.[42] It is said
that this company failed to report at Forty Fort because the enemy
captured all the water craft along the river in its vicinity. This
disposes of one more of the companies of the Twenty-fourth
Regiment.
The same day the surrender of Forty Fort was demanded on terms
deemed reasonable under the circumstances. No means for further
resistance were at hand. After some negotiation articles of
capitulation were drawn up and signed.[43] Protection was promised
to persons and property. The fort was surrendered. Captain Franklin
had come up from Huntington, while the battle was in progress on
Abraham's Plains, with the remainder of his company and they were
included in the surrender[44], thus making six complete companies. I
have now accounted for the ten original companies of the regiment.
Captain William Hooker Smith's company of the "Alarm List" was in
the fort with the women and children at Wilkes-Barre, and Capt.
James Bidlack, Sr.'s company was in the fort on Garrison Hill in
Plymouth. These "Reformadoes" belonged to Col. Denison's
command.
The victors planned a spectacular entrance into Forty Fort. Massed in
columns of four upon the left, approached Major John Butler at the
head of his Rangers and Royal Greens; on the right came the Seneca
Chiefs, leading their warriors, streaked with paint, adorned with
feathers, and other picturesque barbaric ornaments. They were
preceded with waving banners, the screech of fife, and the roll of
drums. At a signal the gates were opened: in at the north gate
entered the Tories and British Provincials; at the south gate the
savages.[45]
This scene as it came down to me when a child, from the reported
words of a great grandmother who witnessed it, most profoundly
impressed my youthful imagination.
What occurred after the capitulation? By the terms of the surrender
protection was promised to persons and property. Regardless of the
terms, the Indians plundered individuals of the clothing on their
persons, pillaged the farm steads of everything movable, drove away
the live stock, destroyed the growing crops and burned the buildings
of the distressed inhabitants to the ground. Their commander could
not, or would not restrain them.
The result was that on the night following the battle, and on the two
or three succeeding days and nights, the 3,000 inhabitants of the
Wyoming Valley fled, some by boats and rafts down the river, but by
far the greater number through the wilderness, and over the
mountains to the settlements beyond. It was not a planned and
orderly hegira, in which provision was made for necessary wants,
but a hurried, hasty, precipitate flight, urged on to desperation by
every element of real and imaginary danger. Their houses, furniture,
household utensils, crops, flocks, farming implements, provisions,
papers, clothing, horses, wagons,—all left behind. And it was all
utterly destroyed or carried off. Of the delicate women and tender
children, not less than 200 perished by the way. In the battle, the
massacre, and the flight it is probable that 500 persons lost their
lives. In a memorial to the Connecticut legislature, the survivors
stated that their property losses amounted to 38,308 pounds, 13s.
[46]

In the Articles of Capitulation signed at Forty Fort was this: "Art. 7.

That the inhabitants Col. Denison capitulates for, together with
himself, do not take up arms during the present contest." Some
undoubtedly considered themselves bound by this article. Colonel
Denison for one is no longer heard of in our military annals,
although Westmoreland remained more than four years longer under
the jurisdiction of Connecticut. The Twenty-fourth regiment was
never reorganized. It was overwhelmed on the field of battle; it was
surrendered in sections, by the terms of four military conventions.
[47] Of this sort of glory it had a monopoly. As a regiment its story is
told.
On the other hand many of the men considered themselves absolved
from the terms above recited. The party that imposed the
conditions, did not themselves observe them. Lieut. Col. Zebulon
Butler, one month from the day of surrender, returned to the valley
at the head of some Continental soldiers and 40 militiamen and went
into garrison at Wilkes-Barrie. A muster roll of these men is extant.
Many of them were men who had been surrendered. Captain John
Franklin, with a company of Wyoming militia, went out in Hartley's
expedition the same year, and in Sullivan's expedition the next year,
and on other occasions.
In an upper chamber of this building is an original pay roll of one of
these companies. Many of its names are identical with those who
served in the Twenty-fourth regiment.
After the flight of the people from the valley the dead lay unburied
on the plain where they fell for nearly four months. On the twenty
second day of October a detail of thirty men was sent from the
garrison at Wilkes-Barre as a guard to protect those of the
inhabitants that had returned, in performing that solemn duty.[48]
A granite monument suitably inscribed now marks the place of
sepulchre. Engraved upon it is a very inaccurate list of those "slain in
battle" and of "survivors."
In this temple, dedicated to the Muse of the backward look, it may
be appropriate to inquire, What relation, if any, had these events to
the history of the times? The drama of the American Revolution held
the center of the stage. Did our regiment enact a part? An important