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example Fibonacci sequence
91 1 92 1 9h An_ An 2 3

An 1,1 2,3 5,8

Sequence visualization
A sequence such as the one in Example 1(a),
an = n/(n + 1), can be pictured either by plotting its terms on
a number line, as in Figure 1, or by plotting its graph, as in
Figure 2.

Figure 1
Figure 2

7
Sequence limit, introduction
Note that, since a sequence is a function whose domain is
the set of positive integers, its graph consists of isolated
points with coordinates

(1, a1) (2, a2) (3, a3) ... (n, an) ...

From Figure 1 or Figure 2 it appears that the terms of the

sequence an = n/(n + 1) are approaching 1 as n becomes
large. In fact, the difference

can be made as small as we like by taking n sufficiently

large. 8
Sequence limit, introduction
We indicate this by writing

In general, the notation

means that the terms of the sequence {an} approach L as n

becomes large.

9
Sequence limit, informal
Notice that the following definition of the limit of a sequence
is very similar to the definition of a limit of a function at
infinity.

10
Sequence limit, informal
Figure 3 illustrates Definition 1 by showing the graphs of
two sequences that have the limit L.

Figure 3
Graphs of two sequences with

11
Sequence limit, formal
A more precise version of Definition 1 is as follows.

12
Sequence limit, formal
Definition 2 is illustrated by Figure 4, in which the terms
a1,a2,a3 , . . . are plotted on a number line.

Figure 4

No matter how small an interval (L – ε, L + ε) is chosen,

there exists an N such that all terms of the sequence from
aN+1 onward must lie in that interval.

13
Sequence limit, formal
Another illustration of Definition 2 is given in Figure 5. The
points on the graph of {an} must lie between the horizontal
lines y = L + ε and y = L – ε if n > N. This picture must be
valid no matter how small ε is chosen, but usually a smaller
ε requires a larger N.

E I

L E

O
Figure 5

14
Sequence limit from function limit
You will see that the only difference between lim n→ an = L
and limx→ f(x)= L is that n is required to be an integer.
Thus we have the following theorem, which is illustrated by
Figure 6.

Figure 6
15
Sequences diverging to infinity
If an becomes large as n becomes large, we use the
notation . Consider the definition

If limn → an = , then the sequence {an} is divergent but in

a special way. We say that {an} diverges to .

17
 an n 1 2,3 4 m 3
so
an
910
n
ee
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 8
 I
a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 5

Sequence limit laws

18
Examples
a Is the
sequence an 91
convergent or divergent
y enx

T.TT

By Hospital's rule
peg
limo Eso t 0

b Determine whether the sequence

bn 1 1 is convergent or

divergent
bn 1 1
111 111 1,1 1m __

divergent since
the terms are
between
oscillating
1 1 and 1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 16
 0

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 10

Squeeze Theorem for sequences
The sandwich theorern
The Squeeze Theorem can also be adapted for sequences
as follows (see Figure 7).

Squeeze Theorem for Sequences

The sequence {bn} is squeezed between the sequences {an} and {cn}.
Figure 7 19
 0 0

En

I
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 12
Sequence limit theorems
If the magnitude of sequence terms goes to zero, then so
do the terms themselves:

an 1 151 3 lani 1 17113

If f is a continuous functionpevaluated on a sequence, the
limit can be passed inside.

en t 0 Estate is to

20
 Evaluate
ex lamp

Mar 1 Go 1 0

theorem 0
by the
lay
Example 11
For what values of r is the sequence {r n} convergent ?
Solution:
We know that limx → ax = for a > 1, and limx → ax = 0
for 0 < a < 1. Therefore, putting a = r and using Theorem 3,
we have

It is obvious that
and

If –1 < r < 0, then 0 < | r| < 1, so

and therefore limn → r n = 0 by Theorem 6. 21

Example 11: Summary
The results of Example 11 are summarized as follows.

if r 1 r 1 1,1 1
if r
1
or oct 21
73m 112 Er
1 r 1 2ⁿ3n 2,232324 27 350
23
Monotonic sequences
A monotonic sequence has terms for which
•Every term is greater than the previous term,
in
on increasing
OR
bn I
•Every term is less than the previous term decreasing

24
 Definition Nonincreasing Sequence
A sequence bn with the property
that but bn for all n

least upperbound M

greatest lowerbound
Bounded sequences

M Least upper bound

m Greatest lower bound

For instance, the sequence an = n is bounded below

(an > 0) but not above. The sequence an = n/(n + 1) is
bounded because 0 < an < 1 for all n.
25
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 19
The Nonincreasing Sequence Theorem
A nonincreasing sequence of real numbers
converges if and only if it is bounded
from below If a non increasing sequence
converges it converges to its greatest
lower bound
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 11 - 20
Theorem A monotonic sequence is convergent
if and only if it is bounded
Ex _1 1 1 1 1 is bounded
but not monotonic A divergent sequence
So not
every bounded sequence
converges
Subsequence If the terms of a sequence
appears in the same order in another
sequence the sequence is called a
of subseq
the other ence
1 If
sequence converges all of
a

As subsequences converge to the same

limit
2 If any subsequence of a sequence
 an diverges
if two sub or

sequences converges to two different

limits then an diverges
an
ii Gd Oas 961
bn is a
3
bn a
as as subsequence
of an

on 3 92 39cm is a
94 9g subsequence
of San
18 an L

then Ebn L an L as noo

ex an 1 153,1 3 diverges

bn 11 1 1 3 1 convergent
Cn 7 1,1 1 convergent
 s at as as ay an 389ha
upper index of summation
an 9
92 93 944 ant
i
Tower infinite
index of series
summation

The sequence of finite sums

EI an F z 93 94 9 t

_a an
F s
52 9 92

53 9 92 93

n a taztazt an ai

the sequence of partial sums

Sn 51,52 53 Sn __
if the sequence of partial sums is convergent
S finite number
if him Sn
Fs
then an is convergent and
moreover an s

the
I 110 531
to or

limit does not exist then

EI an is divergent

The Geometric Series

EI ar for
r
air
ratio
finite numbers

EI ar a ar ar ar

N Mtl

arm
Ear m to 4Eur
m n dummy
ET ar
Ear index
 1
ex E E OF t
1 t
2T
9 series
1
1 a geometric
t C
57
n

ex E 2 1 2 2 13 21 35
3
2
5
9 2 r

Convergence and divergence of the

geometric series
a r't tart art art
EI a tar

1T 52
atata at

113531 1 we sequenceof partial sums

51 52 53 54 Sn
35ns
__
S a

52 a a 2 a

3
53 a ta ta a

a n a

39 na
Sn 3nF 9,29

a I 0
him o 5m lagoon on
depending
the sign of a

Diverges E a r diverges

for r 1

t.EE E.ami tfitr a a

The sequence of partial sum

Sn a 0 a 0 a 0 diverges
since it is oscillating between a ando
 S a

52 9 a 0

53 9 at a a

54 a a a a 0

Therefore 91 15 diverges

For what values of the ratio r

does the geometric series converge

Earn a are a ar a art

Sn a tar altar art

T.IE a l
Sn

r
1 r
 Sn a in 1
r 1

Era
Mar Sn
a
Go
if 125 1 Mo
is trial
lysosn
a r geometric series converges of
and only if 15121

E.it Erstoriric
ex 2 t.tt
Eilts 3 1
Earn ñ
converger since r 13 and Irk 1