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Intext Questions 5 How is a prokaryotic cell different fron

1 Who discovered cells and how? Pg 59 eukaryotic cell?
Sol. Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in l665. Or
He observed cells in a cork slice with the help of a Fill in the gaps in the following table illustra
primitive microscope. The cork slice resembled the
structure of ahoneycomb consisting of many small differences between prokaryotic and eukan
compartments or box like structures. Hooke called cells.
these boxes as cells.
Sol.
2 Why is the cell called the structural and Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
functional unit of life? Pg 59 Size: generally small Size : generally large
Sol. All living organisms are made up of cells, which (1-10un) 1um = 10°m (5-100 um)
perform various functions essential for survival of Nuclear region: poorly Nuclear region: well-define
the organisms, e.g. respiration, defined and knOWn as and surrounded by a nucez
digestion,
excretion etc. Thus, cell is the functional unit of nucleoid membrane.
life.
Chromosome: single. More than one chromosome
In unicellular organisms, a single cell carries out all Membrane bound cell Membrane bound cell
che functions, while in multicellular organisms, organelles are absent. organelles are present.
group of cells carry out different functions. Thus,
cell is the structural and functional unit of all living
6 Can you name two organelles we have stude
organisms.
that contain their own genetic material? Pg
3 How do substances like CO, and water
Sol. Miochondria and plastids are the rwo cell organels
move in and out of the cell? Discuss. Pg 61 contain their own genetic material.
Sol. CO, and other gases move in and out of the cell by If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due
the process of diffusion. When the concentration
of carbon dioxide is more inside the cell than Some physical or chemical influence, what
outside, CO, diffuses out of the cell. If CO, happen? Pg
concentration inside the cell is less, CO, moves Sol. Living cells are capable of performing certain
inside the cell from outside. functions due to the presence of cell organelles present
The water moves in and out of the cell by the it. If these are destroyed then cell will not be able to w
process of osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of properly and will die after sometime.
water from a region of its high concentration to
low concentration through a semipermeable 8 Why are lysosomes known as suicidal bags?
membrane. Pg'
Sol. Lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes. Du
4 Why is the plasma membrane called a
selectively permeable membrane? Pg61
the disturbance in cellular metabolism, lysosomes
burst and digest their own cell. Therefore, they are a
Sol. The plasma membrane is called a selectively suicidal bags of the cell.
permeable membrane because it allows entry and
exit of some selected molecules only chrough the Where are proteins synthesised inside the el
cells. It also prevents movement of some other P3
materials.
Sol. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis inside the
 VIinone The Fundamental Unit of Life 121

kercises (on Pages 66 and 67) 6 How does Amoeba obtain its food?
1 Make acomparison and write down ways, in which
plant cells are different from animal cells, Sol. Amocba obtains its food through endocytosis. It is the
process of ingestion of food through the plasma
Sol. Comparison of Plant Cell and Animal Cell membrane. This occurs due to flexibility of plasma
Plant Cell Animal Cell membrane, which enables the Amocba to engulf food
and other materials from surroundings.
Cell wall is present outside the
dif erent plasma membrane
Generally regular in shape.
Cell wal is absent.
7 What is osmosis?
Sol. Osmosis is a process of diffusion of water from a region
Generally irregular in shape.
Larger in size than animal cells Smaller in size than plant of its higher concentration to a region of lower
ng table i cells. concentration through a semipermcable membrane.
Plastids are present. Plastids are absent in al
tic and e 8 Carry out the following osmosis experiment:
except Euglena.
A
permanent and large vacuole is Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each
Vacuoles are many, small
present. and temporary. one out to make potato cups. One of these
tic Cell Many simple units of Golgi potato cups should be made from a boiled
Asingle, highly complex
apparatus called dictyosome are potato. Put each potato cup in a trough
merally larg: present.
and pronminent Golgi
apparatus is present. containing water. Now,
2 What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures () keep cup A empty
egion: wel:
bunded by an orbreaks down? (ii) put one tea spoon sugar in cup B.
(iii) put one tea spoon salt in cup C.
n one chrom
Sol. In case plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, (iv) put one tea spoon sugar in the boiled potato
() all the useful substances will move out of the ccll because Cup D.
he boundcel membrane is sclectively permeable.
S are presert Keep them for two hours. Then observe the four
(i) the transportation of materials will be disturbed.
(iin) the cell will loose its normal shape. potato cups and answer the following:
Gwe haves () Explain, why water gathers in the hollowed
material?
(iv) this may lead ultimately to the death of the cell. portion of B and C?
3 What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no () Why is potato A necessary for experiment?
-vO cell orgaz (in) Explain, why water does not gather in the
Golgiapparatus? hollowed out portion of A and D?
Sol. Effects of the absence of Golgi apparatus on life of a cell are as Sol. () The water gathers in the hollowed portion of B
destroyed follows: and C due to the process of osmosis.
nfluence, () The packaging and dispatching of different types of
proteins to various targets inside and outside the cell will
Concentration of solute(sugar in cup Band salt in
cup C) is higher inside the cup than water. Hence,
orming cere be influenced. water flows from a region of its higher
lorganellsp (i) The products of cell cannot be stored and modified later. Concentration to the region of lower
Ilnot be able concentration.
() This will affect the lysosomes formation. This will cause
accumulation of worn out and dead cell organelles within (i) Potato A acts as reference of control for the
suicidalbg
the cell, which may cause cell death. experiment, which helps in comparing results.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollow portion ofA
4 Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the and D because of the following reasons:
ive enzymes cell? Why? (a) Hollow portion of potato A is empty and there
lism,lysosoSol. Mitochondria are called powerhouse of the cell. It contains is no concentration difference so, no osmosis
refore,ther oxidative enzymes, which oxidise the food and convert it into OCcurs.

energy currency of the cell in the form of ATP (Adenosine (b) The hollowed portion of potato D contains
Triphosphate). This energy is used by body for making new sugar, but the potato cup is boiled. Osmosis
d insidethe chemical compounds and for doing other works. This is the cannot occur as semipermeable membrane is
reason, mitochondria are called powerhouse of the cell. destroyed by boiling.
nthesisinside 5 Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell 9 Which type of celldivision is required for growth
membrane get synthesised? and repair of body and which type is involved in
Sol. The synthesis of lipids occurs in Smooth Endoplasmic formation of gametes.
Reticulum (SER). The proteins are synthesised in the Sol. The mitotic cll division is required for growth and
ribosomes, which are attached to the Rough Endoplasmic repair of the body. The meiotic cell division is involved
Reticulum (RER). in the formation of gametes.
 SUMMARY
* Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It was discovered by Robert Hooke in the year 1665.
Unicellular organisms are those organisms which are made up of asingle cell only, e.g. Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, bacteria, et:
* body
Multicellular
to
organisms are organisms made up of many cells. These cells group together and assume different functions in the
form various body parts, e.g. plants and animals.
*Prokaryotic cells are cells lacking awell-defined nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane, e.g. bacteria and cyanobacteria. ultiple
* Eukaryotic cells are those having awell-defined nucleus enclosed in nuclear membrane, e.g. plant cell and animal cell. The
Plant cells possess acell wall and avacuole that occupies most of the space. It lacks centrosome and centrioles. a)
Animal cells do not have cell wall, these possess highly complex Golgi bodies, centrioles, etc.
(C)
Structurally, a cell mainly consists of plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Cell organelles such as Golgi bodies, mitochon Sol. LÀ
etc, are also present in cytoplasm.
Plasma membrane is the outermost covering of the cell that is composed of proteins and lipids. It permits the entry and exit of so the
materials. It maintains the shape of the cell, acts as mechanical barrier and protects the internal contents of cell.
Transport of substances across plasma membrane may take place by diffusion, i.e. process of movement of solutes or osmosis, Le 2 CH
process of movement of water. fol
Nucleus is properly called as brain of the cells. It controls all functions of a cell. It also determines the development of cell by la)
directing the chemical activities of cell.
Cytoplasm is the fluid content present inside the plasma membrane that contains many specialised cell organelles and acts as asit (c
for metabolic pathways such as glycolysis.
Endoplasmic reticulum is a large network of membrane bound tubules and sheets. It plays an important role in protein and lipid (d
synthesis.
Mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of cell that releases energy required by the cell in the form of ATP. Sol.
(
Golgi apparatus consists of a system of membrane-bound vesicles called cisternae. It helps in the formation of So
lysosomes and in
storing and packaging of various molecules in a cell. ar

Lysosomes are waste disposal system of a cell also called as suicidal bags of cell. R
Plastids are found in plant cells as chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts.
Vacuoles are storage sacs of solids and liquids.
Cell division The process by which cell increase in their number is called cel division. It is of two types 3
Mitotic cell dívision It occurs in somatic cells of body for growth and for repairing of oldinjured cells. The chromosomes number s
the newly formed cells rermain same as in mother or dividing cell.
Meiotic cell division It occurs germ cells of sexually reprOducing organisms to torm male gametes and female
gametes. These have
halps number of chromosomes as compared to mother cell.
Sol.