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TEL 3111 Digital Modulation

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18 views15 pages

TEL 3111 Digital Modulation

Uploaded by

Ssemakula Musa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Modulation

By
R.N. Akol
Introduction

• Qn. Distinguish between analog and digital


modulation
In analog modulation, the characteristics of the carrier wave are varied for all time in accordance to the intelligent
signal, while in digital modulation, characteristics of the carrier wave are varied at specific times in accordance to the
intelligent signal.

• Qn. Give reasons for the move to digital


more information capacity

modulation higher data security


quicker system availability

• Chapter 6 in Communication systems by


Simon Haykins
Digital Modulation
• This refers to pass band data transmission as
opposed to baseband as in the case of pulse
amplitude modulation or pulse amplitude
modulation
• Information channel is analog in nature, hence need
to turn digital information i.e. “0” and “1” into a
suitable mode for transmission
• The incoming data stream is modulated onto a
carrier
• This find applications in microwave radio links,
satellite channels, etc.
• Digital modulation is all about switching from one
carrier characteristic to another hence the term shift
keying
Introduction
• Digital modulation is analogous to continuous
wave modulation varying
– the amplitude of the carrier -Amplitude shift
Keying
– the frequency the carrier – Frequency shift keying
– Varying the phase of the carrier- Phase shift
Keying
Introduction
• Digital modulation schemes may be classified as
coherent or non coherent (differential)
• Depends on whether the receiver is synchronised
to the transmitters, i.e. The receiver knows the
frequency and the phase of the carrier and the
data stream clocking time.
• M possible symbols are transmitted over the
channel during each signalling interval T, hence
M-ary signalling
• M = 2 where n is number of bits per symbol and
n

T=nTb where Tb is the bit duration


Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier is changed
in response to the information
• Bit “1” is transmitted by a carrier of particular
amplitude and bit “0” different amplitude
• On-off-Keying (OOK) is special form ASK
ASK = m(t ) cos wc t
• Demonstrate .....
– Binary and M-ary modulation format ??
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• In FSK, we change the frequency in response
to the information
• Different frequencies correspond to different
information
FSK = A c cos (wc + iDw ) t
• For binary information i= “1” or “0” and they
are two frequencies are
• For M-ary, the frequencies are M
• Demonstrate..... ??
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• In PSK, we change the phase of the carrier
• Different phases are used to transmit the
information
PSK = A cos (w t + iDq )
c c

• For binary “1” or a “0” bit is transmitted by


• ï A cos (w t ) , for "0"
ì
PSK = í c c

î A cos (w t + p ) , for "1"


ï c c
Binary signalling
Comments
• FSK and PSK are constant envelopes
• Bandwidth efficiency describes the ability of a
modulation scheme to accommodate data within
a limited bandwidth. With data rate of Rb and
bandwidth of B, bandwidth efficiency is defined
as r = R / B bits/s/Hz
b

• Power efficiency describes the ability of the


system to reliably send information at the lowest
practical power level.
• Qn. Is FSK,PSK,ASK bandwidth or power efficient?
Quadriphase or Quadrature PSK
• QPSK is having two binary signal which are
orthogonal to each other.
• The phase of the carrier takes on four equally
spaced values

• Alternatively QPSK may be viewed as PSK with


phase offset of
• Draw the signal constellation... ??
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)

• QAM is a hybrid of ASK and PSK


• Both the amplitude and the phase of the
carrier are changed at the same time
capacity
• Bit rate is number of bits per second.
– It describe the rate at which information is passed
• Symbol rate is bit rate divided by number of bits
per symbol.
– Number of symbols per second
– Symbol rate is sometimes called the baud rate
– Each symbol represents n bits, and has M signal
states, where M = 2n .
• The maximum rate of information transfer
through a baseband channel is given by
– Capacity C = 2 W log2M bits per second
– where W = bandwidth of modulating baseband signal
Capacity cont....
• For error free communication, it is possible to
define the capacity which can be supported in
an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
channel as
– C = Wlog2(1 + Ps/Pn)
– where C = Capacity (bits per second), W =
bandwidth of the modulating baseband signal
(Hz), Ps = signal power, Pn = noise power
– C/W = bandwidth efficiency (bits per second per
Hz)
– Draw some conclusions......

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