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 PRAISE FOR PYTHON CRASH COURSE
“It has been interesting to see No Starch Press producing future
classics that should be alongside the more traditional programming
books. Python Crash Course is one of those books.”
—GREG LADEN, SCIENCEBLOGS

“Deals with some rather complex projects and lays them out in a
consistent, logical, and pleasant manner that draws the reader into
the subject.”
—FULL CIRCLE MAGAZINE

“Well presented with good explanations of the code snippets. The

book works with you, one small step at a time, building more
complex code, explaining what’s going on all the way.”
—FLICKTHROUGH REVIEWS

“Learning Python with Python Crash Course was an extremely

positive experience! A great choice if you’re new to Python.”
—MIKKE GOES CODING

“Does what it says on the tin, and does it really well. . . . Presents a
large number of useful exercises as well as three challenging and
entertaining projects.”
—REALPYTHON.COM

“A fast-paced but comprehensive introduction to programming

with Python, Python Crash Course is another superb book to add to
your library and help you finally master Python.”
—TUTORIALEDGE.NET

“A brilliant option for complete beginners without any coding

experience. If you’re looking for a solid, uncomplicated intro to
this very deep language, I have to recommend this book.”
—WHATPIXEL.COM
“Contains literally everything you need to know about Python and
even more.”
—FIREBEARSTUDIO.COM
 PYTHON CRASH COURSE
2ND EDITION
A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to
Programming

by Eric Matthes

San Francisco
PYTHON CRASH COURSE, 2ND EDITION. Copyright © 2019 by Eric Matthes.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the
publisher.

ISBN-10: 1-59327-928-0
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-928-8

Publisher: William Pollock

Production Editor: Riley Hoffman
Cover Illustration: Josh Ellingson
Cover and Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Developmental Editor: Liz Chadwick
Technical Reviewer: Kenneth Love
Copyeditor: Anne Marie Walker
Compositors: Riley Hoffman and Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Proofreader: James Fraleigh
For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc.
directly:

No Starch Press, Inc.

245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: 1.415.863.9900; [email protected]
www.nostarch.com
The Library of Congress has catalogued the first edition as follows:

Matthes, Eric, 1972-

Python crash course : a hands-on, project-based introduction to programming / by
Eric Matthes.
pages cm
Includes index.
Summary: "A project-based introduction to programming in Python, with exercises.
Covers general
programming concepts, Python fundamentals, and problem solving. Includes three
projects - how to
create a simple video game, use data visualization techniques to make graphs and
charts, and build
an interactive web application"-- Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-59327-603-4 -- ISBN 1-59327-603-6
1. Python (Computer program language) I. Title.
QA76.73.P98M38 2015
005.13'3--dc23
2015018135

No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press,
Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their
respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked
name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark
owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch
Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.
About the Author
Eric Matthes is a high school science and math teacher living in Alaska,
where he teaches an introductory Python course. He has been writing
programs since he was five years old. Eric currently focuses on writing
software that addresses inefficiencies in education and brings the
benefits of open source software to the field of education. In his spare
time he enjoys climbing mountains and spending time with his family.
About the Technical Reviewer
Kenneth Love has been a Python programmer, teacher, and conference
organizer for many years. He has spoken and taught at many
conferences, been a Python and Django freelancer, and is currently a
software engineer for O’Reilly Media. Kenneth is co-creator of the
django-braces package, which provides several handy mixins for
Django’s class-based views. You can keep up with him on Twitter at
@kennethlove.
 For my father, who always made time to answer my
questions about programming, and for Ever, who is just
beginning to ask me his questions
 BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction

PART I: BASICS
Chapter 1: Getting Started
Chapter 2: Variables and Simple Data Types
Chapter 3: Introducing Lists
Chapter 4: Working with Lists
Chapter 5: if Statements
Chapter 6: Dictionaries
Chapter 7: User Input and while Loops
Chapter 8: Functions
Chapter 9: Classes
Chapter 10: Files and Exceptions
Chapter 11: Testing Your Code

PART II: PROJECTS

Project 1: Alien Invasion

Chapter 12: A Ship that Fires Bullets
Chapter 13: Aliens!
Chapter 14: Scoring
Project 2: Data Visualization
Chapter 15: Generating Data
Chapter 16: Downloading Data
Chapter 17: Working with APIs

Project 3: Web Applications

Chapter 18: Getting Started with Django
Chapter 19: User Accounts
Chapter 20: Styling and Deploying an App

Afterword

Appendix A: Installation and Troubleshooting

Appendix B: Text Editors and IDEs
Appendix C: Getting Help
Appendix D: Using Git for Version Control

Index
 CONTENTS IN DETAIL
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION
Who Is This Book For?
What Can You Expect to Learn?
Online Resources
Why Python?

PART I: BASICS

1
GETTING STARTED
Setting Up Your Programming Environment
Python Versions
Running Snippets of Python Code
About the Sublime Text Editor
Python on Different Operating Systems
Python on Windows
Python on macOS
Python on Linux
Running a Hello World Program
Configuring Sublime Text to Use the Correct Python Version
Running hello_world.py
Troubleshooting
Running Python Programs from a Terminal
On Windows
On macOS and Linux
Exercise 1-1: python.org
 Exercise 1-2: Hello World Typos
Exercise 1-3: Infinite Skills
Summary

2
VARIABLES AND SIMPLE DATA TYPES
What Really Happens When You Run hello_world.py
Variables
Naming and Using Variables
Avoiding Name Errors When Using Variables
Variables Are Labels
Exercise 2-1: Simple Message
Exercise 2-2: Simple Messages
Strings
Changing Case in a String with Methods
Using Variables in Strings
Adding Whitespace to Strings with Tabs or Newlines
Stripping Whitespace
Avoiding Syntax Errors with Strings
Exercise 2-3: Personal Message
Exercise 2-4: Name Cases
Exercise 2-5: Famous Quote
Exercise 2-6: Famous Quote 2
Exercise 2-7: Stripping Names
Numbers
Integers
Floats
Integers and Floats
Underscores in Numbers
Multiple Assignment
Constants
Exercise 2-8: Number Eight
Exercise 2-9: Favorite Number
Comments
How Do You Write Comments?
What Kind of Comments Should You Write?
Exercise 2-10: Adding Comments
The Zen of Python
Exercise 2-11: Zen of Python
Summary

3
INTRODUCING LISTS
What Is a List?
Accessing Elements in a List
Index Positions Start at 0, Not 1
Using Individual Values from a List
Exercise 3-1: Names
Exercise 3-2: Greetings
Exercise 3-3: Your Own List
Changing, Adding, and Removing Elements
Modifying Elements in a List
Adding Elements to a List
Removing Elements from a List
Exercise 3-4: Guest List
Exercise 3-5: Changing Guest List
Exercise 3-6: More Guests
Exercise 3-7: Shrinking Guest List
Organizing a List
Sorting a List Permanently with the sort() Method
Sorting a List Temporarily with the sorted() Function
Printing a List in Reverse Order
Finding the Length of a List
Exercise 3-8: Seeing the World
Exercise 3-9: Dinner Guests
Exercise 3-10: Every Function
Avoiding Index Errors When Working with Lists
Exercise 3-11: Intentional Error
Summary

4
WORKING WITH LISTS
Looping Through an Entire List
A Closer Look at Looping
Doing More Work Within a for Loop
Doing Something After a for Loop
Avoiding Indentation Errors
Forgetting to Indent
Forgetting to Indent Additional Lines
Indenting Unnecessarily
Indenting Unnecessarily After the Loop
Forgetting the Colon
Exercise 4-1: Pizzas
Exercise 4-2: Animals
Making Numerical Lists
Using the range() Function
Using range() to Make a List of Numbers
Simple Statistics with a List of Numbers
List Comprehensions
Exercise 4-3: Counting to Twenty
Exercise 4-4: One Million
Exercise 4-5: Summing a Million
Exercise 4-6: Odd Numbers
Exercise 4-7: Threes
Exercise 4-8: Cubes
Exercise 4-9: Cube Comprehension
Working with Part of a List
Slicing a List
Looping Through a Slice
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 light, trivial, fragile; illegal, illegitimate, invalid, defective;
insubstantial, fallacious, hollow, unfounded.
Sovereign, n. King, prince, potentate, monarch, emperor; ruler.
Ant. Subject, peasant, serf.
Sovereign, a. Supreme, paramount, superior, chief; independent,
unlimited, absolute; controlling, efficacious; princely, royal;
primary, principal, regal, imperial; predominant.
Ant. Inferior, subordinate, subservient, ministerial, secondary,
subject; popular, menial; inefficient, unefficacious, uncertain,
weak.
Space. Extension, room; interval, duration, time; capacity,
distance, measure, quantity; boundlessness, illimitableness;
immeasurableness, immensity.
Ant. Confinement, proximity, limitation, restriction, contiguity,
continuity.
Spare, a. Scanty, sparing, frugal, wanting, lacking, parsimonious,
needed, chary; superfluous; lean, meager, thin, gaunt.
Ant. Ample, abundant, profuse, plentiful, liberal, bountiful,
unsparing, unstinted, unrestricted, generous; plump, fat,
corpulent, portly.
Sparse. Scattered, sprinkled, infrequent, thin, scanty, meager, few.
Ant. Dense, thick, plentiful, many, populous, crowded,
numerous, frequent, multitudinous.
Speak. Say, talk, tell, utter, discourse, articulate, converse, express,
chat, chatter, enunciate, pronounce; announce, declaim, declare,
deliver.
Ant. Be mute or dumb; keep silence, be taciturn; suppress;
recall.
Speculation. Venture; theory, view, notion, conjecture;
consideration, meditation, contemplation, thought, weighing;
hypothesis, scheme.
Ant. Certainty, fact, verity, proof, realization, verification.
Speech. Address, discourse, language, speaking, talk, oration,
utterance, sermon, harangue, dissertation, oratory, disquisition.
Ant. Hush, silence, stillness, taciturnity, speechlessness.
Spirit. Life, soul; ghost, specter; fairy, sprite; energy, vivacity,
ardor, courage, enthusiasm; intellectuality; meaning, intent; vapor;
distilled liquid; air, breath; intelligence, immateriality, essence,
disembodiment, apparition; activity, earnestness, zeal; temper,
disposition; principle, motive.
Ant. Substance, body, corporeity, flesh, frame, materiality,
embodiment, organization; spiritlessness, timidity, lifelessness,
soullessness, deadness, torpor, dejection, slowness.
Spiritual. Immaterial, incorporeal, mental, intellectual; holy,
divine, heavenly-minded; ecclesiastical, sacred; moral; religious,
ethical.
Ant. Carnal, fleshly, material, sensuous; gross; unspiritual.
Splendid. Shining, showy, magnificent, sumptuous, pompous;
illustrious, brilliant, famous; gorgeous, grand, glorious; imposing;
superb, heroic, noble.
Ant. Dull, tame, obscure, tarnished, tawdry, somber, beggarly,
gloomy, poor, ordinary, ineffective, inglorious, insignificant,
mean, low.
Spontaneous. Free, intentional, voluntary, willing, unbidden,
impulsive, automatic, instinctive, deliberate.
Ant. Forced, compelled, coerced, unwilling, reluctant.
Spread, v. Open, unfurl, disperse, distribute, scatter, circulate,
disseminate, dispense; extend, stretch, expand, amplify; divulge,
propagate, publish, diffuse.
Ant. Collect, condense, contract, furl, gather, close, shut;
confine, suppress, restrict, recall, conceal, hush, localize.
Spring, v. Leap, bound, jump; shoot, fly, dart, start; emerge; bend,
warp; proceed, issue, result; burst, emanate, flow; rise, originate,
germinate.
Ant. Settle, alight, arrive, land, drop; end, terminate, debouch,
finish, eventuate.
Spy. Scout, emissary, detective.
Stable, a. Steady, abiding, firm, strong, durable; fixed, established;
constant, resolute, unwavering; secure, stanch, permanent; solid,
lasting, perpetual; immobile, rigid, unmovable.
 Ant. Vacillating, wavering, unsteady, toppling, weak, tottering,
infirm, insecure, precarious, frail, unstable; transient, ephemeral,
evanescent, vanishing, non-durable.
Stain, v. Blot, spot, sully, tarnish, tinge, tint, color, discolor,
disgrace, dishonor, dye, soil.
Ant. Preserve inviolate or unspotted.
Stand, v. Rest, continue upright or erect, be situated or located;
cease, stop, pause, halt; endure, last; maintain, be fixed or steady;
be, consist; agree, accord; endure, sustain, bear; withstand; submit
to.
Ant. Advance, move, proceed, progress; fail, fall, die, depart,
run, yield, succumb, drop; give up, surrender; retaliate, avenge,
resent.
Standard, n. Flag, colors, banner, ensign; criterion, test; support,
frame; model, type, norm; gage, measure, scale; upright; exemplar.
Ant. Misrule, mismeasurement, misadjustment, misfit, non-
criterion.
State, v. Declare, tell, assert, affirm, asseverate, allege, testify,
assure, swear, set forth, protest, predicate, pronounce, specify,
propound, maintain, inform, express, depose, claim, avow, avouch,
aver, certify.
Ant. Deny, contradict, controvert, disprove, refute, repudiate,
waive, contravene, dispute, gainsay, oppose, retract.
Station. Depot; place, spot, position, stand; office, sphere; state,
rank, condition, occupation, business.
Ant. Removal, departure; dislodgment, ejection, displacement;
locomotion.
Stay, v. Stop; prop, hold up, support, sustain; hold, restrain; hold
back, hinder, delay; check; fasten, secure; continue, abide, remain;
dwell, tarry, linger, wait; forbear; rest, depend, rely.
Ant. Loose, liberate, free; fail, let fall; expedite, speed,
accelerate; proceed, advance, progress, go on; move, depart;
oppress, burden; overthrow.
Steadfast. Established, firm; constant, resolute; grounded, rooted,
placed; resolved, unwavering, stanch.
 Ant. Unsteady, unattached; vacillating, wavering, weak,
insecure, irresolute, inconstant, unreliable.
Steep. Sharp, sheer, high, precipitous, abrupt.
Ant. Gradual, level, slight, flat, easy, gentle, horizontal, low.
Stiff. Rigid, inflexible, strong, obstinate, pertinacious, rigorous,
constrained, affected; unbending, unpliant; starched; formal,
ceremonious, difficult, punctilious, stately; austere, peremptory,
inexorable, uncompromising.
Ant. Flexible, pliant, unaffected, amenable, easy, yielding,
affable, genial, unceremonious, informal; pliable, malleable;
considerate, compromising.
Still. Noiseless; inert, stagnant, serene; motionless, restful, quiet;
silent, calm, soundless, low; hushed, mute, placid, quiescent;
stationary; gentle, soft, mild, pacific, peaceful.
Ant. Disturbed, agitated, moved, restless; noisy, moving, loud,
resonant, turbulent; unquiet, rough, harsh.
Stop. Suppress, discontinue, delay, interrupt; close, obstruct;
arrest, impede; restrain, hinder, repress; cease, halt, stay, tarry;
bar, seal; suspend, end, terminate.
Ant. Assist, advance, continue, expedite, speed, hasten,
promote; clear, open; improve, push, benefit; progress; facilitate;
initiate, commence, begin.
Storm. Agitation, disturbance, tempest.
Ant. Calm, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity, fair
weather.
Story. Narrative, legend, anecdote, account, tale, record, recital,
incident, myth, narration, novel, relation.
Ant. Annals, chronicle, biography, history, memoir.
Stout. Corpulent; portly; vigorous, strong, lusty, robust; firm,
resolute, bold; tough; large, bulky; brawny; valiant, courageous,
redoubtable.
Ant. Thin, slender, weak, lean, frail, feeble, attenuated,
emaciated; timid, irresolute, cowardly.
Strange. Outlandish, wonderful, astonishing, marvelous,
uncommon, irregular, queer, odd, eccentric; foreign, new, novel,
 unusual; reserved, distant; unfamiliar, unaccustomed,
inexperienced.
Ant. Familiar, usual, common, general, universal, accustomed,
ordinary, home, domestic, regular, customary, habitual,
commonplace.
Strength. Robustness, toughness, hardness, stoutness, spirit,
lustiness, puissance, authority; force, vigor, power; endurance,
resistance; security, validity; firmness; intensity; virtue; energy,
nerve, sinew, fiber; soundness.
Ant. Weakness, thinness, frailty, softness, delicacy; imbecility,
feebleness; spiritlessness, impotence, inability; insecurity,
invalidity; wavering.
Strenuous. Eager, pressing, urgent; zealous, ardent, earnest; bold,
intrepid; strong, determined, resolute; vigorous, energetic,
vehement, forceful.
Ant. Weak, irresolute, vacillating, wavering, enervated,
undetermined.
Strong. Powerful, cogent, muscular; robust, lusty, sinewy, hale,
hearty, vigorous, forceful; enduring, resistant; violent, forcible;
ardent, zealous, vehement, earnest, solid, nourishing; firm;
capable, potent, effective, influential, sound; pungent; hardy,
tenacious.
Ant. Weak, feeble, infirm, sickly, exhausted, debilitated,
wanting, pliant, frail, soft; low, faint; spiritless, foolish;
wavering, impotent, powerless, defenseless, insecure, delicate;
unefficacious, unconvincing, unsatisfactory, unavailing, flaccid,
nerveless.
Stubborn. Obstinate, inflexible, obdurate, headstrong, harsh,
intractable, firm, contumacious, heady; unbending, unyielding,
persistent, refractory.
Ant. Yielding, pliant, mild, gentle, docile, tractable,
manageable, flexible, pliable; vacillating, wavering, irresolute,
undecided.
Studious. Contemplative, observant; sedulous, earnest, diligent;
studied; absorbed, meditative, thoughtful, attentive, pondering,
devoted, musing, cogitative; careful, literary, reflective, assiduous.
 Ant. Illiterate, unliterary, idle, indulgent, careless, inattentive,
thoughtless, negligent, regardless, indifferent.
Study, n. Application, learning, acquisition, meditation,
contemplation; diligence, consideration, thought, research,
endeavor, knowledge, purpose, intention, attention, concentration.
Ant. Idleness, dawdling, illiteracy, ease, indifference,
indiligence, negligence, carelessness, unstudiousness,
thoughtlessness.
Stupid. Simple, insensible, sottish, sluggish, senseless, doltish,
heavy, dull; stolid, insensate, obtuse, prosy.
Ant. Quick, bright, sharp, intelligent, responsive, clever,
sensible, eager, animated, penetrating.
Stupidity. Slowness, dulness, obtuseness, insensibility,
sluggishness, stupor, apathy.
Ant. Intelligence, animation, brilliancy, acuteness, sensibility,
cleverness, sense, sagacity, quickness, readiness, alertness,
keenness.
Stupor. Apathy, swoon, torpor, lethargy, coma, fainting,
unconsciousness, stupefaction, asphyxia, swooning, insensibility,
syncope.
Sublime. Exalted, lofty, noble, majestic, grand, stately,
magnificent, dignified, elevated, august, pompous, high, eminent,
glorious.
Ant. Low, ignoble, debased, degraded, inglorious, ordinary,
mean, undignified, inconspicuous, unimposing, ridiculous.
Submissive. Obedient, compliant, yielding, obsequious,
subservient, humble, modest, passive, docile, acquiescent.
Ant. Disobedient, haughty, proud, arrogant, unyielding,
conceited, active, rebellious, reluctant, defiant, refractory,
resistant.
Subsidy. Aid, allowance, gift, bounty, reward, tribute, support,
subvention, pension, bonus, premium, grant, indemnity.
Substantial. Real, solid, true, existing, essential; corporeal,
material; strong, stout, resourceful, massive, tangible, bulky;
sensuous.
 Ant. Imaginary, unreal, insubstantial, fictitious, supposititious,
immaterial, weak, chimerical, visionary, spiritual, disembodied,
ghostly.
Subtle. Artful, crafty, cunning, shrewd, sly, wily; astute, guileful,
discriminating, insinuating, sophistical.
Ant. Frank, honest, open, sincere, artless, undiscriminating,
undiscerning, simple, direct, blunt, unsophisticated.
Subvert. Destroy, ruin, supplant, suppress, supersede, extinguish,
overthrow, overturn.
Ant. Conserve, preserve, uphold, sustain, keep, perpetuate.
Succeed. Follow, pursue; ensue, result, be subsequent; descend,
devolve; gain, acquire, attain, obtain, achieve, accomplish;
supervene; flourish, prosper, thrive.
Ant. Precede, anticipate, antecede; fail, deteriorate, be lacking,
lose, miss, disappoint, be deficient in; decline, wane, decay.
Succession. Succeeding, series, sequence, order; lineage, descent;
following, continuity, consecution, rotation, regularity.
Ant. Antecedence, precedence, anticipation, forerunning,
prevention; disorder, irregularity, non-sequence, intermission,
gap, failure, inconsecutiveness.
Sudden. Unexpected, unusual, abrupt, unlooked for, hasty,
unanticipated, unforeseen, unprovided for; rash, quick, heedless,
reckless.
Ant. Anticipated, foreseen, expected; slow, gradual,
transitional, moderate; wary, cautious, careful, provident.
Suffer. Support, sustain, tolerate, permit; allow, let, grant, consent
to; endure, bear, submit to, undergo, be affected by, experience.
Ant. Resist, rebel, repel, withstand; forbid, disallow, refuse,
reject, expel, repudiate; fight, antagonize, challenge.
Sufficient. Competent, satisfactory, full, ample; equal, adequate,
enough; qualified, capable, responsible; efficient; adapted, fitted.
Ant. Inadequate, incompetent, unsatisfactory, lacking,
wanting, unequal, unfit, incapable, unqualified, insufficient,
unsuited, meager, short, deficient, scanty.
Suggestion. Hint, innuendo, intimation, insinuation, implication.
Suitable. Proper, competent, correspondent, consonant,
compatible, congruous, consistent; fitting, accordant, becoming,
adapted; seemly, appropriate, agreeable, convenient; harmonious,
uniform; homogeneous.
Ant. Improper, divergent, incompetent, incompatible,
dissonant, incongruous, inconsistent, unfit, discordant,
unbecoming; unseemly, inappropriate, inconvenient;
unharmonious, different, heterogeneous.
Sum. Aggregate, quantity, magnitude, amount; compendium,
substance, gist; height, completion; total, whole, computation;
example, problem; collection; drift, bearing.
Ant. Part, portion, half, fraction, item, particular;
incompleteness, imperfection, discrepancy; article, detail,
fragment, component, constituent, element.
Superb. Grand, magnificent, august, stately; rich, elegant; showy,
excellent; princely, gorgeous, splendid; proud.
Ant. Mean, shabby, poor, undignified, dingy; meager; tawdry,
impoverished; ordinary, common; humble, plain, unimposing.
Superior. Elevated, higher, upper; surpassing, greater;
preëminent, excellent, ascendent, predominant, prevalent,
advantageous, beneficial.
Ant. Inferior, lower, worse, deeper, meaner, subordinate,
lesser, mediocre, ordinary, average, common, unremarkable,
inconspicuous, detrimental, disadvantageous; declining,
deteriorating.
Supernatural. Miraculous, preternatural, superhuman.
Ant. Common, natural, ordinary, commonplace, everyday,
usual.
Supple. Pliant, flexible, bending; fawning, soft; yielding,
compliant, submissive; flattering, obsequious, subservient, servile,
cringing, adulatory; lithe, limber, elastic.
Ant. Firm, stiff, unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, hard,
dominant, domineering; abusive, scolding, tyrannous;
unbending, stubborn, independent, self-assertive, supercilious,
arrogant, haughty.
Support. Maintain, sustain, uphold, cherish, keep, bear, prop,
carry, tolerate, hold up, keep up.
Ant. Demolish, abandon, betray, destroy, drop, desert, wreck,
break down, cast down, overthrow, let go, throw down.
Suppose. Deem, guess, imagine, think, conjecture, surmise.
Ant. Conclude, ascertain, discover, prove, know, be sure.
Suppress. Repress, subdue, restrain, overthrow, quell, overwhelm,
conceal, stifle, smother, stop; overpower, extinguish, destroy.
Ant. Excite, fan, increase, augment, strengthen, raise,
aggravate; publish, promulgate, advertise, spread, disseminate;
intensify.
Sure. Unfailing, infallible, permanent, steady, stable, strong,
indisputable, confident, positive, firm; certain, safe, secure,
assured, believing, trusting, unquestioning; abiding, fast.
Ant. Insecure, fallible, unsteady, inconstant, wavering,
indeterminate, dubitable, uncertain, questionable, impermanent,
doubtful, hesitating, distrustful, precarious, disputable, loose.
Surrender. Abandon, give over, relinquish, resign, waive, yield,
alienate, capitulate, cede, let go, sacrifice, give one’s self up.
Ant. Resist, withstand, oppose, thwart, baffle; die.
Suspense. Uncertainty, expectation, apprehension, anxiety,
indetermination, indecision; solicitude, intermission, protraction,
abeyance, doubt; pause, stop.
Ant. Decision, settlement, determination, finality, execution;
achievement, termination, accomplishment, end; uninterruption,
continuance, continuity, regularity, sequence.
Sustenance. Subsistence, food, provision, maintenance, support;
supplies, aliment, nutriment, nourishment; livelihood, living,
nutrition, sustentation.
Ant. Starvation, want, indigence, poverty, hunger, lack, thirst,
inanition, exhaustion; non-subsistence, non-support.
Sweet. Sugary, saccharine, dulcet, luscious; agreeable, pleasing,
fragrant, soft, melodious; beautiful, mild, fair; fresh; amiable,
winning; wholesome.
 Ant. Sour, bitter, sharp, acid; discordant, inharmonious,
dissonant; disagreeable, displeasing; fetid, malodorous; plain,
homely; stale, unwholesome, spoiled; offensive, repulsive,
unlovely.
Swift. Quick, fleet, speedy, expeditious, rapid, prompt; accelerated,
nimble, alert, ready, headlong, eager, fast.
Ant. Slow, tardy, delaying, late, unready, laggard, deliberate,
sedate, reluctant, lingering, lazy, loitering, inactive, sluggish,
inexpeditious.
Symmetry. Proportion, grace, conformity, uniformity, similarity,
regularity, shapeliness, harmony, agreement; comeliness.
Ant. Disproportion, disharmony, incongruity, irregularity,
disagreement, disparity, shapelessness; interdisparity.
Sympathy. Pity, compassion, commiseration, tenderness,
condolence; fellow-feeling; agreement, conformity, reciprocity;
congeniality.
Ant. Antipathy, harshness, antagonism, unkindness, coldness,
mercilessness, pitilessness.
Synonymous. Similar, correspondent, like, identical,
interchangeable, alike, same, corresponding, synonymic,
equivalent.
Ant. Antonymic.
System. Order, mode, method, regularity, rule, manner.
Ant. Confusion, chaos, disorder, derangement, irregularity,
disarrangement.
 T

Tacit. Silent, implied, granted, unexpressed, understood, implicit.

Ant. Mentioned, expressed, explicit, declared.
Taciturn. Mute, silent, speechless, reserved, close, dumb,
uncommunicative, reticent.
Ant. Communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative,
unreserved.
Take. Lay hold, seize, grasp, obtain; capture, fasten on; attack;
gain, captivate, charm; choose, turn to; employ, use, demand,
require; copy, delineate; assume, adopt; acquire; engage in,
indulge in; carry, convey, conduct; remove, withdraw, deduct;
acknowledge, accept; receive, admit; partake of, swallow;
undertake, clear; tolerate, endure; consider, interpret, suppose;
receive, submit to, bear.
Ant. Drop, reject, abandon, surrender, miss, lose, repel, refuse,
decline, repulse, spurn.
Talent. Ability, gift, endowment, genius, faculty; capacity,
cleverness, aptitude, forte.
Ant. Inability, ineptitude, incompetence, imbecility, stupidity.
Tangible. Perceptible, tactile, palpable; apprehensible, evident,
manifest, clear; material, substantial, sensible, obvious.
Ant. Impalpable, spiritual, intangible, incorporeal, immaterial,
incomprehensible.
Tart. Sharp, acid, sour; keen, severe; harsh, caustic, petulant,
acrimonious.
Ant. Gentle, mild, genial, kindly, polite; mellow, sweet.
Taste, n. Savor, relish, flavor, sensibility, judgment; discernment,
nicety, perception, zest, choice, elegancy, refinement.
 Ant. Disrelish, insipidity, ill-savor, coarseness, indelicacy, non-
perception, indiscrimination.
Tasteful. Delicate, artistic, elegant, dainty, esthetic, exquisite,
fastidious, fine, chaste, nice, tasty, delicious, esthetical.
Ant. Coarse, rough, rude, harsh, hideous, clumsy, disgusting,
deformed, displeasing, fulsome, gaudy, grotesque, distasteful,
horrid, inartistic, inharmonious, meretricious, offensive, ragged,
tawdry.
Taunt, v. Ridicule, mock, jeer, deride, revile, flout, scoff, scorn,
insult; reproach, rebuke, censure.
Ant. Compliment, flatter, approve of, congratulate.
Teach. Discipline, instruct, tutor, school, train, educate, enlighten,
drill, inculcate, give lessons, give instructions, indoctrinate, inform,
initiate, instill, nurture.
Ant. Learn, study, practice, investigate, experiment, try,
develop, receive, drink in, acquire, attain, imbibe, understand,
glean, gather, collect.
Tedious. Wearisome, fatiguing, irksome, tiresome; prolix, dull,
slow, monotonous, tiring, trying.
Ant. Interesting, exciting, amusing, charming, delightful,
stirring, bright, entertaining.
Tell. Enumerate, communicate, impart, reveal, disclose, report,
acquaint, repeat, rehearse, discover; count, number, reckon,
recount; narrate, divulge; inform, teach; order, command, request.
Temerity. Audacity, foolhardiness, rashness, presumption,
recklessness, hardihood, hastiness, heedlessness, precipitation,
overconfidence, precipitancy, venturesomeness.
Ant. Care, caution, hesitation, cowardice, timidity, wariness,
circumspection.
Temporal. Transient, fleeting, transitory, temporary; terrestrial,
worldly, secular, mundane.
Ant. Eternal, permanent, everlasting; religious, spiritual.
Tendency. Proneness, drift, aim, disposition; direction, course;
influence; inclination, leaning, bent, bias; proclivity, aptitude,
propensity, liability.
 Ant. Aversion, repulsion, repugnance; opposition, reluctance,
divergence, tangency, deviation.
Tender. Effeminate, soft, sensitive, compassionate, humane, kind,
merciful, pitiful, dear, delicate; gentle, mild, susceptible.
Ant. Hard, pitiless, callous, careless, heedless, rough, coarse,
unkind, inhuman, unmerciful, unfeeling; hardy, strong, sturdy.
Tension. Strain, stretch, effort, stretching, tensity, tenseness, rigor,
severity, harshness, stiffness, tightness.
Ant. Relaxation, release, relief, laxity, slackness, looseness.
Term. Boundary, limit; expression, phrase, word, name; member,
condition, denomination.
Termination. Limit, end, conclusion, bound, result; completion,
consequence, effect; fulfilment, consummation, accomplishment,
achievement, finis, finality, exit, issue.
Ant. Beginning, initiation, inception, commencement, rise,
start, origin, source, cause, process, course.
Terrible. Terrific, fearful, horrible, shocking, awful; dreadful,
formidable, frightful; tremendous; astounding, startling.
Ant. Insignificant, amusing, pleasing; unastonishing.
Terse. Concise, pithy, succinct, short, brief, laconic, compact,
sententious, condensed, compendious, neat.
Ant. Long, lengthy, tedious, wordy, diffuse, prolix, verbose.
Testimony. Affirmation, certification, deposition, proof, evidence,
witness, affidavit, attestation, oath.
Ant. Demonstration.
Theory. Hypothesis, speculation; doctrine, conjecture,
explanation; assumption, scheme, postulate, plan; science,
philosophy; exposition, rationale; supposition.
Ant. Fact, truth, verity, actuality.
Therefore. Consequently, then, hence, thence, whence, wherefore,
accordingly.
Ant. Because, as for, inasmuch as, since.
Thick. Dense, close, compact, solid, coarse, gross; muddy, turbid,
misty; crowded, abundant; indistinct; dull; numerous; inarticulate.
 Ant. Thin, rare, sparse, infrequent; pure, limpid, crystalline,
clear, distinct, incompact, shallow, articulate.
Think. Cogitate, contemplate; remember, reflect, muse, meditate,
ponder, consider, deliberate, judge, conclude, believe; purpose,
intend, design, mean; presume, venture; imagine, apprehend.
Ant. Guess, hazard; dream, idle, stargaze, wander, rove.
Thought. Imagination, fancy, conceit, notion, consideration,
supposition, contemplation, deliberation; reflection, cogitation,
meditation, conception, solicitude, care, concern; reasoning; idea,
opinion, concept, judgment, purpose, intention, provision.
Ant. Thoughtlessness, giddiness, carelessness, inconsideration,
dreaminess, dulness, stupidity, rashness, impulsiveness; vacuity,
dream, hallucination, aberration.
Threat. Menace, denunciation, threatening, intimidation.
Ant. Promise, encouragement, allurement, enticement;
anticipation.
Thrifty. Economical, saving, careful; sparing, frugal, industrious,
prosperous, thriving; provident, foresighted.
Ant. Wasteful, prodigal, uneconomical, lavish, spendthrift,
extravagant; slack, lazy; improvident, unprepared.
Throng. Concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press.
Ant. Solitude; wilderness, desert, waste.
Tidings. Message, information, intelligence, news, rumor, report,
advices, announcement.
Ant. Suppression, censorship, misinformation, canard.
Time. Epoch, era, period, date, age, eon, season, term, while,
succession, sequence, duration.
Timid. Fearful, timorous, cowardly, afraid, pusillanimous, faint-
hearted, shrinking, retiring, shy; diffident, bashful.
Ant. Bold, confident, venturesome, courageous, adventurous,
heedless.
Tip. Incline, lean, list, slant, slope, tilt, cant, careen, dip, heel over.
Tire. Exhaust, fag, weary, fatigue, jade, harass, wear out.
Ant. Refresh, recreate, rest, relax, relieve, repose, restore,
invigorate.
Title. Epithet, name, appellation, designation, cognomen,
denomination; address, inscription, heading, style.
Ant. Nondescript, namelessness.
Together. With, in company, associated, conjoined, unitedly,
simultaneously, contemporaneously, coincidently.
Ant. Separately, variously, independently.
Toil. Labor, drudgery, work, exertion, employment, occupation,
task, travail.
Ant. Rest, relaxation, recreation, ease; amusement, pleasure,
enjoyment, fun.
Tolerable. Endurable, bearable, supportable; passable, medium,
ordinary, mediocre, indifferent.
Ant. Intolerable, unendurable, insufferable, unbearable,
insupportable.
Tool. Appliance, implement, apparatus, mechanism, utensil,
machine, weapon.
Topic. Head, division, motion, point, proposition, question, issue,
subject, theme, matter.
Torment. Pain, misery, agony, anguish, torture, distress.
Ant. Enjoyment, pleasure, comfort, ease, gratification, delight.
Total, a. Whole, entire, full, absolute, complete, undivided.
Ant. Partial, imperfect, incomplete, divided, fractional,
sectional.
Trace. Mark, remains, sign, vestige, track, token, trail, footmark,
footprint, footstep, impression, memorial, remnant.
Trade. Profession, occupation, office, calling, avocation,
employment, commerce, dealing, traffic.
Ant. Stagnation, inactivity, dulness, embargo; leisure,
vacation, idleness, vacancy.
Tragedy. Mournful drama; catastrophe, calamity, adversity,
disaster, affliction.
Ant. Comedy, happiness, mirthful drama, prosperity, luck,
good fortune.
Traitor. Betrayer, turncoat, renegade, rebel, deceiver, apostate;
insurgent, deserter, mutineer.
Ant. Patriot, adherent, defender, supporter.
Tranquil. Quiet, calm, undisturbed, peaceful, unagitated;
unruffled, composed, poised, collected, cool.
Ant. Agitated, excited, uneasy, anxious, troubled, restless.
Transact. Conduct, carry on, perform, act, accomplish, do,
negotiate, treat.
Ant. Leave alone, rest, stop, refrain, desist, cease.
Transaction. Business, action, deed, proceeding, doing, affair, act,
negotiation, performance.
Ant. Inactivity, quiescence, rest, neglect, inaction, passivity.
Transgression. Infringement, misdemeanor, misdeed, affront;
violation, breach, fault, crime, offense, sin.
Ant. Innocence, guiltlessness; purity, righteousness;
observance, obedience, fulfilment.
Transient. Fleeting, temporary, transitory, ephemeral, evanescent,
brief, flitting, flying, momentary, passing, fugitive, short.
Ant. Permanent, perpetual, lasting, enduring, abiding,
immortal, everlasting, unfading, undying, persistent, eternal,
imperishable.
Transparent. Translucent, pellucid, clear, lucid; diaphanous;
open, porous; crystalline, limpid, bright; perspicuous.
Ant. Opaque, thick, turbid; mysterious, questionable, dubious.
Travel. Go, pass, journey, migrate, move, traverse, wander, roam.
Ant. Dwell, reside, stay, remain, settle.
Treasure. Wealth, abundance, plenty; money, jewels, cash,
valuables, hoard, riches, bullion; reserve.
Ant. Refuse, trash, offal; dregs, trifles.
Treaty. Negotiation, compact, agreement, covenant, alliance,
convention, contract.
Ant. Neutrality, non-interference, non-intervention.
Tremendous. Frightful, terrific, horrible, awful; fearful, appalling,
alarming, horrifying, dreadful.
 Ant. Unappalling, inconsiderable, unimposing.
Trial. Attempt, endeavor, essay; effort, exertion; experience, proof,
test; examination, experiment; criterion, ordeal, assay; temptation,
trouble, affliction, distress, grief, suffering, tribulation.
Ant. Non-attempt; ease, facility; acceptance; oversight,
disregard; trifle, triviality.
Trick. Stratagem, wile, fraud, cheat, juggle, finesse, sleight;
deception, imposture, delusion, imposition; artifice, machination,
contrivance, legerdemain.
Ant. Exposure, revelation, examination; blunder, botch,
bungling, fumbling, maladroitness, mishap; genuineness,
artlessness, openhandedness.
Triumph. Success, conquest, victory; ovation, celebration, jubilee,
jubilation, exultation; achievement, attainment.
Ant. Defeat, failure, disappointment, discomfiture, abortion,
baffling.
Trouble. Affliction, sorrow, disturbance, perplexity, vexation,
molestation, annoyance, inconvenience, calamity, misfortune,
adversity, misery; tribulation, distress, disaster, torment, difficulty,
anxiety.
Ant. Blessing, peace, composure, alleviation, appeasement,
pleasure, fortune, boon, affluence, happiness, joy, success,
gladness, ease, facility, amusement, recreation.
True. Correct, accurate, precise, exact; unwavering, faithful, loyal;
actual, pure, real, genuine; veritable.
Ant. Untrue, false, fictitious, unreliable, incorrect, inaccurate,
inexact; vacillating, disloyal, faithless; counterfeit, impure,
unreal, factitious, untrustworthy, adulterated, spurious, fickle,
treacherous.
Trust, n. Confidence, belief, expectation, faith, hope; reliance.
Ant. Doubt, misgiving, distrust, skepticism, suspense; despair.
Truth. Fact, reality, fidelity, conformity, exactness; steadfastness;
veracity, verity; accuracy, precision, faithfulness.
Ant. Falsehood, falsity, lie, untruth, fabrication, fiction; fallacy,
mistake, sophism.
Tumult. Ferment, disturbance, turbulence, disorder, bluster,
hubbub, bustle, brawl, riot; excitement, distraction, confusion,
turmoil, noise.
Ant. Peace, order, orderliness, pacification, quiet, subsidence.
Turn, n. Revolution; alteration, vicissitude; winding, bending,
meandering; stroll; succession, alternation; chance, occasion;
convenience, purpose, exigence; form, cast, shape, manner,
fashion; rotation, recurrence; opportunity; deed, office, treatment,
act; tendency, talent, gift; crisis.
Ant. Fixity, unchangeableness, immobility, uniformity,
stability, continuity; independence; malformation, shapelessness.
Turn, v. Revolve, reverse, deflect, change; divert, transfer, use,
employ, apply, devote; alter, metamorphose, transform, convert;
shape, mold, adapt; whirl; hinge, depend; eventuate, issue,
terminate.
Ant. Stick, stop, remain; adhere, hold to; persist, continue;
stabilitate, perpetuate, arrest, stereotype.
Tutor. Teacher, instructor, professor, preceptor, master, savant,
guardian, governor.
Ant. Pupil, student, novice, disciple, scholar, ward, learner.
Twist, v. Contort, writhe, convolve; pervert, distort; wind, wreathe;
insinuate; encircle.
Ant. Straighten, untwist, rectify, unwind, disentangle, unravel;
verify, substantiate.
Type. Mark, stamp, sign, emblem; style, semblance;
representation, similitude, figure, symbol, token; character,
pattern, archetype, model, norm; cast, mold, fashion.
Ant. Caricature, monstrosity, abnormity; falsification,
deviation; misrepresentation.
 U

Ubiquity. Omnipresence; universal presence, all-pervasiveness.

Ant. Localization, limitation.
Ugly. Loathsome, unsightly, repulsive; ill-natured, quarrelsome;
unpleasant; plain, ordinary, homely, hideous, frightful; cross,
vicious.
Ant. Attractive, handsome, fair, pleasant, agreeable, beautiful,
shapely, comely; lovely, kindly, good-natured, gentle.
Ultimate. Final, last, conclusive, farthest, extreme, most remote;
elemental.
Ant. Initial, nearest, beginning, primary.
Un-. A prefix meaning not or without, or simply intensive, which is
prefixed to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and the participles of verbs.
Words whose meaning is simply that of the root word with
negative or intensive emphasis are omitted here, and their
synonyms and antonyms may be formed from those of the root
word.
Unction. Anointing, ointment; power, fervor, animation, fervency,
ardor, enthusiasm, energy, spirit, emotion.
Ant. Tameness, perfunctoriness, coldness, lifelessness.
Unctuous. Fatty, oily, greasy; bland, suave, tender, fervid;
obsequious, fawning, servile, sycophantic.
Ant. Blunt, brush, abrupt; cynical, sarcastic; harsh,
unmannerly, uncomplimentary.
Under-. A prefix meaning beneath or below. Words whose
meaning is simply that of the root word with the meaning of the
prefix added are omitted in this place, and their synonyms and
antonyms may be formed in many cases from those of the root
word.
Under, prep. Below, beneath, underneath.
Ant. Above, upon, over.
Understand. Know, comprehend; learn, be informed, hear;
recognize, interpret; imply, assume; apprehend, discern, see,
perceive, conceive, penetrate.
Ant. Misunderstand, miscomprehend, misinterpret; declare,
state; express, inform.
Understanding. Sense, intelligence, conception, perception,
discernment, knowledge, intuition, cognition, reason;
interpretation; mind, brains.
Ant. Insensibility, stupidity, dulness, obtuseness, senselessness,
slowness, irrationality, sluggishness, ignorance, unintelligence.
Undertake. Engage, enter, set about, attempt; covenant, contract;
guarantee, promise, affirm; project, commence; stipulate.
Ant. Abandon, drop, desist, discontinue, decline; complete,
finish, end, terminate.
Undertaking. Enterprise, engagement, attempt, adventure,
business, effort, endeavor; experiment, venture, interest, affair,
matter, concern.
Ant. Leisure, inactivity; recreation.
Undulation. Waving motion; vibration; wavy outline; pulsation;
oscillation, swelling; wave, ripple.
Ant. Equilibrium; arrestation, standing; plain, tableland.
Uniform. Unchanging, equable, consistent, homogeneous;
consonant; regular, constant, invariable, steady; similar, unvaried,
alike.
Ant. Heterogeneous, variable, varying, diverse; irregular,
inconsistent, erratic, eccentric, unsymmetrical.
Union. Unity, connection, concord, combination, confederacy,
alliance; coalition, conjunction; harmony, concert, agreement;
league, confederation, consolidation; oneness, juncture,
unification.
 Ant. Disconnection, separation, disjunction, disunion, divorce,
severance, analysis, dissociation, contrariety, decomposition,
division, schism, partition, discord, disagreement, secession,
disruption; multiplication, diversification.
Unique. Sole, only, unmatched, unequalled, unparalleled, singular,
peculiar, exceptional, rare.
Ant. Common, universal, everyday, commonplace, ordinary,
familiar, vulgar, mean.
Unison. Harmony, agreement, concord, union, accordance.
Ant. Discord, variance, disagreement, divergence.
Unit. Oneness, unity; one; integral; item, individual.
Ant. Sum, mass, total, aggregate, whole, collection.
Unite. Add, join, attach, annex; combine, connect; agree,
harmonize, associate, coalesce; incorporate, consolidate,
amalgamate, blend, embody, merge, concur, coöperate, league,
confederate.
Ant. Disjoin, sever, separate, divide, resolve, disconnect;
disintegrate, dissociate, sunder, diverge; multiply, split, disrupt.
Unity. Oneness, concord, conjunction, agreement, junction,
uniformity, harmony, union; singleness, unanimity.
Ant. Separation, disunion, disconnection, division,
disagreement, divorce.
Universal. General, unlimited, all-reaching; total, whole, entire;
catholic, common; comprehensive, exhaustive, complete.
Ant. Specific, special, individual, particular, limited, local,
partial, exclusive, exceptional.
Up-. A prefix giving the idea of elevation or an intensive value.
Words whose meaning is derived quite simply from that of the root
plus that of the prefix are omitted here. Their synonyms and
antonyms may be readily formed from those of the root word.
Upbraid. Reproach, censure, blame, condemn; taunt, chide,
reprove.
Ant. Approve, commend, praise, eulogize, compliment,
applaud.
Upon. On; about, concerning; with, immediately after, forthwith.
 Ant. Under, beneath, below; before, after, without.
Upper. Higher, superior, on top.
Ant. Lower, inferior, below, beneath.
Upright. Erect, perpendicular, vertical; honest, just, honorable,
conscientious, virtuous, good, faithful, true, trustworthy.
Ant. Inclined, slanted; inverted; unprincipled, dishonest,
unscrupulous, corrupt, unconscientious.
Uproar. Tumult, disturbance, confusion, bustle, clamor,
commotion, turmoil, racket, noise, din.
Ant. Peace, calm, quiet, silence, order, tranquillity.
Urbane. Courteous, polite, refined, suave, elegant; civil, polished.
Ant. Discourteous, uncivil, unrefined, impolite, rude, boorish.
Urge. Animate, instigate, stimulate, encourage, arouse; impel,
press, drive; beseech, entreat, importune; goad, spur, incite;
hasten, accelerate, expedite.
Ant. Hold back, hinder, obstruct, prevent, retard, inhibit,
restrain; defy, challenge, dare; oppose, object.
Urgent. Urging, pressing, importunate, immediate, important,
imperative, grave, momentous, serious, cogent, solicitous, critical,
emergency, necessitous.
Ant. Trivial, insignificant, unimportant, immaterial,
inconsiderable.
Usage. Custom, wont, habit, use; mode, method, manners,
behavior; practice, procedure; fashion.
Use. Employment, application, occasion, necessity, usefulness,
utility; practice, usage, custom, manner, habit; service, advantage;
profit, avail, need; benefit.
Ant. Uselessness, misapplication, superfluousness,
worthlessness, disuse, non-observance, desuetude.
Useful. Advantageous, profitable, serviceable, beneficial; fruitful,
effectual, suitable, effective, adapted, helpful, good, convenient,
valuable, available.
Ant. Useless, profitless, unprofitable, valueless, unserviceable,
fruitless, inconducive, ineffectual, unavailing, retarding,
hindering, preventive, obstructive, cumbersome, burdensome,
unusable.
Usual. Familiar, frequent, ordinary, regular, wonted, prevalent,
accustomed, common, customary, everyday, general, normal,
habitual, prevailing, public.
Ant. Exceptional, infrequent, extraordinary, strange,
uncommon, unparalleled, unusual, out-of-the-way, singular,
rare.
Usurp. Arrogate, assume, appropriate, seize.
Ant. Inherit, accept, receive.
Utility. Profit, expediency, use, usefulness, avail, benefit,
advantage, service, usableness.
Ant. Futility, inutility, inadequacy, inexpediency, uselessness,
folly, impolicy, disadvantage, worthlessness, unprofitableness.
Utmost. Farthest, extreme, remotest, last, most distant; uttermost;
greatest.
Ant. Nearest, next; least.
Utter, v. Issue, deliver, liberate, discharge; circulate, pass; express,
publish, disclose, speak, pronounce; promulgate.
Ant. Suppress, recall, check, stifle, hush, repress; retract,
disavow.
Utter, a. Complete, perfect, total, entire, absolute; peremptory,
unconditional, unqualified; thorough.
Ant. Imperfect, incomplete; conditioned, qualified; partial.
Utterly. Fully, totally, thoroughly.
Ant. Partially, imperfectly, specifically.
 V

Vacancy. Emptiness; leisure, intermission, idleness; vacuum;

chasm, gap; interval; vacuity, space, void.
Ant. Fulness, plethora, repletion; business, occupation,
employment.
Vacant. Blank, empty, void, unoccupied, waste, unemployed,
untenanted, vacuous, unfilled, devoid, unencumbered, disengaged,
idle, uncrowded; inane, silly; free; thoughtless, unreflective;
abandoned; inane; leisure; unmeaning.
Ant. Full, filled, occupied, replenished, diligent, busy, engaged,
employed; reflective, thoughtful, meaningful; brimful, busy,
crammed, inhabited, packed, replete, brimmed, overflowing,
brimming, jammed, gorged, crowded.
Vacate. Empty, make vacant, quit, resign, surrender; annul,
abrogate, cancel, invalidate, abscind, abolish, overrule, neutralize.
Ant. Fill, occupy, employ, hold, retain, substantiate.
Vacation. Interval, intermission, holidays, rest, leisure.
Ant. Worktime, term, business.
Vacillate. Fluctuate, waver, be unsteady, stagger, reel, sway, rock,
hesitate, be inconstant, dubitate.
Ant. Adhere, abide, determine, be steadfast, stay.
Vacillation. Wavering, fluctuating, swaying, reeling, rocking,
fluctuation, hesitation, inconstancy, unsteadiness.
Ant. Steadiness, firmness, inflexibility, determination.
Vacuity. Emptiness, vacancy, void, vacuum; inanity, nihility,
inanition, unreality; space.
Ant. Fulness, bulk, matter, substance; occupation, actuality,
reality; contents.
Vagabond. Wanderer, vagrant, tramp, rascal; outcast, loafer,
nomad, idler, beggar, rogue.
Ant. Worker, laborer.
Vagary. Whim, freak, crotchet, whimsicality, caprice, fancy.
Ant. Purpose, idea, determination, judgment, seriousness,
conviction.
Vagrant, a. Wandering, erratic, unsettled, strolling, itinerant,
roving, sauntering, nomadic.
Ant. Domestic, local, established, resident, abiding, dwelling.
Vague. Unsettled, undetermined, indefinite, ambiguous, lax,
uncertain, dim, doubtful, obscure, indistinct, unfixed, general,
intangible, equivocal, pointless; unwarranted, unauthorized.
Ant. Determined, limited, strict, specific, pointed, definite,
distinct, scientific, settled, clear, fixed, manifest, perspicuous.
Vain. Futile, trivial, vapid, visionary, worthless, abortive,
unsatisfying, fruitless, empty, deceitful, baseless, delusive,
bootless, idle, ineffectual, shadowy, trifling, unserviceable,
unsubstantial, profitless, inconstant, unprofitable, null, nugatory,
unavailing, unimportant, unreal; showy, useless; conceited,
arrogant, ostentatious.
Ant. Adequate, solid, useful, effective, powerful, worthy,
important, sufficient, serviceable, potent, competent,
advantageous, beneficial, efficient, expedient, profitable, real,
sound, substantial, valid, valuable, essential, cogent, availing,
satisfactory, modest.
Valediction. Farewell, valedictory, leave-taking, adieu.
Ant. Salutation, welcome, hail, reception, recognition.
Valiant. Strong, powerful, intrepid, courageous, brave, valorous,
heroic, gallant, chivalrous, daring, dauntless, bold, fearless,
redoubtable, undaunted, stout-hearted.
Ant. Timid, cowardly, fearful, timorous, recreant, craven.
Valid. Sound, good, justified, trustworthy, well-grounded,
efficacious, weighty, powerful, efficient, conclusive, logical, solid,
cogent, important, grave, substantial, sufficient.
 Ant. Weak, invalid, null, void, unsound, baseless, fallacious,
unfounded, untrue; unavailable, inoperative, superseded.
Validity. Soundness, justness, efficacy, force, weight, cogency,
importance.
Ant. Weakness, impotency, ineffectiveness, lightness, futility.
Valor. Bravery, courage, prowess, intrepidity, heroism, boldness,
daring.
Ant. Timidity, fearfulness, cowardice, pusillanimity.
Valuable. Worthy, estimable, costly, precious, expensive, useful,
dear, serviceable.
Ant. Worthless, valueless, cheap, inexpensive, silly, useless,
trifling, trivial.
Value, n. Worth, utility, desirability, importance, power; import,
signification; esteem, regard, excellence; price, cost, equivalent.
Ant. Cheapness, reduction, depreciation.
Value, v. Compute, esteem, respect, regard; be worth, rate,
appraise, estimate; appreciate, prize, treasure, account.
Ant. Cheapen, reduce, contemn, despise, undervalue,
underestimate; disregard, disesteem, misprize.
Vanish. Disappear, fade, pass away, dissolve, melt away, be
annihilated.
Ant. Appear, approach, be manifest, loom up, arrive.
Vanity. Pride, conceit; unreality, worthlessness, emptiness;
hollowness, triviality, futility, unsubstantiality, falsity; egoism, self-
sufficiency; show, ostentation.
Ant. Reality, truth, worth; simplicity; modesty, humility, self-
distrust; substance, solidity.
Vanquish. Conquer, overcome, subdue, defeat, surmount, confute,
silence; subjugate, overthrow, master, foil, discomfit, quell;
disprove, confound.
Ant. Succumb, yield, fail.
Vapid. Dead, spiritless, flat, insipid, dull, unanimated; tasteless,
stale, tame; languid, prosaic, feeble, prosy.
Ant. Pungent, spirited, animated, pithy, trenchant.
Vapor, n. Fume, steam, reek, exhalation, smoke, fog, mist; vagary,
phantom, whim, dream, vision; flatulence; fantasy.
Ant. Inhalation, absorption.
Variable. Changeable, fickle, inconstant, mutable, shifting,
unsteady, vacillating, wavering, fluctuating, versatile, capricious.
Ant. Unchanging, immutable, constant, firm, unwavering,
steady, invariable, unalterable.
Variance. Variation, dissension, disagreement, discord, difference,
alteration, strife; hostility, antagonism, discrepancy, estrangement.
Ant. Harmony, agreement, assimilation, reconciliation,
accommodation, peace.
Variation. Modification, alteration, mutation, change, diversity,
vicissitude, variety, deviation; departure, difference, discrepancy.
Ant. Fixity, harmony, continuance, uniformity, rule, law,
agreement.
Variegated. Streaked, dappled, particolored, diversified, varied,
checkered, figured, mottled.
Ant. Unspotted, spotless, speckless.
Variety. Diversity, difference, assortment, species, class,
multifariousness, medley, miscellany, multiplicity, kind.
Ant. Type, species, specimen, uniformity.
Various. Different, diverse, several, manifold, changeable,
uncertain, inconstant, variable, variegated, sundry, diversified.
Ant. Identical, few, same, uniform, similar, single.
Varnish, v. Gloss, palliate, conceal, cover, embellish, disguise,
lacquer, extenuate, excuse, mitigate, glaze over.
Ant. Simplify, divest; reveal, bare, manifest.
Vary. Alter, change, modify, alternate, diversify, variegate, differ,
deviate, depart, be diverse, swerve, disagree, transform,
metamorphose.
Ant. Stereotype, perpetuate; conform, assimilate, harmonize.
Vast. Spacious, huge, immense, great, mighty, transcendent,
measureless, boundless, colossal, enormous, stupendous,
prodigious, gigantic, monstrous, remarkable, extraordinary.
 Ant. Moderate, limited, confined, circumscribed, narrow, close,
small.
Vaticination. Prediction, divination, prophecy, prognostication,
augury.
Ant. Fulfilment, ratification, realization, verification,
accomplishment.
Vault. Jump, spring, bound, leap; tumble, turn.
Ant. Crawl, creep, grovel.
Vaunt. Boast, brag, display, show off; advertise, flourish, parade.
Ant. Conceal, disparage, decry, detract, repress, suppress.
Veer. Shift, turn, change, trim, vacillate.
Ant. Stand, stick, adhere, persist, remain.
Vegetate. Sprout, grow, germinate; bask, idle, hibernate.
Ant. Decay, fade, wither, pine; bustle, energize, work, stir.
Vehemence. Impetuosity, violence, fury, frenzy, ardor, fervor,
fervency, warmth, zeal, enthusiasm, passion, force, intensity.
Ant. Passivity, inertia, quiescence, coldness, stoicism,
indifference, unconcern, apathy, inattention.
Vehement. Raging, hot, ardent, fervid, burning, passionate, eager,
violent, impetuous, furious, urgent, mighty, forcible, powerful,
sanguine, enthusiastic.
Ant. Cool, impassive, indifferent, feeble, mild, controlled,
subdued, cold, stoical, passionless, weak, inanimate.
Veil, v. Cover, invest, hide, conceal, screen, mask, shroud, envelop.
Ant. Expose, disclose, strip, denude, unveil, make manifest.
Velocity. Celerity, fleetness, rapidity, speed, swiftness; impetus,
momentum.
Ant. Inertia, sluggishness, inertness; resistance; passivity,
languor, inactivity.
Venal. Mercenary, hireling, sordid, purchasable, salable,
prostitute.
Ant. Honest, honorable, incorruptible, public-spirited,
patriotic, unpurchasable, generous, disinterested.
Vend. Barter, trade, sell, hawk, retail.
 Ant. Buy, purchase, bribe, subsidize.
Venerable. Worthy, honorable, estimable; dread, awful; sage,
wise, grave.
Ant. Despicable, dishonored; informal, free, intimate, easy;
foolish, silly.
Venerate. Honor, respect, revere, reverence, adore, admire,
worship.
Ant. Dishonor, disregard, scorn, scoff at, slight, spurn, detest,
disdain, despise, contemn, abhor, execrate.
Veneration. Reverence, adoration, respect, awe, worship, esteem,
dread.
Ant. Irreverence, loathing, disrespect, contempt, disdain,
dishonor, scorn.
Vengeance. Punishment, retribution, revenge, retaliation.
Ant. Forgiveness, pardon, reprieve, indulgence, amnesty,
remission, absolution.
Venial. Excusable, justifiable, pardonable, slight, trivial.
Ant. Inexcusable, heinous, unpardonable, flagrant, mortal,
infamous, unjustifiable, inexpiable.
Venom. Virus, bane, poison; spite, malice, malignity, hate, ill will,
maliciousness, rancor, grudge, bitterness, acrimony.
Ant. Medicine, remedy; benevolence, kindness, good will.
Venomous. Poisonous, malignant, noxious, mischievous, virulent,
spiteful.
Ant. Wholesome, remedial, salubrious; kindly, compassionate,
genial.
Vent. Outlet, escape, emission, utterance, discharge, opening, hole,
passage; market, sale.
Ant. Close, stop-gap, end, termination, obstruction, stoppage.
Venture, n. Chance, risk, hazard, speculation; accident,
contingency; stake, adventure, experiment; luck, hap; danger,
jeopardy.
Ant. Certainty, surety, security, inevitableness, assurance;
safety, protection; law, method; caution, calculation.
Venture, v. Dare, hazard, adventure, risk, jeopardize, imperil,
chance.
Ant. Calculate, warrant, secure, guarantee, protect.
Venturesome. Bold, daring, adventurous, hardy, courageous,
intrepid, enterprising, doughty, fearless.
Ant. Fearsome, timid, reluctant, averse, loath, unwilling.
Venturous. Bold, daring, fearless, venturesome.
Ant. Timid, fearful, diffident, shy.
Veracious. True, truthful, reliable, trustworthy, straightforward,
honest, credible.
Ant. False, deceitful, mendacious, lying, dishonest, perfidious.
Veracity. Honesty, truthfulness, reality, candor, truth,
ingenuousness, frankness, verity, exactness, correctness, accuracy.
Ant. Deception, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, guile, mendacity,
untruth, lie, delusion, fabrication, deceit, error, falseness, falsity,
imposture.
Verbal. Spoken, oral, literal, parole, vocal, unwritten, unrecorded.
Ant. Written, recorded, epistolary, documentary.
Verbose. Wordy, prolix, diffuse, prosy, tedious.
Ant. Laconic, terse, concise, succinct, curt.
Verdict. Decision, judgment, opinion, pronouncement, finding,
sentence.
Ant. Indecision, indetermination.
Verge, n. Border, limit, boundary, edge, margin, brink;
circumference, circle, ring; rim, brim, confine, skirt.
Ant. Center, midst, heart, depth.
Verge, v. Tend, incline, slope, lean, trend, bear, border, approach,
approximate.
Ant. Deviate, recede, revert, return, depart, retrocede.
Verify. Prove, correct, establish, confirm, authenticate, affirm;
corroborate, attest, substantiate; fulfil, demonstrate, warrant.
Ant. Falsify, misrepresent, subvert, misstate, fail, disestablish,
mistake.
Verisimilitude. Likelihood, probability, consistency.