Write a short note on the advantages and

disadvantages of concrete.
Advantages of concrete
:

1. Availability of concrete ingredients easily.

2. Easy handling and molding of concrete into any
shape.
3. Easy transportation from the place of mixing to the
place of casting before the initial set takes place.
4. Ability to pump/spray to fill into cracks and lining of
tunnels.
5. When reinforced, all types of structures are made
possible from an ordinary lintel to massive flyovers
6. Monolithic character gives a better appearance and
much rigidity to the structure.
7. The property of concrete to possess high
compressive strength, makes a concrete structure
more economical than a of steel structure.
Disadvantages of concrete
The following are the disadvantages of concrete :
1. Due to low tensile strength, concrete is required to
be reinforced to avoid cracks.
 2. In long structures expansion joints are required to
be provided if there is large temperature variance in
the area.
3. Construction joints are provided to avoid cracks due
to drying shrinkage and moisture-expansion.
4. Soluble salts in concrete cause efflorescence if
moisture reacts with them.
5. Concrete made with ordinary Portland cement, gets
integrated in the presence of alkalies, sulfates etc.
6. Sustained loads develop creep in structures.

Properties of concrete
● Workability.
● Segregation.
● Bleeding.
● Plastic shrinkage.
● Setting.
● Temperature.
● Water Cement Ratio.

Explain the significance of Reinforced Cement

Concrete over Plain Cement Concrete

 Reinforced cement concrete

  Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and ferroconcrete, is
a composite material in which concrete's relatively low
tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by
the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
strength or ductility.
 Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong in
compression.
 It is weak in tension, so steel is used inside concrete for
strengthening and reinforcing the tensile strength of
concrete.
 The steel must have appropriate deformations to
provide strong bonds and interlocking of both materials.
When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete
mass it forms an integral part of the two materials, known as
"Reinforced Concrete".
Properties of steel

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC): – It is also called

Cement Concrete (CC) or Binding Concrete.
This is a construction material which consists of
Cement, Sand, Aggregate (Coarse and Fine) , Water and
Admixtures.
· It is used for providing a rigid, level space and
impervious bed to RCC in foundation.
· It is also used under flooring (stone, tile, wooden
flooring etc., ).
· It is good at resisting compression.
· It can be used over Brick flat soiling or without Brick
flat soiling.
· It is also used as filler like lump concrete which is
mixer of Boulder and PCC.
Thickness: PCC is normally between 50 to 75 mm
Concrete Ratio: Normally used proportions are 1:2:4,
1:3:6, 1:4:8
Unit: Cubic Meter (Cum)

Write short note on pre- stressed concrete

  In concrete structures, prestress is introduced by
stretching steel wire and anchoring them against
concrete.
 Therefore, the prestressing systems should comprise
essentially a method of stretching the steel and a
method of anchoring it to the concrete.
 Different systems are adopted for pre-tensioning and
post tensioning.

Write short note on post- tensioned concrete

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/57
79/post-tensioned-concrete
write short notes on fibre reinforced concrete
Fiber-reinforced concrete or fibre-reinforced
concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous
material which increases its structural integrity. It
contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly
distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include
steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic
fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend
varying properties to the concrete. In addition, the
character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes
with varying concretes, fiber materials,
geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities.
https://constrofacilitator.com/fiber-reinforced-
concrete-advantages-types-and-applications/
Write short note on pre- cast concrete Precast
 concrete is a construction product produced by
casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form"
which is then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site and
maneuvered into place; examples include
precast beams, and wall panels for tilt
up construction. In contrast, cast-in-place
concrete is poured into site-specific forms and
cured on site.[1]
https://www.concretenetwork.com/precast-concrete/advantages.html

Write short note on ferrocement concrete.


Ferrocement is a brilliant reinforced concrete, it differs from
conventional concrete with higher ratio of cement mortar to
steel. Ferrocement is much thinner than reinforced concrete
and the mesh can be formed to any shape without a
conventional form, then plastered or mortared by hand.
Advantages of Ferrocement:
1. Ferrocement can be fabricated in any desired shape,
hence it is more suitable to a special structure like shells,
roofs, water tank, etc.
2. It is a highly suitable material for precast merchandise.
3. It has high ductility and resistance to crack.
4. Also has favorable tensile properties.
5. It has low maintenance.
6. They are environmentally friendly.
Disadvantages of Ferrocement:
1. Ferrocement is sensitive to stress failure.
2. They have low shear strength.
3. It can be perforated by hitting sharp objects.
Corrosion in the reinforcing materials as a result of
incomplete protection of metallic by mortar
Ferrocement concrete vs Reinforced cement concrete
Ferrocement is a brilliant reinforced concrete, it differs from
conventional concrete with higher ratio of cement mortar to
steel.
Ferrocement is much thinner than reinforced concrete and
the mesh can be formed to any shape without a conventional
form, then plastered or mortared by hand.

Working stress method.

Partial safety factors (PSFs) used in reliability-based design

are intended to account for uncertainties in load, material
and mathematical modeling while ensuring that the target
reliability is satisfied for the relevant class of structural
components in the given load combination and limit state.
The values of partial safety factor (γmo) should be taken as
1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel
The 1.5 Ultimate Factor of Safety covers: Inadvertent In-
Service Loads greater than the design limit. Structural
deflections above limit load that could compromise vehicle
structural integrity. As-built part thickness within tolerance
but less than that assumed in the stress analysis. The factor
by which the yield stress of the material of a member is
divided to arrive at the permissible stress in the material. A
partial safety factor relates to limit state design. This method
of design is commonly used in modern structural engineering
design.
A partial safety factor relates to limit state design. This
method of design is commonly used in modern structural
engineering design. A factor of safety relates to permissiable
stress design design. A method of structural engineering
design that is now superseded by limit state design.
  IN this method factor of safety is applied to the yield or
ultimate stress to get permissible stress.
 The structure is designed to support working or service
loads without exceeding the permissible stress in
concrete and steel.
 Actual safety against ultimate load is not considered in
working stress method.
Ultimate strength x factor of safety =permissible strength

Limit state method.

Write the assumptions of limit state of
collapse in bending or flexure.
Limit state design is a method of designing structures based
on a statistical probability of failure. Structures are designed
should satisfy the dual criteria of safety and serviceability
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability
requirements before failure occurs is called LIMIT STATE
Limit state of collapse
It may be defined ash acceptable degree of security against
collapse or failure which in concrete structures can occurs by
various modes such as compression ,tension, flexure, shear,
torsion fatigue or their combination
Limit state of serviceability
Serviceability requirements means that member or structure
should not fail in its intended time. Deteriorate to such an
extend that it is designed. In concrete structures, This state
may be reached due to excessive deflection ,cracking
vibration and corrosion of reinforcement

Ultimate state method.

 In this method load factors are applied to working loads
to estimate ultimate loads.
 The structure is designed to support the designed
ultimate loads.
 Safety factors are applied to the strength of materials.
  serviceability aspect such as deflection and cracking at
service loads are not considered in this method.

Write short notes on Permissible stress and

factor of safety.
Partial safety factor for loads.
Write notes on partial safety factor for material
strength.

REFER THE ABOVE QUESTION FOR SOME

REFERENCE
Assumptions in Working stress method

Explain the term Characteristic strength

Characteristic loads
Structures have to carry dead loads and live loads. The
max.working load that the structure has to withstand and for
which it is to be designed is called CHARACTERSTIC LOAD.
Thus there are characterstic dead loads and characterstic
live loads. The strength that one can safely assume for the
materials(steel and concrete) are called CHARACTERSTIC
STRENGTH

Different types of beams?

REFER MORE
What is under reinforced section? Reinforced
concrete beam sections in which the steel reaches yield
strain at loads lower than the load at which the concrete
reaches failure strain are called under-reinforced sections.
Every singly reinforced beam should be designed as under-
reinforced sections because this section gives enough
warning before failure

Explain the condition of over reinforced

section?
Over Reinforced Section
In this section, stress in concrete reaches its permissible
value while steel is not fully stressed. Concrete is brittle and
it fails by crushing suddenly. As steel is not fully utilised, the
over reinforced section is uneconomical (steel is much
costlier than concrete).
Distinguish between clear cover and effective
cover with sketches. Also state the IS
456:2000 code requirements for clear cover
in various structural members. NOT SURE
ABOUT THE SECOND ANSWER
What is the value of minimum reinforcement Fe415 in a slab
What is the value of minimum reinforcement fe415 in a
slab?:- As per IS 456: 2000 in slab as per clause 26.5.2.1, for
HYSD/ Fe415/ Fe500 and above minimum reinforcement shall
be 0.12 percent of total cross sectional area (B×D), where B =
width of slab and D is overall depth including cover.
What is the minimum reinforcement in slab made using
mild steel
What is the minimum reinforcement in slab made using mild
steel?:- As per IS 456: 2000 in slab made as per clause
26.5.2.1, for mild steel Fe250, minimum reinforcement shall
be 0.15 percent of total cross sectional area (B×D), where B =
width of slab and D is overall depth including cover.

Explain Lever arm with the help of neat

sketch.
It is the distance between he line of action of

the resultant compression and the line of

action of resultant tension

LEVER ARM(WSM)
It is the distance between he line of action of

the resultant compression and the line of

action of resultant tension

The line of action of resultant compression is

at the level of the centroid of the

 compressive stress diagram.ie at the depth of

n/3 from the compression edge.

The resultant tension is at the level of the

reinforcement

Moment of resistance =force x lever arm

Moment of resistance =tensile force x

(d-na/3) for tension failure

Moment of resistance =compressive force x

(d-na/3) for compression failure

What is meant by doubly reinforced beam

explain with sketch
When shall we select doubly reinforced beam
over singly reinforced beam?Explain.(WRITE
ADVANTAGES OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAM)MOSTLY -NOT SURE
Explain the situations which warrant the
provision of doubly reinforced beam sections.
Why is doubly reinforced beam is less
economical than singly reinforced beam?
A doubly reinforced beam is
considered less economical than a
singly reinforced beam because
compressive steel is under-
stressed
The doubly reinforced beam section is
needed

(i) when depth of the section is

restricted and the strength available
from a singly reinforced section is
inadequate

(ii) at support of a continuous beam or

slab where bending moment changes
sign.

(iii) when members are subjected to

alternate external loads and the bending
moment in the sections reverses such as
in concrete piles etc.

(iv) when the members are subjected to

loading eccentric to either side of the
axis, such as in columns subjected to
wind loads.

(v) when the members are subjected to

accidental lateral loads, shock or
impact.

Draw the stress block parameter of doubly

reinforced sections
Necessity of Doubly reinforced section
Which are the circumstances required to
provide the Double Reinforced Section ?
https://old.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/
100003826.pdf
What is singly reinforced design?.Explain with
sketch

Advantages of singly reinforced beam?

Draw the stress block parameter of singly
reinforced section
https://civilengineering.blog/2017/10/10/analy
sis-of-a-singly-reinforced-beam/
Enumerate the features and applications of
singly reinforced beam.
 https://www.civillead.com/singly-and-
doubly-reinforced-beam/#:~:text=A
 %20Singly%20reinforced%20beam
%20holds,steel%2C%20counters%20the
%20compression%20stress.
 REFER LAST FEW NOTES OF
SAVITHRI MAA’M