Vol. 4 No.

2 1993 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies 93

TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 4(2): 93-105

BUTTERFLIES OF PEDERNALES,
MICHOACAN, MEXICO,
WITH NOTES ON SEASONALITY
AND FAUNISTIC AFFINITIES
(LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA AND
HESPERIOIDEA)
MANUEL A. BALCAZAR L.
Florida State Collection of Arthropods,
Division of Plant Industry, FDACS, P. O. Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614, USA

ABSTRACT.- A list of 205 species of butterflies and skippers is presented for Pedernales, Michoacan, in western Mexico. The fauna belongs to five
families: Nymphalidae with 31% of the total number of species, Hesperiidae with 28%, Lycaenidae 24%, Pieridae 11% and Papilionidae 7%. A low
species richness and a high species richness seasonally, which seem to be related to the dry and humid seasons, respectively, was found. The fauna
in the area has a clear affinity to that of the Pacific Slope and especially to other localities of the Balsas Basin.
RESL'MEN.- El presente trabajo es el primer listado lepidopterofaunistico para una localidad en el estado de Michoacan basado en recolecciones
sistematicas. Un total de 205 especies son registradas por primera vez para Pedernales, Michoacan. Aunque la lista no es completa, se considera que
continen alrededor de un 80-85% del total de especies presente en el area. Del total de especies, un 31% pertenece a la familia Nymphalidae, 28%
a Hesperiidae, 24% a Lycaenidae, 11% a Pieridae y 7% a Papilionidae, composicion que concuerda con datos reportados para regiones neotropicales.
Durante 1986, se encontraron dos epocas bien claras en cuanto a su riqueza especifica con base en la presencia de imagos. una baja que va de enero
a junio, y otra alta de Julio a diciembre. Al comparar el numero total de especies presentes por mes contra el diagrama ombrotermico, se encontro
relacion entre la epoca humeda y alta riqueza especifica y entre la epoca seca y baja riqueza. Si bien, esta correspondencia no es exacta, ya que los
dos perfodos de riqueza se encuentran desplazados ligeramente a la derecha de sus correspondientes epocas de humedad. Los meses de mayor riqueza
son octubre y septiembre, al final de la epoca humeda y el de menor riqueza es abril, justo despues del mes mas seco. Un analisis de afinidades con
otras faunas utilizando el mdice de Simpson y metodos feneticos dio como resultado dos fenogramas, uno para cada superfamilia, el de Papilionoidea
con un mdice de correlacion cofenetica muy pobre (r = 0.65) y el de Hesperioidea pobre (r = 0.77). Se encontraron dos conglomerados de localidades
para la Papilionoidea, uno formado por localidades de la vertiente del Golfo y el Soconusco, Chiapas, y otro unicamente de localidades de la vertiente
del Pacifico. El Valle de Mexico no quedo incluido en ninglin conglomerado. En el caso de Hesperioidea, solo se observa el conglomerado de las
localidades del Pacifico. En ambos fenogramas, Pedernales aparece mas cercano a Rancho Viejo-Tepoztlan, Morelos que a ninguna otra localidad.

KEY WORDS: Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Caribbean, distribution. Ebenaceae, fauna, Gramineae, Hesperiidae, Leguminosae, Lycaenidae,
Mesoamerica, Moraceae, Neotropical, Nymphalidae. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae. taxonomy, zoogeography.

Regional lists of butterflies are of great importance, because 1976), for which only one paper has been published (de la Maza,
they provide basic information to taxonomists, zoogeographers 1975. 1976). Another aim of this study was to conduct a compar-
and ecologists showing when and where to look for certain taxa. ative analysis of the butterfly fauna of Pedernales with other
Unfortunately, this sort of work is not often accomplished Mexican localities. Finally, it is intended that this paper serve as
(Clench, 1979). There are just a few Lepidoptera papers dealing a baseline for studying future changes of the faunistic composi-
with the fauna of western Mexico, and of these, only two deal tion in the area.
with localities within Michoacan State. The first papers were by
Brown (1943; 1944a. b. c; 1945), based upon material collected STUDY AREA
during the second and third expeditions of Hoogstraal in 1939 and The area studied in this paper is a narrow strip located in
1940, where 60 species of Papilionoidea were reported. The central Michoacan, in the south end of "Municipio de Tacambaro"
second paper, by Mather (1967), reports 31 species of Hesperioi- (Fig. 1), 19°07'30" - 19°10'00" north latitude and 101°26'57" -
dea. The object of this study was to examine butterfly species 101°28'25" west longitude. Due to its location on the south slope
richness in a Michoacan locality resulting from the first study of the Volcanic Transversal Axis, the elevation varies from
based upon systematic collections. In addition to the importance 1100m in the north to 850m in the south. From a floristic stand-
of having a regional list, the study area itself is important because point, it is located in the Caribbean Region, within the Balsas
it is located in the Balsas River Basin, a very important district Depression province (Rzedowski, 1978) and faunistically in the
from a zoogeographic standpoint (Hoffmann, 1940; Halffter, Nayarit-Guerrero province, according to Alvarez and Lachica
94 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA

Temperature Precipitation
170
-•-Temperature
+ Precipitation
ESNumber of species

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Fig. 2. Climate of Pedernales and total number of species found per month.
(CETENAL, 1970. Station 16-010).

METHODS
Monthly visits were performed from February 1986 to January
1987, in addition to previous visits in 1984 and 1985, that in total
amounted to 42 collecting days. Specimens were collected with
Fig. 1. Localization of study area (modified from Correa [1979:41])
aerial nets, and by traps with rotten fruit (as described by Rydon,
1964). Part of the material was conserved in glassine envelopes
(1974). The weather is warm subhumid. with the coldest month in tin-coated boxes, and the rest was mounted with entomological
having an average temperature over 18°C. Summer rains are pins following Beutelspacher's (1983b) directions.
predominant, with winter rains comprising less than 5% of the Identifications were by comparison with material of the
annual total, resulting in a quotient precipitation/temperature Coleccion Entomologica del Institute de Biologfa (UNAM,
between 43.2 and 55.3. The annual fluctuation of average Mexico) and with the works of Beutelspacher (1984). Comstock
temperatures is 5 to 7°C and there is a Ganges temperature march (1961), Godman and Salvin (1878-1901), Higgins (1981), Jenkins
(CETENAL, 1970). A dry period from November to May and a (1983), McAlpine (1971), L. Miller (1974) and Seitz (1924).
wet period from June to October are observed in the ombrotermic Genitalic preparations were made following Hardwick (1950) and
diagram (Fig. 2). Seven soil types are present in the area, being Borror et al. (1981).
predominant cromic vertisol, ranker, ocric andosol and litosol, the Due to the lack of a comprehensive systematic arrangement for
textural classes are fine and medium. Despite the destruction of the Neotropical butterflies, several sources were used: Ackery
the original vegetation in the great majority of the zone, two (1984), Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984), Beutelspacher (1984),
kinds of vegetation types can be distinguished (sensu Rzedowski, DeVries et al. (1985), Hodges et al. (1983), Hoffmann (1940,
1978): subdeciduous tropical forest and deciduous tropical forest 1941), Kristensen (1975), J. Miller (1987), L. Miller (1968), and
(Fig. 3). The former is restricted to the humid ravines, and some Scott (1985).
of the typical trees are Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jackg.) For the comparative faunal study, Simpson's similarity index
"parota", Pithecellobium dulce Roxb. "pinzan", Inga spuria was used; and for the cluster analysis, the unweighted pair-group
"jinicuil" (Legummosa.e),Masticodendron capiri "capiri" (Sapota- method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) was employed. It
ceae), Thouindium decandrum (H. et B.) "charapo" (Sapindaceae) was intended that for the faunal comparison all the available
and Ficus spp. "sirandas" (Moraceae). The deciduous tropical published papers up to 1990 were to be used [Soconusco, Chiapas
forest occupies the rest of the area except for the agricultural (Hoffmann, 1933); Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (Ross, 1967); Las
lands; the most striking trees of this vegetation belong to the Minas, Veracruz (Beutelspacher B., 1975), Rancho Viejo-
genera Acacia (Leguminosae) and Bursera ("copales") (Bursera- Tepoztlan, Morelos (de la Maza, 1975, 1976); El Valle de
ceae). In the flat lands is grown "sugar cane" (Saccharum Mexico; Chamela, Jalisco; El Chorreadero, Chiapas (Beutel-
officinarum) (Gramineae), and in small plots fruit trees such as spacher, 1980, 1981, 1983a) and Teocelo, Veracruz (Llorente el
"mango" (Mangifera sp., Anacardiaceae), "banana" (Musa sp., a/., 1986). More recent faunistic papers (de la Maza, 1988; de la
Musaceae). "black zapote" (Diospyros ebanaster, Ebenaceae), Maza et al., 1989; Luis et al., 1991; Vargas et al., 1991) will be
"coffee" (Coffea sp., Rubiaceae) and several citrus trees (Citrus included in a more comprehensive phenetic study of faunal
spp., Rutaceae). relationships (Balcazar, in prep.).
Vol. 4 No. 2 1993 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies 95

Fig. 3. Vegetation of "Arroyo Fri'o" Ravine. Michoacan. Mexico.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 205 species of 128 genera of the five butterfly Number of species
families recognized by Ackery (1984) were found in Pedernales. 250

The results are based on more than 1850 collected and checked
specimens. The months when adult specimens of the species were 200
collected, and their number, are pointed out in the list.
Clench (1979) stated that a regional list, like the one presented 150 -
here, will never be complete, but as the number of collecting
man-hours in the study area increases, the closer to completeness
100 -
the list becomes. Unfortunately, there is no accurate record of this
parameter, and the total theoretical amount of species could not
50 -
be calculated with Clench's formula (Clench. 1979). However, in
Fig. 4 there is a clear decrease of the curve slope for the last
collecting months, so one can suppose it is close to the asymp- Feb Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
tote. Based on this, it is considered that the list includes about 80-
Field trips
85% of the total number of species present in the area. 1984 1985 1986 1987
The family with the greatest number of species in the area was Fig. 4. Cumulative number of species collected in the study area.
Nymphalidae. with 31% of the total, followed by Hesperiidae
with 28%, Lycaenidae 24%, Pieridae 11%, and Papilionidae 7%. reported number of species can be considered representative of
These data agree with those of Heppner (1987) for these families their respective areas. Out of the localities of the Gulf Slope
in the Neotropical region, with the exception that Hesperiidae and [which is richer in species numbers. (Hoffmann, 1940)], Peder-
Lycaenidae exchange positions. The numbers of species reported nales is the third richest locality, surpassed only by "Rancho
for other localities in faunistic studies like the present are shown Viejo-Tepoztlan", Morelos, and "El Soconusco", Chiapas, which
in Table 1. Although these studies are very heterogeneous in represent larger areas and include more vegetation associations.
techniques, duration and collecting effort, as well as the study It is interesting to show that in Pedernales, an area of approxi-
area size, elevation and number of vegetation associations, the mately 12km2, a Papilionoidea number is found equivalent to 30%
•1

96 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTER

TABLE 1. Number of species reported for similar faunistic works

in Mexico. Number of species
PAPILIONOIDEA

Total taxa:

Las Minas, Ver.: 94 Racho Viejo-Tepoztlan. Mor. : 183

Teocelo. Ver.: 302 Pedernales, Mich.: 144
Soconusco, Chis.: 156 Chamela, Jal.: 104
Tuxtlas, Ver.: 359 Valte de Mexico: 106
Chorreadero, Chis.: 141

Shared taxa:

Min Teo Soc Tux Cho RV Fed Cha VM

Min.
Teo. 80 10 100 1
Soc. 34 109 — Number of specimens
Tux. 67 212 117
Cho. 42 97 69 95 ___ Fig. 5. Number of specimens collected per species in Pedernales. Michoacan
R.V. 53 103 51 92 66
Fed. 45 90 50 83 58 102
Cha. 28 63 47 65 52 65 63 Number of species
V.M. 42 65 34 54 44 67 52 39

HESPERIOIDEA

Total taxa:

Pedernales, Mich.: 57 Valle de Mexico: 55

Racho Viejo-Tepoztlan . Mor.: 107 Las Minas. Ver.: 33
Chamela, Jal.: 45 Soconusco, Chis.: 33
Chorreadero. Chis.: 36

Shared taxa:

Fed. R.V. Cha. Cho. V.M. Min. Soc. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov D
Fed. Month
R.V. 39 • Papilionidae SSPieridae SNymphalidae CDLycaenidae •Hesperiidae
Cha. 23 27 ...
Cho. 17 20 13 ___
V.M. 15 26 8 5 Fig. 6. Areas diagram showing the behavior of families species richness along
Min. 13 17 9 5 12 year in Pedernales.
Soc. 11 13 9 7 7 8
a high richness season from July to December (Fig. 2). There
of the total known for the US and Canada (Miller and Brown. a relationship between the wet season with high species richne
1981), and that almost all the species can be found in the "Arroyo and between the dry season and low richness, but this relatior
Frio" ravine, which is less than 500m long. not exact, since both richness periods lag behind precipitat
It is very difficult to get random non-selective samples for periods. The months with higher richness are October £
butterflies that do not favor one species over another and bias the September, at the end of the humid period. The month with lo\
measure of relative abundance (Shapiro, 1975). This becomes
clear from the number of collected and observed specimens, a followed in general by Papilionoidea. For all the families the h
commonly reported phenomenon in the tropics (Owen, 1971; richness periods start just after the beginning of the wet seasor
Lamas, 1981). There is a great number of species represented by July, and reach their higher richness peaks at the end (Pieridae
only one specimen, while just for a few species many specimens
were collected. Out of 250 species, 67 were represented in the
Fig. 7. SATYRINAE: 1. "Euptychia" polyphemus cyclops (Butler): ITHOP
sample by just one specimen and 78% of the species are repre-
NAE: 2. Greta morgane (Geyer); NYMPHALINAE: 3. Chlosyne riobalse
sented by 10 or fewer specimens. The most abundant species Bauer: 4. Pyrrhogyra nearea hypsenoer (Godman & Salvin): 5. Hamadi
were Eurema daira (Godart) (Pieridae), with 139 specimens, amphinome mexicana (Lucas); 6. Prepona demophoort pallantias Fruhstoi
followed by Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer) (Nymphalidae), with 69 THECLINAE: 7. Pseudoelycaena damo (Druce): 8. Panthiades battus ji
(Fig. 6). (Reakirt): 9. P. meton (Cramer); 10. Oenomaus ortygnus lauta (Draudt);
"Thecla" mycon Godman & Salvin; 12. Ocaria ocricia (Hewitson); 13. "Thet
tephraeus (Geyer): 14. "Thecla" syedra Hewitson; 15. Ipidecla miadora D
SEASONALITY RIODININAE: 16. Rhetus arcius beutelspacherii Llorente; 17. Calept.
Two clear cut seasons were found in Pedernales, based on perditalis (Barnes & McDunnough): 18. Baeotis hisbon zonata Felder;
species [adult] richness: a low season from January to June, and Melanis pixe (Boisduval).
98 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERji

35
31

Fig. 8. RIODININAE: 20. Emesis mandana (Cramer): 21. Lasaia sessilis Schaus; 22. Theope pedias isia Godman & Salvin: PYRRHOPYGINAE: 23. Pyrrhopyg
chalybea chalybea Scudder: PYRGINAE: 24. Astraptes fulgerator (Walsch): 25. Typhedanus ampyx (Godman & Salvin); 26. Nascus phocus (Cramer): 27. Pholisoi
mejicanus (Reakirt); HETEROPTERIKAE: 28.Dallafaulafaula (Godman); 29. D. bubobon Dyar: HESPERIINAE: 30. Mellana helva (Moschler); 31. Vidiusperigem
(Godman); 32. Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille); 33. Vettius fantasos (Stoll); PYRGINAE: 34. Autochton neis (Geyer): HESPERIINAE: 35. Atrytonopsis det
(Edwards).

September. Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae in October), with only tially governed in the tropics by an alternation between rainy an
one exception at the beginning of the dry season (Papilionidae in dry seasons (Emmel and Leek, 1969; Owen, 1971; Austin, 197S
November). After the two first months of the dry season, the four Wolda, 1988), as opposed to temperate regions where shar
families show a clear decrease in species richness. January is the differences in temperature and photoperiod characterize th
month with lowest richness for both Pieridae and Papilionidae, seasonality (Shapiro, 1975). The findings cannot be considere
while for Lycaenidae the richness continues decreasing until conclusive due to the short length of the study, since accordin
April. For Nymphalidae there are two low points in January and to Wolda (1988) this is only possible if the pattern is repeats
April. Hesperioidea (Hesperiidae) show the lowest richness in year by year.
April and May, while September is the month with highest Apparently about 55% of the species were bi- or multivoltin
richness (Fig. 7) for that family. in 1986, which is a common phenomenon in the tropics (Woldi
These findings agree with the general idea that the life cycle of 1988). It was not possible to establish if the species collected <|
the butterflies, and consequently their species richness, is essen- observed on just a few opportunities were resident or migrant; bi
Vol. 4 No. 2 1993 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies 99

arithmetic average clustering method. An analysis for each

superfamily was performed because not all the papers included
90.00
60.0
Hesperioidea. In each case, just one phenogram was found (Fig.
9): that for Papilionoidea with a very poor cophenetic correlation
-Min index (r = 0.65) and poor for Hesperioidea (r = 0.77).
-Jeo Two clear clusters were found for Papilionoidea: a) Las Minas-
"Soc Teocelo-El Soconusco-Los Tuxtlas and b) Rancho Viejo-Peder-
nales-Chamela. The first cluster constituted by localities of the
"Tux Gulf slope, with the exception of El Soconusco. The second
-Cho cluster includes just localities of the Pacific Slope. Valle de
-RU Mexico is out of both clusters, and El Chorreadero, although
relatively far from the first cluster, is closer to it than to the
-Ped Pacific cluster.
-Cha These clusters agree perfectly with the Neotropical areas
A -un recognized by Hoffmann (1933): the Gulf and Pacific Mexican
Regions. Three of the four Gulf localities (Las Minas, Teocelo
30 00 45.00 75.00
and Los Tuxtlas) are relatively close to each other and their
affinities are obvious. El Soconusco, although geographically
-Ped located on the Pacific Slope, shows a clear relation to the Gulf
-RU localities, as was pointed out by Hoffmann (1933), and possibly
due to the similarity of climate and vegetation of this region of
-Cha the Chiapas State with the Gulf region, that is clearly different
-Cho from the rest of the Pacific Slope, which is much drier.
All the Pacific localities share a similar climate and have in
"Soc common, at least in part, the deciduous tropical forest. The
-un affinity between Pedernales and Rancho Viejo is very clear due
to their geographic proximity, and because both are located in the
B -Mm Balsas Basin.
El Chorreadero, located in the dry central region of Chiapas,
Fig. 9. Phenograms for the Mexican localities compared using Simpson's index: and with deciduous tropical forest, is out of the Gulf cluster. The
A. Papilionoidea (r=0.65). B. Hesperioidea (r=0.77) relationship with this cluster may be because it is close to the
Chiapas Highlands, a fact that permits certain continuity of some
at least in November and December, some non-resident species species distributed in the Gulf (Beutelspacher, 1983b).
could have been attracted by the foliage and flowers that were Mexico Valley, an area out of the true Neotropical region does
still present in the subdeciduous tropical forest. not cluster either with the Pacific nor with the Gulf localities. The
quite distant relationship with the Pacific fauna can be an effect
FAUNAL AFFINITIES of the Balsas Basin species that occasionally reach the Mexico
The faunistic papers published for Mexican butterflies are Valley.
extremely heterogeneous as to collecting effort, collecting Just one cluster is observed for Hesperioidea, that of the
techniques, or for the altitude and longitude extensions and Pacific localities.
vegetation associations. In addition to this, it is necessary to The poor co-phenetic correlation values may be caused by any
consider the nomenclatural discrepancies. To prepare the data or a combination of the following factors: a) the effect of hybrid
base for analysis, it was intended to unify the different nomencla- areas located in the transition zone between the Nearctic and
tural criteria, work with the lowest taxonomic levels (i.e. subspe- Neotropical regions (i.e. Las Minas and even possibly Mexico
cies) and identify synonyms. Because of this, it is necessary to Valley); b) the inclusion of non resident taxa (migrants, strays,
consider the findings as preliminary, to be polished in the future, etc.) basically in the faunal lists with long lasting studies (i.e.
with respect to areas considered, as well as for new faunistic Mexico Valley, Teocelo); and c) the great heterogeneity of the
papers and the historic interpretation of their relationships. faunal studies performed in Mexico.
I consider biogeographic similarity, in the sense of Sanchez and
Lopez (1988), that is, "how much the taxonomic composition of CONCLUSIONS
a faunistic sample is similar to that of another with which it is A total of 205 species are reported for the first time for
compared". Sanchez and Lopez considered, too, that Simpson's Pedernales, Michoacan, as a result of the first study based on
index is strong enough to make accurate measurements of the systematic collections in West Mexico. It is considered that the
faunistic similarity under both extremes of pressure by dispropor- list (see Appendix) is not complete but includes approximately 80
tion of the fauna size and by the number of shared taxa (cf. to 85% of the total number of species present in the area. The
Hengeveld, 1990). fauna in Pedernales is composed of species of the five families
The similarity indexes obtained for the different pair-groups of recognized by modern authors for Papilionoidea and Hesperioi-
localities were used for the cluster analysis, by means of the dea: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and
100 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTEld

Hesperiidae which represent 7. 11, 31, 24 and 28% respectively Borror, D. J., D. M. Delong, and C. A. Triplehorn
of the total number of species. These data agree with what has 1981. An introduction to the study of insects. 5th ed. Philadelpljj
been reported for the Neotropical region. A low species richness Saunders Coll. Publ. 827pp.
season from January to June, and a high richness season from Brown, F. M.
July to December, were found, which seem to be related to the 1943. Notes on Mexican butterflies I. Papilionidae. /. New Yo
Ent. Soc. ,51:161-178.
humid and dry seasons, respectively. A few species are illustrat-
1944a. Notes on Mexican butterflies II. Pieridae. /. New York A
ed in Fig. 7-8. Soc., 52:99-119.
After the faunal similitude cluster analysis (Fig. 9), just one 1944b. Notes on Mexican butterflies III. Danaidae. /. New Yo
phenogram was found for each superfamily faunal lists, that for Ent. Soc. , 52:237-246.
Papilionoidea with a very poor co-phenetic correlation index (r = 1944c. Notes on Mexican butterflies IV. /. New York Ent. 5<J
0.65) and poor for Hesperioidea (r = 0.77). Two clusters were 52:343-360.
found for Papilionoidea, the first one constituted by localities of 1945. Notes on Mexican butterflies V. /. New York Ent. Soc,
the Gulf slope, and El Soconusco; and the second just by 53:31-46.
localities of the Pacific Slope; Valle de Mexico does not cluster Clench, H.
with any of the groups. Hesperioidea localities phenogram only 1968. Butterflies from Coahuila, Mexico. /. Lepid. Soc. (
shows one cluster for Pacific localities. In both cases, Pedernales
is closer to Rancho Viejo-Tepoztlan than to any other locality. 1979.
Angeles), 22:227-231.
How to make regional lists of butterflies: some thoughts.
Lepid. Soc. (Los Angeles), 33:215-231.
1
Comision de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1970. Carta de Climas, Mexico 14Q-V. Mexico City: Secreta
de la Presidencia. Scale 1:50,000.
I wish to thank Dr. C. Beutelspacher, Institito de Biologia, Comstock, W. P.
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (IBUNAM, Mexico 1961. Butterflies of the American tropics: The genus Anaea.
City), for his kind advice and suggestions during the achievement York: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 214pp.
of this study. I am grateful to J. B. Heppner, Florida State Correa, P. G.
Collection of Arthropods (FSCA, Gainesville, FL), and T. C. 1979. Atlas geogrdfico del Estado de Michoacan. Mexico Ci
Emmel, Dept. of Zoology, University of Florida (Gainesville, FL), EDDISA. 92pp.
for critically reading the manuscript. DeVries, P. J., I. J. Kitching, and R. I. Vane-Wright
1985. The systematic position of Antirrhea and Caerois. wil
comments on the higher classification of the N\i
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1981. Lepidopteros de Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico I. Rhopalocera. An. a review of the classification of the Melitaeinae (Lepido
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1983a. Como hacer una coleccion de mariposas. 2a ed. Mexico City: 43:77-243.
Inst. Biologia, UNAM. 81pp. Hodges, R., T. Dominick, D. Davis, D. Ferguson, J. Franclemont, 1
1983b. Mariposas diurnas de "El Chorreadero", Chiapas (Insecta: Munroe, and J. Powell
Lepidoptera). An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Mex. (Mexico City), 1983. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexic
53:341-366. London: E. W. Classey and Wedge Ent. Res. Found. 280ji
1984. Mariposas de Mexico. Mexico City: La Prensa Medica Mexi- Hoffmann, C. C.
cana. 128pp., 20pl. 1933. La fauna del Distrito del Soconusco (Chiapas). Un estud
zoogeografico. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Mex. (Mexico CitJ
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4:211-242. Sanchez, O ., and G. Lopez

1940. Catalogo Sistematico y Zoogeografico de los Lepidopteros 1988. A theoretical analysis of some indices of similarity applied
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242. 75:119-145.
1941. Catalogo Sistematico y Zoogeografico de los Lepidopteros Scott, J. A.
Mexicanos. Segunda Pane. Hesperioidea. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. 1985. The phytogeny butterfly (Papilionidae and Hesperiidae). /.
Mex. (Mexico City). 12:237-294. Res. Lepid. (Beverly Hills), 23:241-281.
Jenkins, D. Seitz, A.
1983. Neotropical Nymphalidae. I. Revision of Hamadryas. Bull. 1924. Die Gross Schmetterlinge der Erde. Rhopalocera America-
Allyn Mus. (Sarasota), 81:1-146. na. Stuttgart: A. Kernen. 1141pp.
Kristensen, \ P. Shapiro, A. M.
1975. Remarks on the family-level phytogeny of butterflies (Insecta: 1975. The temporal component of butterfly species diversity. In
Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Zoo/. Syst. Evol. Forsch., 14:23-33. M. L. Cody, and J. M. Diamond (eds.), Ecology and
Lamas, G. evolution of communities, pp. 181-195. London: Belknap
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1986. El Paisaje Teoceleno IV. Las Mariposas de Jalapa-Teocelo, los Papilionoidea de la Sierra de Atoyac. Publ. Esp. Mus.
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1976. Notas sobre los lepidopteros de Rancho Viejo y Tepoztlan.
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(Mexico City), 12:3-36.
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1971. A revision of the butterfly genus Calephelis (Riodinidae). /.
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24:1-174, illustr.
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Rzedowski, J.
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102 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTE1

APPENDIX: CHECKLIST OF PEDERNALES BUTTERFLIES

SUPERFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEA Family PIERIDAE 29. E. nise nelphe (Felder), 1869

Jan (2), Feb (2), Mar (2). Apr (2), 1
Family PAPILIONIDAE Subfamily DISMORPHHNAE (2), Jul (1), Aug (9). Sep (7), Oct (
Nov (2), Dec (2).
Subfamily PAPILIONINAE ENANTIA Hiibner, 1819 30. E. dina westwoodii (Boisduval), 1836
15. E.jethys (Boisduval), 1836 Feb (4), May (1), Jul (14), Aug (J
Tribe LEPTOCIRCIM Jan (1), Feb (1), Mar (1), Aug (2), Sep Sep (11), Oct (6). Nov (6). Dec (2).
Subtribe Leptocirciti (7), Oct (10), Nov (7), Dec (2). 31. E. nicippe (Cramer), 1780
Jun (1).
PROTESILAVS Swainson, 1832 Subfamily PIERINAE 32. E. daira (Godart), 1819
1. P. aconophos (Gray), 1852 Jan (1), Feb (5), Mar (4), Apr (3), M
Jul (2), Sep(l), Nov (1). PIERIS (Pontia) Schrank, 1801 (6), Jun (3), Jul (9), Aug (33), S
2. P. epidaus fenochionis (Godman & Salvin), 16. P.protodice (Boisduval & Leconte), 1829 (11), Oct (25), Nov (44), Dec (2).
1868 Jun (1). 33. E. boisduvaliana (Felder), 1865
May (1), Jun (3), Jul (1). LEPTOPHOBIA Butler, 1847 May (1), Aug (3), Sep (4).
17. L. aripa (Boisduval), 1836 34. E. mexicana (Boisduval), 1836
Tribe PAPILIONINI Aug (1), Oct (3), Nov (3). Jul (3), Aug (3), Sep (3), Oct (2).
ASCIA Scopoli, 1777 35. E. salome (Felder), 1861
PAPILIO Linnaeus, 1758 18. A. monuste (Linnaeus), 1764 Aug (1).
3. P.polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 Jul (7). NATHALIS Boisduval, 1836
Jun (1), Jul (1), Sep (2). 36. N. Me Boisduval, 1836
4. P. thoas autocles (Rothschild & Jordan), 1906 Subfamily ANTHOCARINAE Mar (1), Sep (1).
May (1), Nov (1), Dec (1).
5. P. cresphontes Cramer, 1777 HESPEROCHARIS Felder, 1862 Family NYMPHALIDAE
Aug (1), Nov (2). 19. H. costaricensis Bates, 1866
6. P. pharnaces Doubleday, 1846 Feb (1), Jul (3), Sep (1), Oct (4), Nov Subfamily ITHOMIINAE
Jul (1), Oct (3), Nov (1). (2).
7. P. morelius (Rothschild & Jordan), 1906 GRETA Hemming, 1934
Oct (1). Subfamily COLIADINAE 37. G. morgane (Geyer), 1837
8. P. gammas (Hiibner), 1834 Feb (5), Aug (1), Oct (9), Nov (3). E
Nov (1). ZERENE Hiibner, 1819 (1).
20. Z. cesonia (Stoll), 1790
Tribe TROIDINI Mar (1). Apr (1), Jul (2), Aug (2), Sep Subfamily DANAINAE
Subtribe Troiditi (2), Oct (5), Nov (2). Tribe Danaini
ANTEOS Hiibner, 1819 Subtribe Danaina
PAR1DES Hiibner, 1819 21. A. clorinde (Godart), 1824
9. P. photinus (Doubleday), 1844 Dec (1). DANAUS Kluk, 1802
Feb (1), Mar (1), May (3), Jul (2), Aug 22. A. maerula (Fabricius), 1775 38. D. plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus). 1758
(2), Oct (4), Nov (4). Feb (1). Nov (2), Dec (1).
10. P. montezuma (Westwood), 1842 PHOEBIS Hiibner, 1819 39. D. gilippus thersippus Bates, 1863
Feb (1), May (1), Sep (1), Oct (2). 23. P. sennae eubule (Linnaeus), 1767 Jan (1), Feb (3), Mar (1), Apr (1), M
1 1 . P. polyzelus trichopus (Rothschild & Jor- Feb (1), Mar (1), Apr (1), May (1), Jul (2), Jun (3), Jul (2), Aug (1), Sep C
dan), 1906 (9). Aug (4), Sep (6), Oct (20), Nov Oct (2), Dec (1).
Feb (1), Mar (2), Apr (1), May (1). Jun (7), Dec (5). 40. D. eresimus montezuma (Talbot), 1943
(3), Aug (2), Sep (2), Oct (7), Nov (4), 24. P. philea (Johansson), 1763 Nov (1).
Dec (3). A u g ( l ) , Sep (2), Oct(l).
25. P. argante (Fabricius), 1775 Tribe Euploeini
Subtribe Battiti Feb (1), Mar (1), Jun (2), Sep (1), Oct Subtribe Itunina
(2), Nov (4).
BATTUS Scopoli, 1777 26. P. agarithe (Boisduval), 1836 LYCOREA Doubleday & Hewitson, 1847
12. B. philenor (Linnaeus), 1771 Jan (1), Feb (2), Apr (1), May (1), Jun 41. L. cleobaea atergatis (Doubleday), 1847
Aug (1). (1), Jul (8), Aug (2), Oct (2), Nov (4), Feb (2), Mar (2), Oct (1).
13. B. polydamus (Linnaeus), 1758 Dec (3).
Jun (1). Jul (1), Aug (1), Sep (2), Oct 27. P. rurina intermedia (Butler), 1872 Subfamily BRASSOLINAE
(1). Nov (1). May (1), Jul (3), Aug (3), Sep (2), Dec
14. B. laodamas procas (Godman & Salvin), (1). OPSIPHANES Doubleday. 1849
1890 EUREMA Hiibner. 1819 42. O. boisduvalii Westwood, 1849
Jul (3), Aug (2), Sep (8), Oct (6), Nov 28. E. proterpia (Fabricius), 1775 Jan (1), Mar (1), Jul (1), Sep (1), C
(1). Jul (4), Aug (13), Sep (14), Oct (2).
(5); forma gundlachia Poey,
1851, Feb (1), Oct (15), Nov
(15).
Vol. 4 No. 2 1993 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies 103

Subfamily SATYRINAE DIONE Hubner. 1819 74. A. ptolyca (Bates). 1864

60. D.juno huascama (Reakirt), 1866 Mar (1), Apr (1), May (2), Jun (1), Sep
MAN AT ARIA Kirby, 1900 Jul (3), Oct (1), Nov (1). (1).
43. M. maculata (Hopffer). 1874 61. D. moneta poeyii (Butler), 1873 75. A. ardys (Hewitson), 1864
Sep (2), Nov (1). Nov (3), Dec (1). Mar (1), Jun (2), Dec (2).
CYLLOPSIS Felder, 1869 DRY AS Hubner, 1807 76. A. alexon (Godman & Salvin), 1889
44. C.perplexa Miller, 1974 62. D. iulia delila (Fabricius), 1775 Aug (2), Sep (4), Oct (1), Nov (2), Dec
Jul(l). Jan (1), Feb (3), Mar (2), Apr (1), May (D.
45. C. nayarit Chermock. 1947 (1). Aug (2), Oct (4), Nov (2), Dec (2). 77. A. sp
Sep (2), Oct (1), Nov (1). HELICONIUS Kluk, 1802 May (1), Sep (1), Dec (2).
TAYGETIS Hiibner, 1918 63. H. charitonius vazquezae Comstock & PHYCIODES Hubner, 1819
46. T. weymeri Draudt. 1912 Brown, 1950 78. P. pictus Mwards, 1865
Oct (1). Jan (1), Feb (1), Mar (3), Apr (1), May May (1), Jun (1), Jul (1), Dec (2).
"EUPTYCHIA" Hiibner, 1816 (1), Jun (1), Jul (1), Aug (1), Sep (1), 79. P. pallescens (Felder), 1869
47. "E".fetna (Butler), 1869 Oct (3), Nov (4), Dec (1). Dec (3).
Aug (1), Sep (1). CHLOSYNE Butler. 1870
48. "£"'. similis (Butler), 1866 Subfamily NYMPHALINAE 80. C. ehrenbergii (Hubner), 1833
Jul (1), Aug (9), Sep (3), Oct (1). Jun (1), Jul (1).
49. "E". hermes (Fabricius), 1793 Tribe Nymphalini 81. C. lacinia (Geyer), 1837
Jan (1), feb (1), Apr (1), May (6), Jun Jun (1), Jul (13), Aug (32), Sep (12),
(2), Jul (1), Aug (9), Sep (8), Oct (8), NYMPHALIS Kluk, 1802 Oct (3), Nov (8).
Dec (4). 64. N. antiopa (Linnaeus), 1758 82. C. hyperia (Fabricius), 1793
50. "E". polyphemus cyclops (Butler) Nov (1). Apr (1), May (2), Jun (3), Jul (1), Aug
May (2). Oct (1). HYPANARTIA Hubner, 1821 (1), Sep (3), Oct (14), Nov (5).
PINDIS Felder, 1869 65. H. lethe (Fabricius). 1793 83. C. riobalsensis Bauer. 1960
51. P. squamistriga Felder. 1869 Oct (1). Jul (1).
Jul (1). Aug (2), Sep (1), Oct (1). THESSALIA Scudder, 1875
Tribe Hypolimnini 84. T. theona ssp.
Subfamily MORPHINAE Jul (2).
JUNONIA Hubner, 1819 MICROTIA Bates, 1864
MORPHO Fabricius, 1807 66. /. coenia (Hubner), 1822 85. M. elva elva Bates, 1864
52. M. polyphemus polyphemus Doubleday & Jul (1), Aug (2), Nov (1), Dec (1). Jun (2), Jul (3). Aug (4), Sep (9), Oct
Hewitson, 1849 ANARTIA Hubner, 1819 (5), Nov (1).
Jan (1), Feb (1), Mar (1), Apr (1), May 67. A.jatrophe (Johansson), 1763 TEXOLA Higgins, 1958
(1), Jun (3), Jul (1), Aug (4), Oct (8), Mar (1), Apr (1), Jul (2), Aug (3), Sep 86. T. elada Ulrica (Edwards), 1877
Nov (6), Dec (1). (2), Oct (5), Nov (3), Dec(l). Jan (1), May (1), Jul (8), Aug (14), Sep
68. A.fatima venusta Fruhstorfer, 1907 (3), Oct (7), Nov (1), Dec (4).
Subfamily CHARAXINAE Jan (1), Feb (3), Mar (14), Apr (1), 87. T. coracara (Dyar), 1912
May (2), Jun (3), Jul (2), Aug (8), Sep Jul (4), Sep (19), Oct (7).
PREPONA Boisduval, 1836 (10), Oct (12), Nov (13), Dec (1).
53. P. demophoon pallantias Fruhstorfer. 1916 SIPROETA Hubner. 1823 Tribe Epicaliini
Mar (1). Jul (1). 69. S. stelenes biplagiata (Fruhstorfer), 1907
ARCHAEOPREPONA Fruhstorfer, 1916 Jan (1), Feb (1), Mar (6), Apr (1), May DYNAMINE HUbner, 1819
54. A. demophon occidentalis Descimon, Mast (1), Jun (1), Jul (1), Aug (1), Sep (2), 88. D. mylitta (Cramer), 1779
de Maeght & Stoffel, 1973 Oct (5), Nov (4). Dec (1). Dec (1).
Jun (1). 70. S. epaphus (Latreille), 1811 TEMENIS Hubner. 1816
55. A. demophoon gulina (Fruhstorfer), 1904 Jan (1), Feb (1), Sep (2), Dec (2). 89. T. laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer, 1907
Aug (1), Nov (1). Jan (1), Jul (4), Sep (2), Oct (5), Dec
HYPNA Hiibner, 1819 Tribe Argynnini (2).
56. H. clytemnestra mexlcana (Hall), 1917 PYRRHOGYRA Hubner. 1816
Sep (1). EUPTOIETA Doubleday, 1848 90. P. nearea hypsenor (Godman & Salvin),
ANAEA Hiibner, 1819 71. E. claudia (Cramer), 1776 1884
57. A. aidea (Guerin-Meneville), 1844 Aug (1), Sep (1). Feb (1), Mar (1), Apr (1), May (1), Jun
Jul (2), Oct (2), Nov (2). 72. E. hegesia hoffmanni Comstock, 1944 (2), Aug (2), Sep (2), Oct (4), Nov (2),
MEMPHIS Hubner, 1819 Jul (5), Aug (12), Sep (5), Oct (3), Nov Dec (1).
58. M.pithyusa (Felder), 1869 (1). 91. P. edocla aenaria Fruhstorfer, 1908
Jul(l). Sep (1), Dec (2).
Tribe Melitaeini CYCLOGRAMMA Doubleday, 1847
Subfamily HELICONIINAE 92. C. bacchis Doubleday, 1849
ANTHANASSA Scudder, 1875 Oct (1).
AGRAULIS Boisduval & Leconte, 1833 73. A. texana (Edwards), 1863
59. A. vanillae incarnata (Riley), 1926 Feb (1), Mar (1), Jun (1), Jul (3), Aug
Oct (1). (2). Sep (6), Oct (6), Nov (8), Dec (2).
104 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies TROPICAL LEPIDOPTfiJ

Tribe Euryteliini ARAWACUS Kaye, 1904 Tribe Lycaenopsini

107. A. jada (Hewitson). 1867
MESTRA Hubner, 1825 Jun (1), Jul (1), Sep (2), Oct (2). CELASTRINA Tutt. 1906
93. M. amymone (Menetries), 1857 STRYMOK Hubner. 1818 127. C. ladon gozora (Boisduval), 1870
Sep(l). 108. S. yojoa (Reakirt), 1866 Oct (1).
Jul(l).
Tribe Ageroniini 109. S. sedecia (Hewitson), 1874 Subfamily RIODININAE
Nov (1). Tribe Euribyiini
HAMADRYAS HUbner. 1806 PANTHIADES Hubner, 1819
94. H. atlantis lelaps (Godman & Salvin), 1883 110. P. battusjalan (Reakirt), 1869 CREMNA Doubleday, 1847
Nov (1). Jul (1), Aug (1), Dec (1). 128. C. umbra (Boisduval), 1870
95. H. amphinome mexicana (Lucas), 1853 REKOA Kaye, 1904 Oct (1).
Sep(l). 111. R. melon (Cramer), 1779
May (1), Aug (1), Oct (1). Dec (1). Tribe Ancylurini
Tribe Coloburini MICHAELUS Nicolay, 1979
112. M.jebus (Godart). 1822 RHETUS Swainson, 1829
SMYRNA Hubner. 1823 Jan (1). 129. R. arcius beutelspacherii Llorente, 1988]
96. S. blomfildia datis Fruhstorfer, 1908 "THECLA" Fabricius, 1807 Jul (1), Oct (1). Dec (1).
Feb (1). May (2), Aug (3), Sep (1), Oct 113. 'T'. mycon Godman & Salvin, 1887 CALEPHELIS Grote & Robinson, 1869
(2), Nov (2), Dec (1). Jan (2). Jun (2), Oct (1), Dec (2). 130. C. sinaloensis Me Alpine, 1971
114. "T". tephraem (Geyer), 1837 Oct (1).
Tribe Marpesiini Sep (1), Dec (1). 131. C.perditalis (Barnes & McDunnough), 19
115. "T". syedra Hewitson. 1867 Jan (2). Feb (3), Mar (3), Apr (4), M
MARPESIA Hubner, 1818 Sep ( 1 ) . Nov (1). (3). Jun (5), Jul (6), Aug (3). Sep (
97. M. chiron (Fabricius). 1775 116. "T". canus Druce, 1907 Oct (5), Nov (3). Dec (2).
Nov (1). Jul (2). LASAIA Bates. 1868
98. M.petreus (Cramer), 1776 117. "7"". basilides (Geyer). 1837 132. L. sula Staudinger. 1888
Feb (4), Mar (2), Jun (1). Jul (2), Aug Oct (1). Jun (1), Jul (1).
(1), Oct (2), Nov (5), Dec (1). 118. "T". spl 133. L. sessilis Schaus, 1890
Dec (2). Sep (1), Oct (1).
Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE 119. "T". sp2 MELANIS Hubner. 1819
Dec (1). 134. M.pixe (Boisduval), 1836
LIBYTHEANA Michener, 1943 120. 'T". sp3 Aug (2), Sep (1). Oct (3), Nov (1)
99. L. carinenta mexicana Michener, 1943 Dec (1). (3).
Jul (2). IPIDECLA Dyar, 1917 135. M. cephise (Menetries), 1855
121. /. miadora Dyar. 1917 Aug (1), Sep (3).
Family LYCAENIDAE Jul (1). EMESIS Fabricius. 1807
136. E. mandana (Cramer), 1780
Subfamily THECLINAE Subfamily POLYOMMATINAE Nov (1).
Tribe Zizeerini 137. E. tegula (Godman & Salvin), 1886
OCARIA Clench. 1970 Mar (1). Jul (1). Sep (1). Oct (2), M
100. O. ocricia (Hewitson), 1868 ZIZULA Chapman, 1910 (1).
Aug (1). 122. Z. cyna (Edwards), 1881 138. E. vulpina (Godman & Salvin), 1886
MINISTRYMON Clench, 1961 Jun (1), Sep (3). Nov (1). Jun (1). Oct (2), Dec (1).
101. M. azia (Hewitson), 1873 139. E.poeas (Godman & Salvin), 1901
May (1). Tribe Lampidini Sep (1), Oct (1).
OENOMAUS Hubner, 1819 140. E. tenedia (Felder), 1861
102. O. ortygnus lauta (Draudt), 1919 LEPTOTES Scudder, 1876 Jan (1), Feb (1), Jun (1), Aug (4).
Oct (1), Dec (1). 123. L. cassias (Cramer), 1775 (4), Oct (7), Nov (4), Dec (2).
THEREUS Hubner. 1819 Jan (3), Feb (2), Mar (1), Jul (2), Aug APODEMIA Felder, 1865
103. T. zebina guadala Schaus, 1902 (1), Sep (4), Oct (6), Nov (2), Dec (3). 141. A. multiplaga Schaus, 1902
May ( 1 ) , Jul (1). Aug (1). 124. L. marina (Reakirt), 1868 Aug (1).
CALYCOPIS Scudder. 1876 Jan (1), Jun (1), Jul (2), Aug (1), Sep 142. A. walkeri Godman & Salvin, 1886
104. C. beon (Cramer). 1780 (2). Oct (2), Nov (1). Jul (1), Sep (T), Oct (1).
Dec (1). HEMIARGUS Hubner, 1818 BAEOTIS Hubner, 1816
CALLOPHRYS Billberg. 1820 125. H. zachaeina (Butler & Druce). 1872 143. B. hisbon zonata Felder. 1869
105. C. herodotus (Fabricius), 1793 Feb (1), Mar (1), Jun (1), Jul (12), Aug Jun (2), Nov (1).
Sep (1). (3), Sep (3). Oct (7), Nov (4), Dec (3). ANTEROS Hubner, 1816
PSEUDOLYCAENA Wallengren. 1859 144. A. carausius (Westwood & Doubleday),
106. P. damo (Druce), 1875 Tribe Everini 1851
Mar (1), Jul (1), Aug (5), Sep (3), Oct Mar(l).
(2), Nov (1). EVERES Hubner, 1819 CALYDNA Doubleday, 1847
126. E. comyntas (Godart), 1824 145. C. hegias Felder, 1869
Jan (2), Feb ( 1 ) , May (1), Jul (1), Oct Aua (1).
(2), Nov (2).
Vol. 4 No. 2 1993 BALCAZAR: Michoacan Butterflies 105

THEOPE Doubleday. 1858 Nov (1). PIRUNA Evans. 1955

146. T. pedias isia Godman & Salvin. 1878 SPATHILEPIA Butler, 1870 186. P. brunnea (Scudder), 1872
Oct (1). 165. S. clonius (Cramer), 1775 Sep (1).
147. T. diores Godman & Salvin, 1897 Jan (1), Mar (2), Apr (2), Aug (1), Sep DALLA Mabille, 1904
Oct (1). (3), Nov (3), Dec (2). 187. D. bubobon Dyar. 1921
148. T. aff. villai Beutelspacher, 1981 NISONIADES Hubner, 1819 Jul (1).
Oct (1). 166. N. ephora (Herrich-Schaffer), 1870 188. D.faulafaula (Godman), 1900
Aug (1). Dec (1). Jul (2).
SUPERFAMILY HESPERIOIDEA 167. N. godma Evans, 1953
Jul (1). Subfamily HESPERIINAE
Family HESPERIIDAE STAPHYLUS Godman & Salvin. 1896
168. S. mazans (Reakirt). 1866 SYNAPTE Mabille, 1904
Subfamily PYRRHOPYGINAE Jan (1), Jun (2), Jul (1). 189. S. syraces syraces (Godman), 1901
169. S. azteca (Scudder), 1872 Jul (2), Aug (1).
PYRRHOPYGE Hubner, 1819 Jul (1), Sep (1), Oct (1). CORT1CEA Evans, 1955
149. P. chalybea chalybea Scudder. 1874 170. S. sp. 1 190. C. corticea (Plotz), 1883
Sep (2), Oct (3). Sep (2). Sep (1).
ATARNES Godman & Salvin, 1897 VIDIUS Evans, 1955
Subfamily PYRGINAE 171. A. sallei (Felder), 1867 191. V.perigenes (Godman). 1900
Aug (1), Sep (1), Nov (2). Sep(l).
EPARGYREUS Hubner. 1819 ANTIGONUS Hubner, 1819 VEHILIUS Godman, 1900
150. E. exadeus cruza Evans, 1952 172. A.funebris (Felder), 1869 192. V. inca (Scudder), 1872
Aug (2). Sep (1), Oct (4). Nov (1). May (1), Jun (1), Jul (2). Oct (1). Sep (2).
CHIOIDES Lindsey, 1921 173. A. erosus (Hubner), 1812 LEREMA Scudder, 1872
151. C. catillus albofasciatus (Hewitson), 1867 Mar (1), Aug (1). Oct (1). Nov (1). 193. L. accius accius (Abbot & Smith), 1797
Feb (1), Mar ( 1 ) . Jun (1), Jul (3), Aug 174. A. emorsa (Felder), 1869 Sep (2), Oct (1), Dec (3).
(2), Sep (1), Oct (3), Dec (1). May (3), Jun (1), Jul (6), Aug (7), Dec VETTIUS Godman, 1901
TYPHEDANUS Butler, 1870 (1). 194. V.fantasos (Stoll), 1780
152. T. ampyx (Godman & Salvin), 1893 SYSTACEA Edwards, 1877 May (1), Dec (2).
Jan (1), Feb (1), Mar (1), Oct (2), Nov 175. S. pulverulenta (Felder). 1869 PERICHARES Scudder, 1872
(3), Dec (1). Oct(l). 195. P. philetes dolores (Reakirt), 1868
CODATRACTUS Lindsey, 1921 ZOPYRION Godman & Salvin. 1869 Sep (5). Oct (8), Nov (2).
153. C. bryaxis (Hewitson), 1867 176. Z. sandace Godman & Salvin, 1869 ANCYLOXYPHA Felder, 1862
Jun (1), Jul (1), Aug (1). May (3), Jun (4), Jul (2), Aug (1), Sep 196. A. arene (Edwards), 1871
154. C. melon (Godman & Salvin), 1893 (2). Oct (1), Nov (1). Jun (1). Jul (3), Aug (1), Sep (2), Oct
Jul(l). ACHLYODES Hubner, 1819 (1), Nov (4).
URBANUS Hubner, 1807 177. A. pallida (Felder). 1869 COPABODES Speyer, 1877
155. U. proteus (Linnaeus), 1758 Nov (1). 197. C. minimus (Edwards), 1870
Feb (4), Sep (1). Oct (12). Nov (4), EBRIETAS Godman & Salvin. 1869 Feb (1).
Dec (3). 178. E. anacreon (Staudinger), 1876 HYLEPHYLA Billberg, 1820
156. U. dorantes (Stoll). 1790 Jul (1). 198. H. phyleus phyleus (Drury), 1773
Jul (3), Sep (4), Oct (2), Nov (1). CHIOMARA Godman & Salvin, 1894 Sep (1), Nov (1).
157. U. teleus (Hubner), 1821 179. C. mithrax (Moschler), 1878 POLITES Scudder, 1872
Jan (2), Feb (3), Mar (2), Apr (1). Sep Aug (1). Sep (2). 199. P. athenion (Hubner), 1825
(1), Nov (3), Dec (2). GESTA Evans, 1953 Mar (1), Apr (1), Jun (1), Oct (3), Dec
158. L7. simplicius (Stoll), 1790 180. G. gesta (Herrich-Schaffer), 1863 (5).
Jan (1), Feb (4), Mar (1), Apr (1), May Aug ( 1 ) , Sep (1). ATRYTONE Scudder, 1872
(1), Jun (1), Jul (3), Aug (2). Sep (2), ERYNNIS Schrank, 1801 200. A. delaware (Edwards), 1863
Oct (6), Nov (5), Dec (1). 181. E.funeralis (Scudder & Burgess). 1870 Aug (1).
ASTRAPTES Hubner, 1819 Feb(l). MELLANA Hay ward, 1948
159. A. fulgerator (Walsch), 1821 PYRGUS Hubner, 1819 201. M. eulogius Evans, 1955
Mar (1). Oct (2), Nov (1). Dec (2). 182. P. oileus (Linnaeus), 1767 Aug (2).
160. A. anaphus (Cramer). 1777 Jan (1), Feb (1), Sep (8), Oct (5), Nov 202. M. helva (Moschler). 1876
Jun (1). Nov (1). (2), Dec (2). Aug (1), Oct (1).
AUTOCHTON Hubner, 1823 183. P. communis (Grote), 1872 ATRYTONOPSIS Godman, 1900
161. A. neis (Geyer), 1832 Dec (1). 203. A. deva (Edwards), 1876
Sep(l). HELIOPETES Billberg. 1820 Aug (1).
ACHLARUS Scudder, 1872 184. H. macaira (Reakirt), 1866 NYCTELIUS Hay ward, 1948
162. A. albociliatus (Mabille), 1877 Jul (2), Aug (1), Oct (2). 204. N. nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille), 1824
Oct (1), Nov (1). PHOLISORA Scudder, 1872 Jan (4), Feb (3), Mar (1), Apr (1), Jul
CABARES Godman & Salvin, 1894 185. P. mejicanus (Reakirt), 1866 (1), Nov (1), Dec (1).
163. C.potrillo (Lucas). 1857 Jul (1), Sep (1). THESPIEUS Godman, 1900
Oct (1), Dec (1). 205. T. macareus (Herrich-Schaffer), 1869
NASCUS Watson, 1893 Subfamily HETEROPTERINAE Sep(l).
164. N. phocus (Cramer), 1777