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AP Calculus BC Ch 9.1 Sequences Written Notes

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27 views6 pages

AP Calculus BC Ch 9.1 Sequences Written Notes

Uploaded by

yuyunningo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch 9-1 Sequences

By Mr. Feng
𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Introduction: {
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠: 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + ⋯ … , 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚.

I) Sequence: is a function.
a) Infinite Sequence: a function whose domain is the set of positive numbers.

Function values : 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 … … … . , 𝑎𝑛 , … …. are terms of the sequence.

b) Finite Sequence: a function whose domain consists the first n positive integers ONLY!

Function Values: 𝑓(𝑛) = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 … … … . , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = {𝑛 |𝑛 = 𝐼 + }

A Sequence is Not a continuous function because 𝒇(𝒏) 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆. (y-values are discrete → Not
Continuous)

Ex) White the first 4 terms of each sequence.


𝑛
𝒂) 𝑎𝑛 = {3 + (−1)𝑛 }, 𝒃) 𝑏𝑛 = { }
1 − 2𝑛

𝑛2
𝒄) 𝐶𝑛 = { 𝑛 } 𝒅) 𝑑𝑛+1 = 𝑑𝑛 − 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑1 = 25
2 −1

III) Factorial Notation


𝑛! = 𝑛 ∙ (𝑛 − 1) ∙ (𝑛 − 2) ∙∙∙∙∙∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 𝑛 = 0 𝑜𝑟 positive integers
{
0! = 1

NOTE: 𝟐𝒏! ≠ (𝟐𝒏)!


Ex) Simplify the ratio of factorials
25! (𝑛+2)! (2𝑛+2)!
a) b) c)
20! 𝑛! (2𝑛)!

II) Definition of the Limit of a Sequence


𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳 (The limit of a sequence {𝒂𝒏 } )
𝒏→∞

(If ∀ 𝜀 > 0, then exists M > 0, such that |𝒂𝒏 − 𝑳| < 𝜺 wherever 𝒏 > 𝑴)

Conclusion:
a) Sequences that have limits: Converges.
b) Sequences that have No Limits: Diverges.

Theorem: Limit of A Sequence:

f: a function of a variable such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, and {𝑎𝑛 }: a sequence such that 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛: positive
𝑛→∞
integers, then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳
𝒏→∞

𝟏 𝒏
Ex) Find limit of a sequence whose n-th term is 𝒂𝒏 = (𝟏 + 𝒏)

III) Properties of Limits of Sequences


Ex) Determining Convergence or Divergence
𝑛
𝒂) {𝑎𝑛 } = {3 + (−1)𝑛 } 𝒃) {𝑏𝑛 } = { }
1 − 2𝑛

Ex) Use L’Hopital Rule to Determine

𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = is convernegt or divergent?
2𝑛 − 1

IV) Squeeze Theorem for Sequences

1
𝐄𝐱) Show {𝐶𝑛 } = {(−1)𝑛 } converges and find its limit.
𝑛!

Note: From the above example, Factorial function grows faster than exponential function.
Simple Rule for Divergence Speed:
3𝑛 − 1 𝑛!
𝐄𝐱) 𝐚) {𝑎𝑛 } = { } 𝐛) {𝐷𝑛 } = { }
𝑛! 𝑛𝑛

V) Absolute Value Theorem

For {𝑎𝑛 }, if lim |𝑎𝑛 | = 0, then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 → Design for _________________________


𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

3𝑛 − 2
𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝐸𝑥) {𝑎𝑛 } = (−1)𝑛
𝑛

Ex) Determine Convergence/Divergence


1 3𝑛 − 1
𝒂) {𝑎𝑛 } = (−1)𝑛 𝒃) {𝑏𝑛 } = (−1)𝑛
𝑛! 𝑛!

VI) Pattern Recognition for Sequences


Note:

2 4 8 16 32
𝐄𝐱) Find an for , , , , , … and detemine converge or diverge.
1 3 5 7 9
Ex)

−2 8 −26 80 −242
𝐄𝐱) Find the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of , , , , , … and detemine converge or diverge.
1 2 6 24 120

VII) Definition of Monotonic Sequences

A sequence 𝒂𝒏 is monotonic if
a) 𝒂𝟏 ≤ 𝒂𝟐 ≤ 𝒂𝟑 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝒂𝒏 ≤ ⋯ → Its terms are Non-decreasing.

b) 𝒂𝟏 ≥ 𝒂𝟐 ≥ 𝒂𝟑 ≥ ⋯ ≥ 𝒂𝒏 ≥ ⋯ → Its terms are Non-increasing.

Test for Monotonic:

Ex) Determine whether each sequence is monotonic.

2𝑛 𝑛2
𝒂) 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + (−1)𝑛 𝒃) 𝑏𝑛 = 𝒄) 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛+1 2𝑛 − 1
VIII) Definition of Bounded Sequence

1) Bounded above: 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀

2) Bounded below: 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑁 ⇒ 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑁

3) Bounded: ⟹ with Upper and Lower Bound

IX) Bounded Monotonic Sequence

If {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded and monotonic, then it converges.

1 𝑛2
𝐄𝐱) {𝑎𝑛 } = { } 𝐄𝐱) {𝑏𝑛 } = { }
𝑛 𝑛+1

Ex) {𝑎𝑛 } = {(−1)𝑛 }

Ex) Determine if the n-th term is bounded and/or monotonic.

2 𝑛 𝑛𝜋
𝑎) 𝑎𝑛 = (− ) 𝑏) 𝑏𝑛 = cos
3 2

Arithmetic Sequence: Geometric Sequence:

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