4th Quarter Handouts

Parts of Research Paper

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
-RATIONALE
-RESEARCH QUESTION
-REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
-DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER 2: METHOD
-RESEARCH DESIGN
-RESEARCH LOCALE
-RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
-RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
-RESEARCH PROCEDURE
-STATISTICAL TREATMENT
CHAPTER 3: RESULT
-LEVEL OF PROCRASTINATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION
-FINDINGS
-CONCLUSIONS
-RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

Technical Terms in Research Paper

Research- Research can be defined as “a systematic and scientific procedure of data
collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any problem.”
Quantitative research “describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers. Emphasis is
placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data and the drawing of
inferences from the data.”
Qualitative research, on the other hand, is based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and
other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It has been noted that “information is
considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analyzed by means of mathematical techniques.
Concept- is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea.
Examples of concepts include common demographic measures:
- Income – P5,000 – P8,000 - Age – 18 y/o – 20 y/o
- Education Level – High School Graduate, College Graduate, Postgraduate
- Number of Siblings – 3 siblings in the family, 4 or more siblings in the family.
Theory- is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular
phenomenon.
 Examples include the theory of relativity, atomic theory, theory of evolution, and
quantum theory.
Variables- are any quality of a person, group subject, event, condition or situation that varies or
takes on different values.
Examples are age, sex, business income and expenses, country of birth, capital
expenditure, class grades, eye color and vehicle type.
Hypothesis- is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and educated conjecture. It provides
a tentative explanation of a phenomenon under investigation.
For example, a researcher might be interested in the relationship between study habits
and test anxiety. The researcher would propose a hypothesis about how these two variables are
related, such as "Test anxiety decreases as a result of effective study habits."
Sampling- it is the process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger
population – gain an understanding of a larger population.
For example, a random sample may include choosing the names of 25 employees out
of a hat in a company of 250 employees. The population is all 250 employees, and the sample
is random because each employee has an equal chance of being chosen.

Elements of Research Paper

Title, Author, Abstract, Keywords- Descriptive information that let readers search for an
article.
Introduction- What is the context for this project?
How does it fit in with other research on the topic?
What is the research question?
Methods- What did the author do to answer the research question?
Results- What was answer to the question?
This is often shown in tables and figures.
Discussion/Conclusions- What is the significance of this project?
How does it fit in with what else is known about the topic?
References- Materials the author cited when writing this paper.

Technical and Operational Definitions

What is Technical Definition?
- it refers to the definition of a word as used in a particular field like Science, Law, or
Engineering.
- The meaning of the word is associated with the field or area of study.
- mostly refers to the aspect of explaining or describing any terminology.
- the definition of terms/words are found in the dictionary.
EXAMPLE:
OPERATION – it is a procedure followed in an instruction.
SURF - it is a sport, where a person stands on a
board and rides with the waves.

What is OPERATIONAL definition?

 - it is a result of the process of operationalization, and it is used to define something
(term/object) in terms of process.
- it is the process of defining a word/term of how it is used in a sentence or using
context clues.
- it is the application of the word/term. These may include the various attempts to define
or explain a certain process and its properties including but not limited to the characterization of
the event itself.
EXAMPLE:
COMPUTER – (Technical) it is a device or machine used in performing, assessing, evaluation
and following commands set by the users. - (Operational) it is something used in doing
homework or browsing the internet.
OPERATION – (Technical) in a military field, it means a mission with specific goals and
objectives. - (Operational) it is the procedure given to be followed.

Expanded Definition of Words

Expanded Definition
-is used to define Technical terms with a very detailed explanation, sometimes, with the
use of examples and visuals.
-also called an extended definition, is a paragraph or composition explaining a complex
or abstract term.
Expanded - means to make something bigger or wider.
Definition - is the statement of the exact meaning of a word, especially as given in a
dictionary

Three Ways of Expanding a Definition into a Paragraph:

1. Expanding by giving an Example
-It helps you illustrate and describe by providing clear, specific, extra facts or information to the
word and clarify an abstract and formless concept.
-You can use these signals for concrete examples: for example, for instance, such as, similar to,
specifically, to illustrate, much like, in the same way as.
Example:
In the Philippines, various cultures coexist, each with its unique traditions and practices.
For example, in the northern region of the country, particularly in the Cordillera Administrative
Region, indigenous tribes such as the Ifugao and Igorot have similar traditions of rice terracing
and communal living.

2. Expanding by Comparing and Contrasting

-It shows how the subject is like /unlike or how the topic differs or is similar from others in the
same class.
-They are used to explain two subjects and help you decide between two options. With the
signal words: also, although and, as well as, better, bigger than, but, compared with, different
from, either however, on the other hand, similar to, while, and yet.
Example:
-The language of Filipinos, compared to other languages, has unique significance and
creativity. On the other hand, it may be more challenging for foreigners to learn.

3. Expanding by describing a Process

-It gives a series of instructions to make or produce something.
-It joins with the use of linking verbs and
common signals such as and, then, and then, before, during, finally, first, lastly, today, since,
and immediately.
Example:
- You have to beat first the eggs then pour them into the pan. Turn the heat down and use your
fork to mix slowly. And then just put a knife underneath and flip the omelet over.

Techniques in Expanding Definition

1. Etymology- explains the origin of the word itself.
Ex. Arbitration comes from the Latin judicium which means judgment.
2. History/Background- discusses the history of the term, its use, and controversies
associated with it.
Ex. The use of arbitration as third-party mediation dates from the 1630s.
3. Description- explain the color, size, and shape.
Ex. Arbitration is the process of solving an argument between people by helping them
to agree to an acceptable solution.4
4. Principle of Operation- discussing how topic in question functions, including any special
materials or conditions required.
Ex. Arbitration is conducted by a trained arbiter who sets down the rules that the parties
must abide by.
5. Cause and Effect- to explain the causes and effects of the term.
Ex. An arbitration clause is considered to be ambiguous when the parties do not
express clearly, that in case of conflict, the method to use to settle the disagreements will be
arbitration.
6. Classification- to show how the topic fits into a larger category.
Ex. Arbitration is one of the alternatives to going into a formal court to settle disputes.
7. Comparison/Contrast- to show how the topic is similar or different from others in the class.
Ex. The main difference between arbitration and litigation law is that the court is
involved in the case of litigation, as it is a lawsuit, whereas, in arbitration, a settlement between
the parties is done outside of court.
8. Analogy- to explain by comparing two dissimilar topics, where the second is familiar to the
audience.
Ex. An arbiter is like a referee- he or she listens to both side and decides as to who is at
fault, without the intervention of outside parties.
9. Examples of Anecdotes- to tell a story or example that illustrates the term.
Ex. Arbitration was used to settle the dispute between the labor union and management.
10. Illustrations- to provide a picture or image that is used to clarify a text.

Observing Correct Grammar

WHAT IS GRAMMAR?
 It is the system or rules of language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other
elements, as well as their combination and interpretation.
Example: The sun rise in the east.
Example: The sun rise in the east.

singular Plural

Rule in Subject- Verb Agreement

• Singular subject takes singular verb
• Plural Subject takes plural verb

Parts of Definition
1. Term – (Word or phrase) to be define
Fact refers to information that has been objectively verified

2. Class – object or concept to which the term belongs.

Facts refers to the information that has been objectively verified.

3. Differentiating Characteristics that distinguish it from all other of its class. You should use
relative pronouns and independent clause.
Fact refers to the information has been objectively verified.

Guidelines in giving the definition of term

1. Use simple present tense of the verb after the term.
Example:
Influenza was an acute highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, which is occurs
sporadically or in epidemics and that last up to month,
2. The verb must agree in number with the subject. (TERM DEFINED)
Example:
Binoculars is two telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction,
allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects.

3. The class or category and the term being defined must agree in number.
Example:
The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues
of the body.

4. Be specific about the class.

Courage is a thing that…. Vague
vs.
Courage id the quality that…. Specific

RELATIVE PRONOUN – A relative pronoun is a word that introduces a dependent (or

relative) clause and connects it to an independent clause.
Examples: Which, who, that, whose, and whom