FOUNDATION
&
RETAINING WALL
DESIGN
ENGR. RONIE M. PIEDAD, MP, ME-1, SO2
REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN
SEASON 2
ENGR. RONIE M. PIEDAD, MP, ME-1, SO2
GRADING SYSTEM
CUT-OFF : 60%
RAW SCORE
ATTENDANCE : 5%
SW / PS : 15%
QUIZZES : 30%
MAJOR EXAMINATION : 50%
PRELIM GRADE = 60%*( P. RAW SCORE ) + 39
Final Midterm Raw Score
MIDTERM
= 60%*( 67%*M.RS + 33%*P.RS ) + 39
GRADE
Final Final Raw Score
FINAL
GRADE = 60%*( 67%*F.RS + 33%*F.M.RS ) + 39
COURSE DESCRIPTION
A specialized professional course for civil engineering students in structural
engineering designed to understand the concepts, theories, and principles in the
design process of structural foundations and retaining walls.
COURSE OUTLINE
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION
LESSON 2: SPREAD Footings
LESSON 3: STRAP & COMBINED Footings, MAT Foundation
LESSON 4: PILE Foundations
LESSON 5: RETAINING Walls
LESSON 6: SHEETPILING Walls
1 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS FOOTING?
A footing is a structural element that transfers the load from a building or structure to
the underlying soil or rock. It is a critical part of the foundation system, ensuring that the
weight of the structure is evenly distributed and that the soil can support it without
excessive settlement or failure.
P
P
⇈
⇈⇈⇈⇈⇈
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
413.1.1 This section shall apply to the design of non-prestressed and prestressed
foundations, including shallow foundations (a) through (e) and, where applicable, deep
foundations (f) through (i):
a. Strip footings;
b. Isolated footings;
c. Combined footings;
d. Mat foundations;
e. Grade beams;
f. Pile caps;
g. Piles;
h. Drilled piers;
i. Caissons.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
✓ Soil Type: The type and strength
of the soil determine the size and
type of footing required.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
✓ Soil Type: The type and strength
of the soil determine the size and
type of footing required.
✓ Load: The weight of the structure,
including dead loads (permanent
weight) and live loads (temporary
weight like furniture or people).
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
✓ Soil Type: The type and strength
of the soil determine the size and
type of footing required.
✓ Load: The weight of the structure,
including dead loads (permanent
weight) and live loads (temporary
weight like furniture or people).
✓ Depth: Factors affecting depth
are Number of Stories, Soil
condition, and the load it carries.
Piedad’s Theorem
Min. Depth = (20% to 27%) × Building Height
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
✓ Reinforcement: Rebar is used to
strengthen the footing and prevent
cracking under load.
2 SPREAD FOOTING
SPREAD Footing
Also known as Isolated Footing, is a shallow foundation that supports columns or walls
by spreading structural loads across a larger area of soil. It is one of the most common,
simplest and economical types of footings in construction.
Types of Spread Footing
1.Pad Footing:
• A simple, flat slab of concrete that supports a single column.
• Commonly used in residential and light commercial construction.
2.Sloped Footing:
• The footing has a sloped or trapezoidal shape to reduce the amount of concrete used.
• Often used for heavier loads or larger columns.
3.Stepped Footing:
• The footing is constructed in steps to accommodate changes in elevation or soil
conditions.
• Provides additional stability in uneven terrain.
ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE, 𝒒𝑨
In the absence of soil investigation, the building code of the Philippines provide certain approximate
allowable bearing pressures that can be used for the type of soil and soil conditions.
ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE, 𝒒𝑨
𝒒𝒔𝒖
⇈⇈ ⇈⇈
NGL
𝒒𝑨 = 𝒒𝒆 + 𝒒𝒔 + 𝒒𝒔𝒖 + 𝒒𝒄
𝒒𝒔 𝜸𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝜸𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
Where
𝒒𝑨 = Allowable Soil Bearing pressure
𝒒𝒄 𝜸𝒄 𝒒𝒆 𝒒𝒆 = Effective Soil Bearing pressure
𝒒𝒔 = Overburden Soil pressure
⇈⇈⇈⇈⇈ 𝒒𝒔𝒖 = Surcharge pressure
𝒒𝑨 𝒒𝒄 = Overburden Concrete pressure
SIZING OF FOOTING (Serviceability Limits)
413.3.1.1 Minimum base area of foundation shall be calculated from unfactored forces and moments
transmitted by foundation to soil or rock and permissible bearing pressure selected through principles of
soil or rock mechanics.
Unfactored Load
𝑨 = Effective Soil Pressure
𝑫𝑳 + 𝑳𝑳
𝑨=
𝒒𝒆
CRITICAL SECTIONS for 𝑴𝒖
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓
𝑴𝒖
CL
𝑴𝒖 for Concrete
𝑴𝒖 𝑴𝒖 for Masonry
CRITICAL SECTIONS IN FOOTING
413.2.7.3 Circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns or pedestals shall be permitted to be
treated as square members of equivalent area when locating critical sections for moment, shear, and
development of reinforcement.
equivalent area equivalent area
of circle. of polygon.
ONE-WAY & TWO-WAY FOOTING
4133.2 One-Way Shallow Foundations
413.3.2.2 Reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of one-way footings.
413.3.3 Two-Way Isolated Footings
413.3.3.2 In square two-way footings, reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of
footing in both directions.
413.3.3.3 In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed in accordance with (a) and (b).
a. Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of footing.
b. For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement, 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔 , shall be distributed
uniformly over a band width equal to the length of short side of footing, centered on centerline of
column or pedestal. Remainder of reinforcement required in the short direction, (1 − 𝜸𝒔 ) 𝑨𝒔 , shall be
distributed uniformly outside the center band width of footing, where 𝜸𝒔 s is calculated by:
𝟐
𝜸𝒔 =
𝜷+𝟏 𝑨𝒔 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔
𝑊
Where β is the ratio of the
long to short side of footing 𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 = (𝟏 − 𝜸𝒔 )𝑨𝒔
𝑳
𝜷=
𝑾 Outer Band Center Band, 𝑊 Outer Band
MINIMUM AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 for Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs and Two-Way Slabs (See Table 407.6.1.1 & Table 408.6.1.1 )
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒚 < 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 (𝟒𝟐𝟎)
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 ≥ 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Greater
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑨𝒈
BOARD EXAM [ TWO-WAY ] 𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝆 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒈 422.6.2 Effective Depth
𝟏. 𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒄 422.6.2.1 For calculation of 𝑉𝑐 and 𝑉𝑠 for
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃𝒅 𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃𝒅 two-way shear, 𝑑 shall be the average of the
𝒇𝒚 𝟒 𝒇𝒚
effective depths in the two orthogonal
directions.
Greater
MAXIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
ONE-WAY
𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝒉
Lesser (Sec. 407.7.2.3)
𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 mm
TWO-WAY
𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝒉
Bottom Bar Lesser (Sec. 408.7.2.2)
(Main Bar) 𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 mm
𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝒉
Top Bar Lesser (Sec. 408.7.2.2)
(Temperature Bar) 𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 mm
SHEAR IN FOOTING
The two primary types of shear in a footing are one-way shear (also called wide-beam shear) and two-
way shear (also called punching shear).
ONE-WAY / WIDE-BEAM SHEAR:
The critical section at a distance 𝑑 from the column face (or from the location of the critical section for
𝑀𝑢 )
𝑃𝑢
x Allowable Shear Force of Concrete
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝜆 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑩𝒅
𝑑
𝑑 B Modification factor, 𝜆
Table 419.2.4.2
𝑑
All−Lightweight = 0.75
Sand-Lightweight = 0.85
Normal-weight = 1.00
𝒒𝒖
ONE-WAY / WIDE BEAM NO SHEAR Reinforcement
𝑽𝒖
𝑃𝑢
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑢 = ∅ 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ 𝑉𝑛 ∅ = 0.75
𝑑 RECALL
𝐹
𝑑 𝑃=
𝐴
𝒒𝒖 𝑉𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝒒𝒖 𝐴 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
x
WHERE:
ALLOWABLE SHEAR Stress
𝑞𝑢 = Factored Soil Pressure
critical section
𝑑
B 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐
Factored Load, 𝑃𝑢 𝜏 𝑤𝑏 = 𝜏 𝑤𝑏 =
𝑞𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑑
𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
TWO-WAY / PUNCHING SHEAR:
422.6.4.1 For two-way shear, critical sections shall be located so that the perimeter 𝑏𝑜 is a minimum but
need not be closer than 𝑑/2 to (a) and (b):
a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas;
b. Changes in slab or footing thickness, such as edges of capitals, drop panels, or shear caps.
𝑃𝑢 Allowable Shear Force (L E A S T Among)
𝑑/2 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝜆 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃𝒐 𝒅
𝑑/2
𝑦
𝑑/2 𝑑/2 𝑑/2 𝟐
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 + 𝜆 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃𝒐 𝒅
𝑑/2 𝜷
𝑑 𝑥 𝒂𝒔 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝟐 + 𝜆 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃𝒐 𝒅
𝑏𝑜 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝒃𝒐
Long side of column 422.6.5.3 The value of 𝑎𝑠 is 40 for interior
𝒒𝒖 𝛽= columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for
Short side of column
corner columns.
TWO-WAY / PUNCHING
𝑃𝑢
𝑽𝒖 NO SHEAR Reinforcement
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ 𝑉𝑐
𝑑/2 𝑑/2
∅ = 0.75
𝑑 PUNCHING SHEAR Stress
𝑉𝑐
𝜏 𝑝𝑢 =
𝐴 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝒒𝒖
𝒒𝒖 𝑉𝑐
𝜏 𝑝𝑢 =
𝑑/2 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝑑/2
𝑦 Factored Load, 𝑃𝑢 𝑉𝑢
𝑑/2
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 =
𝑑/2 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑥
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:
425.4.2.1 Development length 𝒍𝒅 for deformed bars and deformed wires in tension shall be the greater of
(a) and (b):
a. Length calculated in accordance with Section 425.4.2.2 or 425.4.2.3 using the applicable
modification factors of Section 425.4.2.4;
b. 300 mm.
𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑑
LOAD TRANSFER OF COLUMN-TO-FOOTING:
All forces acting at the base of column must be transferred into the footing. Compressive forces may be
transferred directly by bearing, while uplift or tensile forces must be transferred by developed reinforcing
such as dowels and mechanical connectors.
414.5.6.1 𝑩𝒏 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 414.5.6.1.
NOMINAL (Allowable) Bearing Strength
𝑨𝟐
𝑩𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝐟 ′ 𝐜 𝑨𝟏 )
𝐴1 𝑨𝟏
LESSER
Table 414.5.6.1
𝐴2 𝑩𝒏 = 𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝐟 ′ 𝐜 𝑨𝟏 )
𝐴1 = Area of Column Bearing Capacity of Concrete
𝐴2 = Area of Footing geometrically similar and concentric with the column
DOWEL:
If the computed bearing force is higher than the allowable value, it is necessary to provide dowels to
carry the excess force. This can also be done by extending the column bars into the footing. If the
computed bearing force is less than the allowable, theoretically, no dowels are needed but the code
specifies a minimum value.
416.3.4.1 For connections between a cast-in-place column or pedestal and foundation, 𝐴𝑠 crossing the
interface shall be at least 0.005 𝐴𝑔 , where 𝐴𝑔 is the gross area of the supported member.
𝐴 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.005 𝐴𝑔
Column Rebars
Dowel
EXAMPLE 1 – SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTING
A square spread footing supports 450 mm square tied column. Above the footing is to be
covered with a 200 mm concrete basement floor. The column is reinforced with 8-28 mm Ø.
The total depth of the footing is 800 mm with an effective depth of 700 mm. The bottom of the
footing is 1.30 m below the top of the basement floor. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 24 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa,
𝑞𝐴 = 290 kPa
Determine:
Service loads:
a. Number of 28-mm bars to reinforce the
PD = 1,800 kN PL = 1,350 kN footing in both ways.
b. Required spacing of 16-mm temperature /
Specific Weights; shrinkage bars.
c. Allowable wide beam shear force.
𝛾𝑠 = 18 kN/m3 𝛾𝑐 = 24 kN/m3 d. Punching shear stress.
𝒏
𝑷𝒖
𝑴𝒖
𝒒𝒖
𝑹𝒒𝒖
𝒒𝒖
𝑴𝒖 𝑴𝒖 𝒒𝒖
EXAMPLE 2 - RECTANGULAR ISOLATED FOOTING
A 600 mm x 600 mm column carries a total live load of 1,200 kN and a total dead load of 1,500
kN. The column is to be supported by a rectangular spread footing whose width is limited to 3m
and whose base is 2m below the ground surface. Allowable soil bearing capacity at the base of
the footing is 230 kPa. Unit weight of soil above footing is 16 kN/m3 and unit weight of concrete
is 23.5 kN/m3 . Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 275 MPa & 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 21 MPa . Thickness of footing is 700 mm. Use
32-mm diameter bars.
L
Determine:
a. Number of reinforcement at bottom bar? 3m 0.6 m
b. Spacing of reinforcement at center band width?
c. Number of reinforcement at outer band? 0.6 m
