Logical design of IoT

Session by
U19EC604 INTRODUCTION TO IOT C.UDHAYAKUMAR, AP/ECE

1
Agenda of the session
• Previous class content
• Physical design of IoT
• Logical design of IoT

2
Physical Design of IoT
• Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols.
• Things are Node device which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• Communication established between things and cloud based server over the Internet by
various IoT protocols.

Things
Basically Things refers to IoT Devices which have unique identities and can perform
remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
Things are is main part of IoT Application. IoT Devices can be various type, Sensing
Devices, Smart Watches, Smart Electronics appliances, Wearable Sensors, Automobiles,
and industrial machines. These devices generate data in some forms or the other which
3
when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful information to guide further
Generic Block Diagram of IoT
•Today many cloud
servers available for
especially IoT
System.
•These
Platform known as
IoT Platform.

4
IoT Protocols IoT protcols help to establish Communication
between IoT Device (Node Device) and Cloud based
Server over the Internet.
It help to sent commands to IoT Device and
received data from an IoT device over the Internet.

5
Logical Design of IoT
• Logical Design of IoT refers to an abstract representation of the entities & processes without
going into the low-level specifies of the implementation.

For understanding Logical Design of IoT, we describes given below terms.

IoT Functional Blocks

IoT Communication Models
IoT Communication APIs

6
IoT Functional Blocks
• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management..

7
IoT Functional Blocks
• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management..

functional blocks are:

Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as
authentication , authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the system status and
view or analyze the processed data. 8
IoT Communication Models
•Request-Response Model
•Publish-Subscribe Model
•Push-Pull Model
•Exclusive Pair Model
Request-Response Model
•When the server receives a request, it
decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representation,
prepares the response, and then sends •Request-response is a stateless communication
the response to the client. model and each request-response pair is
independent of others.
•HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web browser may be
the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the server.
•Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a
response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may
9
also
contain the requested content.
IoT Communication Models
•Request-Response Model
•Publish-Subscribe Model
•Push-Pull Model
•Exclusive Pair Model
Publish-Subscribe Model
•Publish-Subscribe is a communication
model that involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
•Publishers are the source of data.

•Publishers send the data to the topics which are

managed by the broker.
•Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
•Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
•When the broker receive data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers. 10
IoT Communication Models
•Request-Response Model
•Publish-Subscribe Model
•Push-Pull Model
•Exclusive Pair Model
Push-Pull Model
•Push-Pull is a communication model in
which the data producers push the data
to queues and the consumers Pull the
data from the Queues.
•Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
•Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers..

•Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the
rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumer pull data.
11
IoT Communication Models
•Request-Response Model
•Publish-Subscribe Model
•Push-Pull Model
•Exclusive Pair Model
Exclusive Pair Model
•Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully
duplex communication model that uses
a persistent connection between the
client and server.
•Connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the
connection.
•Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
•Exclusive pair is stateful communication model and the server is aware of all the open
connections.
12
IoT Communication APIs
•REST-based Communication APIs
•WebSocket-based Communication APIs

•REST-based Communication APIs

•Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can
design Web services the Web APIs that focus on systems’s resources and how resource states
are addressed and transferred.
•REST APIs that follow the request response communication model, the rest architectural
constraint apply to the components, connector and data elements, within a distributed
hypermedia system.
•A RESTful web service is a ” Web API ” implemented using HTTP and REST principles.
•REST is most popular IoT Communication APIs.

13
IoT Communication APIs
•REST-based Communication APIs
•WebSocket-based Communication APIs

•REST-based Communication APIs

The rest architectural constraint are as follows:
•Client-server
•Stateless
•Cache-able
•Layered system
•Uniform interface
•Code on demand

14
 REST-based Communication APIs
Client-server
•The principle behind the client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.
•Clients should not be concerned with the storage of data which is concern of the server.
•Similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface, which is concern of the
client.
•Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless
• Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand
the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
•The session state is kept entirely on the client.
Cache-able
•Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly
leveled as cache-able or non cache-able.
•If a response is cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response data for
later, equivalent requests. caching can partially or completely eliminate some instructions and
improve efficiency and scalability. 15
 REST-based Communication APIs
Layered system
•constrains the behavior of components such that each component cannot see beyond the
immediate layer with they are interacting.
•For example, the client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the end server or two an
intermediaryalong the way.
•System scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to respond to requests instead of
the end server, without the client having to do anything different
Uniform interface
• constraints requires that the method of communication between client and server must be
uniform. Resources are identified in the requests (by URIsin web based systems) and are
themselves is separate from the representations of the resources data returned to the client.
•When a client holds a representation of resources it has all the information required to update
or delete the resource you (provided the client has required permissions).
•Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message
Code on demand
•Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their context. this
16
constraint is the only one that is optional..
IoT Communication APIs
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

17
IoT Communication APIs
WebSocket-based Communication APIs
•Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers.
•Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.
•Unlike request-response model such as REST, the WebSocket APIs allow full duplex
communication and do not require new connection to be setup for each message to be sent.
•Websocket communication begins with a connection setup request sent by the client to the
server.
•The request (called websocket handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it is an
upgrade request.
•If the server supports websocket protocol, the server responds to the websocket handshake
response.

18
IoT Communication APIs
WebSocket-based Communication APIs
•After the connection setup client and server can send data/mesages to each other in full
duplex mode.
•Websocket API reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection
setup and termination requests for each message.
•Websocket suitable for IoT applications that have low latency or high throughput
requirements.
•So Web socket is most suitable IoT Communication APIs for IoT System.

19
Syllabus

MODULE I INTERNET OF THINGS AN OVERVIEW

Definition and Characteristics of IoT - Physical Design of IoT - Logical design of IoT - IoT
enabled Technologies: Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big data
analytics, Communication protocols and Embedded Systems - IoT Levels &
Deployment Templates - Domain Specific IoTs : Home, City, Environment, Energy,
Retail, Logistics, Agriculture, Industry, health and Lifestyle.

20
 MODULE II IOT ARCHITECTURE
Communication Protocols - IoT and M2M : Software Defined Networking, Network
function virtualization- IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG, SNMP,
NETOPEER.

MODULE III PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Language features of Python - Data types - Data structures - Control of flow - Functions
– Modules – Packages - File handling - Data/time operation - Classes - Exception
handling - Python packages: JSON, XML, HTTPLib, URLLib, SMTPLib.
21
MODULE IV IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND
SERVERS
Building blocks of an IoT device - Programming Inputs and outputs, Serial, SPI and I2C -
Sensors and sensor Node and interfacing using any Embedded target boards :
Raspberry Pi / Intel Galileo/ARM Cortex/ Arduino) Cloud Support : Cloud Storage
models and communication APIs Webserver - Web server for IoT - Cloud for IoT -
Amazon Web services for IoT
MODULE V CASE STUDY AND IOT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Home Automation – Smart cities - Environment - Agriculture - Productivity Applications
– Healthcare - Automotive/Vehicular IoT- Smart grid

22
TEXTBOOKS:

1.ArshdeepBahga and Vijay Madisetti, "Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach",

Universities Press, 2014.
2 .Vlasios Tsiatsis, Stamatis Karnouskos, Jan Holler, David Boyle, Catherine Mulligan,
“Internet of Things: Technologies and Applications for a New Age of Intelligence”,
Academic Press, 2019.
REFERENCES:
1.Cuno Pfister, " Getting Started with the Internet of Things", O'Reilly Media Press, 2011

2.Jamil Y. Khan, Mehmet R. Yuce, “Internet of Things (IoT): Systems and Applications”,
Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2019
23
 Session Handler Details
C.Udhayakumar,
AP/ECE
9698489931
[email protected]

24