Body fluids and circulation ‘Simple organisms like sponges and coclonterates circulate water from their surroundings. ‘through their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these substances. Plasma Formed elements ‘seus sida a [_ Constitute 45% of blood ‘constituting nearly 55% of blood. Plasma = 90-92% water + 6.9% Fibrinogen (for blood clotting), Erythrocytes/ RBC Thromboeytes/platelets ‘lobuln (primary defense ‘Most abundant of all calls in blood Cell fragments produced by Healthy man have 5 milion ROC Per mm3 of rmegakaryooytes (special ‘100d ematc balance) are major proteins] elaine Bone marrow) Plasma algo contain smal ame Fermedinred bone marrow. They are devoisot| | | 150,00: 3,500.00 platelets mineral tha No, Cae, MgZ*, ‘uclus,leoneave shape, have coloured Ber mn of boos Site. Glacore amino {rote (comples) eales naemoglobin. Healthy Release variety of seid id ae alo prevent 13 Inahidusi nave 1216 gm of aemogiobn in batancenvtved ‘loting factors are alse present in doting foctre or saa bremert ‘every 100m! of blood. Life span of 120 days clotting or coagulation of ‘They are destroyed in spleen (graveyard of blood, ‘ottng factors called serum ie — Leueosytes/ WHC Serena short ed me wamasamt a caamnnars so fmt Most abundant Eosinophil teaet (01%) Trechedin | Phpecyte cot ‘meng WBC Rosetitertone, / MRICS ‘coamsy et essocated <0 fama Phagocytic cet eathalorgc sete. haves reipome ene inflammatory * / B-lymphocytes ABO grouping Rh- grouping Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus Monkey is also Based on presence or absence of 2 surface Cieareaa ent antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response] on REC namely A & 8. Similaty, the plasma of citferent individuals contain 2 natural antibodies. Proteins produced in response to Antigens). During the blood transfusion wrong blood is transferred then clumping (destruction of RBC) may take place. surface of RBC of nearly 80% humans such Individuals are called Rh positive and rest are called as Rh ve I Rheve blood is transferred to RN -ve person then producon of antibodies against antigen take place (hence we need to take care: orit) Incompatibility case of Rh-ve blood of a pregnant mother with Rh ‘ve blood of foetus. ‘The first child can be delivered successfully but during delivery of first child there is possibilty of exposure-of maternal blood to ‘small amount of Rh +ve blood from foetus. In case of her further pregnancies the Rh antibodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the foetal RBC. This can cause anaemia, jaundice to baby. ‘This condition is called as fostalis ttean be avoided by providing anti Ah antibodies to the mother after Gelivery of 1st child © scanned with OKEN ScannerCoagulation of blood Lymph (tissve fluid) Colourtess fluid containing lymphocytes which are Clots formed mainly of anetwork of threads called fibrins in eens ee which dead & damaged formed elements of blood are eee ers Se ee sca apped. {through lymph in lacteals present in intestinal vil Fibrin are formed by the conversion of inactive ibrinogens in| | Roush ymeh in acteaie present in intestinal ih. {te plaama by the enzyme thrombin (formed from {eft in tissue, cell» tissue Mud intrstital uid —> ‘exchange of nutrient, gases occur by this fluid —> lymphatid ‘system takes this fluid and deliver it to major veins —> now is krown as lymph ‘Caz+ & Vit K are very important for clotting Fishes (single circulation) “Amphibise/ reptiles (incomplete double culation) tated blood i heart —> Se erro taken Gran way Oxygenated blood from left atria & deoxygenated blood from right royal radeon copier tm atria goes into single ventricle & mixed blood Is circulated pa Sa ee Crocoxhie have 4 chambered heart in reptiles (exception) man eiroulatory system} Nerve impulse initiation and jondvetion in heart ‘Aapacialined cardiac | | pune of nodal bres (AV rmanculatrecatethe | | bund) continues om ‘rodal tissues present in| | AVN passes through AVS the heart. Apatch of this |S emerge onthe top of Uisaue'is presentinthe | interventricular septum & ‘upper right corner of the | divide iio right & let ‘ight atrium called sino. | bundle Branches give ‘iia node (SAN). Another | |fse to minute fibres ‘mass ofthis issue ls seen | throughout the Inthe lower corner of | yeniricuiar musculation 4 First the aria and ventricles are AVN & AV bundles transfer the injoint diastole thats relaxed all Potential to ventricle. This bundle of diastole) and because of it \wifeicuspid valves are open. his transfers it to whole ventricular ssemiunar valve get closed and bi! {(Gemilunar valves are closed) musculature ‘Wicuspid valves get opened by 'SAN generates acon potential Because of thisthe ventricles undergo pressure of blood from atria. The which tells atria to undergo contraction (ventricular systole) the blood once again move freely into ‘contraction (atrial systole) hence ‘atria undergo relaxation (diastole) ventricles and the process flow of blood in ventricles Coinciding with ventricular systole. Continues, Increases by 30%. Joint systole is never possible © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘This sequential event in the heart which is clinically repeated is called the cardiac cycle & it consists of systole & diastole of both atria and ventricles Duration of a cardiac cycle is 0.8 sec. winovoume | | camunournin. Te Srng ap a ate WD sch gh an ato a During a cardiac cycle | | Stokevolumexheartrate/ | | ordinary mar bia pamesaal ical ‘each ventricie pumps | | volume pumped by ventricte | | 4)1U6 closure of tribicuspia valves) Tomi of blood which ie | | in 4 minute. 2) DUB (closure of semiunar valve) ‘called as stoke volume. | | Forhealthy personitis St. | | These sounds are of clinical caagnostc significance which can be cai heard by stethoscope, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECO) Tea machine & ls used to | [Patient ia connected to the ||P wave represents the elocirical || T wave represents the Imachine with 3 electrical |/excitation (or depolarisation) of | repolarsation of ventricles (.c. ECG is a graphical leads (2 at wrists and thir ||atria (contraction of atria). ‘return to normal state) representation of electrical |latleft ankle) for a detaled |/QRS complex represents the | The end of T wave marks the end fctivity of the heart during |levaluation multiple leads ||depolarisation of ventricles | of systole. cardiac cycle. lare attached to the chest _||(ventricular contraction) ‘One can determine heart rate by region: |Q marks the beginning of systole | counting no. Of QRS complex. HISTOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS | Tunica intima | [Tunica media (inner lining of | (middle layer of ‘squamous, | smooth muscles ‘ondothel ‘lastic bres) [oeewnt | [nisin in ver. ‘A unique vascular connection exists biw the digestive tract and liver ‘called the hepatic portal system The hepatic portal vein carries Blood {rom intestine tothe liver bafore it's delivered to the systemic Circulation. A special coronary system of blood vessels is present in ‘ur body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the Cardiac musculature Requiation of cardiac activity Human heart is myogenic because itis auto regulated by special muscles (nodal tissue). A special neurl. centre in the ‘medulla oblongata can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system. ‘Neural signals from sympathetic nerves (part of ANS)) can increase heart rate, the strength of ventricular contraction and these by cardiac output. Parasympathetic neural signals (another component of ANS) decrease the rate of heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and theraby the cardiac output | ‘Adrenal medullary hormones can also increase the cardiac activity. DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart failure Heart is not pumping ‘efficiently to meet the body ‘requirements of 02. Coronary artery Angina /angina disease(CAD) or pectoris artheroseleros| Acute chest pain when there is not enough High blood hypertension Bt higher than normal {120/00 mtg) 1206 te assed cueto Sippiyot O2 oheart aoe tmuaces, More common cheese & mide oped or eleriy reaches to 140/30 or higher Secure due to Cancausenesrtdesretor Boog now nme Sood ow ‘can affect braintkidney. ‘muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply. © scanned with OKEN Scanner