HIGHWAY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

ETHIOPAIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-MEKELLE

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTERSHIP REPORT ON ASPHALT ROAD PROJECT

HOSTING COMPANY: SUR CONSTRUCTION PLC.

PREPARED BY: hiwi

ID.NO: EIT-M/UR129736/10

SECTION: FOUR

SUBMITTED TO: INS, LETEBRHAN

SUBMISSION DATE: MAY, 2024

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Declaration
I declared that this report is an original work of my own and written based on the experience I have gained from
three month of internship practice. This report is my three months stay at Sur construction PLC, at Mekelle City
Road Project.
Moreover, all sources of materials and pictures used for the report have been duly acknowledged.

Advisor’s Name: INS. Letetebrhan

Signature

Student’s Name: Fana haftu

Signature

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Acknowledgements
Primarily, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for helping me to complete the project successfully. Then
after, I would like to thank gratefully to SUR Construction PLC, which allows me to work on their organization. I
would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. BERHANE (site engineer), Mr. KAHSAY (office engineer),
Mr. ATSBEHA (office engineer) and all SUR Construction Company workers for their valuable, genuine
suggestion, their continuous follow up throughout all the Internship period and directing us to accomplish this
document through their effort and the guidance on our internship period.

Next, I would like to give my special thanks to my dedicated advisor Ins. LETEBRHAN for her continues and
unforgettable supports from the starting up to the end of my project.

Last not least, I would like to thank for all my friends and bests who help me to prepare my paper works.

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Executive summary
This report is an outcome of the exercise I conducted during my internship period at Sur construction
in, Tigray, National Regional State (TNRS) in the Northern part of Ethiopia. This was an opportunity
to put in practice the legal knowledge, I had acquired during my four years of study at Mekelle
University. The purpose of this report is to put in writing the work experience I had acquired from
performing specific tasks in a professional environment.
In this final report, I have tried to write about the major activities in the project. This final internship
report contains four chapters.
The first chapter of this report mainly concerns on the background of my hosting company Sur
Construction PLC. Like its brief history, main products and services, main customers or the end users
of its products, overall organization, and work flow and so on.
The second chapter of this report mainly describes on the overall internship experience I gained
during the internship periods. And it including how I get in to the company, the section of the
company I have been working in, how does the work flow in the section look like, procedures that I
have been following while performing my tasks, challenges that I have faced while I’m performing
my tasks and measures that I have taken to overcome the challenges.
The third chapter of this report explains the major challenges of the Mekelle city asphalt road project
that I have tried to identify problem statement, literature review and methodology of in my internship
experience that I understand the major challenges of the site location like topographical location,
ground water and other major problems.
In the four chapter, I have tried to explain the overall benefits that I have gained during the period of
the internship program. By different point of view like in terms of improving my practical skill,
upgrading my theoretical knowledge, improving interpersonal communication skills, team playing
skills, leadership skills, and understanding about work ethics and entrepreneurship skills.
The last chapter contains conclusion and recommendation that I wrote to the company I have been
practicing.
Finally, reference and appendix.
Pictures of some sections of the site, laboratories are also included to help the reader to visualize
what I am working about during my internship program.

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Contents
Declaration.................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... ii
Executive summary..................................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE COMPANY..................................................................................... 1
1.1. Brief history of the company............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Main product and service of the company.......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Main customers or the end users of the service..................................................................................2
1.4 Some Completed project’s by Sur...................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Ongoing projects................................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Main Objective of the company.......................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Vision, mission and values of the company........................................................................................ 4
1.8 Overall Organization and work flow.................................................................................................. 5
1.9 Equipment and machines.................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................... 8
Overall Internship Experience...................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. How I get into the Company.............................................................................................................. 8
2.2. The work flow in the sections............................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Background of the project................................................................................................................. 12
2.3.1 Brief description of the project...................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Work Sections of the Company I Have Been Working.....................................................................14
2.3.1 Site work........................................................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................... 30
SELECTED PROJECT.............................................................................................................................. 30
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SAFETY CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS........30
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 Problem statement............................................................................................................................ 30
3.3 Objective of the project.................................................................................................................... 31
3.3.1 General objectives......................................................................................................................... 31
3.3.2 Specific objective........................................................................................................................... 31
3.4 Scope of the project.......................................................................................................................... 31
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3.5 Literature review............................................................................................................................... 31

3.6 Methodology of the study................................................................................................................. 32
3.7 Analysis Causes of accident.............................................................................................................. 32
3.8 Result and Discussion....................................................................................................................... 33
3.9 Establishment of safety program...................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................... 35
OVERALL BENEFITS FROM THE INTERNSHIP.................................................................................35
4.1 Improving Practical Skills................................................................................................................ 35
4.2 In terms of improving interpersonal skills........................................................................................ 35
4.3 Interpersonal communication skill.................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Team working Skill........................................................................................................................... 36
4.5 Work ethics....................................................................................................................................... 37
4.6 Entrepreneurship Skills..................................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................................................................ 38
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................... 38
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................ 38
5.2 RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................... 38
5.2.1 Recommendation for the company................................................................................................ 38
References.................................................................................................................................................. 40
APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................ 41

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Company profile ……………………………………………………………………..1
Figure 1.2 Zareama May Day Asphalt Core Rock Fill Dam Project………………………….3
Figure 1.3 organization Structure of the company …………………………………………….5
Figure 2.1 Work flow of the section……………………………………………………………..7
Figure 2.2 Extra Under-Excavation (1.5m)…………………………………………………….14
Figure 2.3 pipe bedding preparation …………………………………………………………..17
Figure 2.4 pipe installation……………………………………………………………………...18
Fig 2.5 reinforcement placement for box culvert……………………………………………..21
Fig 2. 6 preparation of manhole………………………………………………………………22
Fig 2.7 Slump test ……………………………………………………………………………...23
Fig 3. 1 Walkway hazards due to excavation………………………………………………....28
Fig 3. 2 Sea water due to seepage but without safety fence………………………………….29

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CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE COMPANY
1.1. Brief history of the company

A few visionary engineers, having ample experience, and great exposure as well as good reputation in this sector,

established Sur construction PLC.

Sur construction is international registered company, which obtained investment registration license from

the Ethiopian investment agency. In addition, received a commercial registration certificate issued under

commercial registration and business license from Addis Ababa City Trade Administration Bureau. Sur

construction was guaranteed license for Grade 1 general contractor (GC-1) from ministry of the urban

development and construction on a capacity, which enables it to perform any construction task including

road, dame and building.

Soon after establishment, the company-acquired license for Grade 1 water works general contractor (wc-1)

by ministry of water resources, irrigation and energy. Besides sowing sufficient equipment and machinery,

both heavy and light duty. Sur construction materials manufacturing plants of concrete batching, crusher and

concrete pipe and asphalt plants since 2013; all of which are automated and assisted by experienced

professions.

Figure 1.1 Company profile

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1.2 Main product and service of the company

The Construction Company is mainly engaged in the construction sector and undertakes
construction of different purpose and complicated types. Buildings, Bridges, road, culverts,
hospitals, health & other educational institutes, residential buildings, mixed use buildings for
private & public use and different water projects.
Sur construction has the following main products and services

 Design works

 Construction and maintenance of Asphalt road

 Pedestrian walkway construction partially & Airport, etc.

Sur has constructed many transport facilities. Also has a great part in maintenance of city roads.
In addition to this, it has a great role in designing and construction of all traffic structures.

1.3 Main customers or the end users of the service

Sur Construction PLC has being executing different kinds of construction projects throughout the
country. These are construction of asphalt roads, buildings, bridges, gravel roads, cobblestones,
drainage structures, Dam & Airport etc. After completion of these projects, they will give a variety
of services for different bodies. The main customers or end user users of this company includes,
Governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations in Federal and state and direct users.
Governmental institution and non-governmental organization
 Universities, colleges
 Airports
 Health center
 Addis Ababa city Sur office
 Ethiopia road authority
 Residential building
 Investment like to construct industry factory etc.
Based on the direct service:

 The community

 Contractors

 Consultants
Generally, the service to be provide from completion of these projects directly or indirectly the main
customers or end users are all people of the country.

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1.4 Some Completed project’s by Sur

 From Abi Adi to Adwa Asphalt road project

 From Abi Adi to Guya Asphalt road project

 Dedebit to Adiremts Asphalt road project

 Trukan Airport project

 Zareama May day asphalt Core Rock fill Dame project

 Dansha to abdrafi Asphalt Road Project  Weriae to Adwa asphalt project etc.

Figure 1.2 Zareama May Day Asphalt Core Rock Fill Dam Project

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1.5 Ongoing projects

 Mekelle City asphalt road project.  Abi Adi City asphalt road project.

 Shire City asphalt road project.

 Adigrat City asphalt road project and so on.

1.6 Main Objective of the company

 Maintain a maximum level of customers.

 Contribute to the growth of the construction industry in Ethiopia.

 Superior and safe construction industry standards as part of its operational work.

 Keep providing high quality service to satisfy business partners.

 Ensure the financial and endurance of the company.

 Play activities developmental in the construction sector.

1.7 Vision, mission and values of the company

 Vision
To be a leading, effective and preferred international general contractor.

 Mission

 Participate in a large scale transport, water work and building construction in domestic
market and playing its part in the nations development by insuring timely

 Completion and acceptable quality

 Insure customer satisfaction and building trust

 Insuring continuous improvement in quality and production by building company

production capability

 Insure continues profitability

 Values

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 Visionary leadership

 Balance of customer satisfaction and profitable

 Involvement and human dignity

 Building proactive organization culture

 Respect of the law

 Capacity building

 Factual decision making

1.8 Overall Organization and work flow

Any project no matter how big or small the scale requires a well put together organization and work flow is
suitable to the nature of the project. In addition, In order to handle, the construction, and marketing,
financial and administrative activities of the business enterprise, strong management team is required. Sur is
a wellstructured and adequately staffed organization capable of handling a number of projects at a time. The
company uses the combined knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for
consistent quality project delivery. To build this team systematically the following summarized organization
structure is located below.

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Figure 1.3 organization Structure of the company

1.9 Equipment and machines

Some of the construction equipment/machines which I came across during my industrial training include the
following among others:
1. Excavating machine: This is among the function of a bulldozer plant, primarily used to excavate
rocks and soil in the site, for drainage excavation, also used in loading loose materials.
2. Rollers/Compaction machine: This machine is designed to consolidate filling materials, to
compact surface finishes. Roller vibrators are also used for compaction and consolidation of
granular soil in the site.

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3. Lorries/Truck: These are used for transporting the site materials. Materials such as laterite, granite
as well as sharp sand are transported to and away from site with these.
4. Concrete mixer: These are machines used for mixing concrete. It mixes sand, granite (fine and
coarse aggregate) and cement with water in the right proportions.
5. Water Tankers: These trucks are used for the transportation of water to the site when the need
arises.
6. Wheel barrow: These are used to convey already mixed concrete, loose materials as well as bags
of cements to locations where they are needed on site.
7. Grader: This is a construction machine with a very long blade used to create a flat surface during
grading process. Graders are commonly used in construction and maintenance of dirt roads and
gravel roads. The grader is also a self-propelled machine with an adjustable blade, position of the
blade is between the front and the rear axle, the blade is commonly used for cutting, spreading and
levelling of materials.
8. Pay loader: Pay loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside or load
materials such as asphalt, dirt, gravel, logs, rock, sand etc. into or onto another type of machinery
(such as dump truck, conveyor, feed-hopper or rail road car)
9. Tipper: This is a truck that is used for the conveying of materials to be used on site such as laterite,
stone-base, asphalt etc.
10. Backhoe loader: This consists of a tractor like unit fitted with a loader-style shovel/bucket on the
front and a backhoe on the back. They are used for a variety of tasks: construction, small
demolitions, light transportation of materials, excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt etc.
11. Theodolite: This is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical
planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications but also have meteorological
functions.
12. Poker Vibrator (Immersion vibrator): This is also known as needle vibrator, it is used for
compacting freshly pou Pumping machine. This is used in pumping out flood from where they are
so as to ensure smooth construction. It uses the principle of pressure to ‘suck out’ water or flood
from where they are. In the course of our construction, rain happened to cause a lot of flood every
now and then during construction, so the pumping machine served its purpose during this period.
Red concrete.

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CHAPTER TWO
Overall Internship Experience
2.1. How I get into the Company

I have done my internship program in Sur construction plc, on 5th year 1st semester. When the Internship
program staff gives us a paper to find a host company for internship experience directly I went to
Sur construction plc, with my friends and I have got a warm treatment beginning from the gate, who Are
working as guarding for the company and they show me the office of the project manager; After
giving a polite greeting I gave him the papers first and they accept my request on good Manner. He
confirms me and ordered me to attend regularly and to have a good discipline in this company. Then I show
that I agree with the rules and regulation of the company; and I got out of the office with great thank and
great hope to do my best in the company.

2.2. The work flow in the sections

Presence of effective work flow on the site is valuable to facilitate the progress of the project smoothly and ensure a
clear and direct line of communication among the different employees.

The figure below shows the organization and work flow that is present on the project.

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1. Project managers: - is the person who manages and control the overall the activities of the project.

Activities that are responsible to the project manager includes- 

Approve payment to sub contracts.
 Approve material request.

 Analysis the work process.

 Review and checks the weekly and monthly reports made by the office engineer.
 Manages the whole site work execution in terms of time and material usage.
 Addresses every demand and uncertainties on site.
 Issues the grant of higher power working class.
 Reports overall progress of the project periodically.

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 Schedules major tasks or activities undertaken on site.

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2. Office engineer: -

 Is the second power holder on the contractor side.

 Prepares daily laborers output report.
 Prepares action plan for machinery, labor and material.
 Prepares time schedule for work.
 Prepares checks and reviews any sub-contract payments.
 Quantifies any materials on request.
Generally, office engineer is responsible for planning, programming and preparation of weekly,
monthly and annual reports of the activities of the project and preparation of working template and
drawing by collecting data from the data collector and reporting to the project manager and to the head
office.

3. Construction engineer:
Is the person who directly manages or executed the manpower and construction activities on
site.
It controls the activities of the Forman, daily labour and other persons who have direct
contact with the construction activity.
Controls all works going on the site.
Makes necessary engineering judgment on site Reports overall progress or activities of the
project in a month to the client on meetings or sessions held on site periodically
Generally, works as a link between the contractor and the consultant group Confirms payment to
contractor by the client.

4. Materials Engineer:

 Evaluate the adequacy of the construction methodology and techniques of the contractor in
relation to construction specification.
 Develop and prepare guide and formats for both field and laboratory supervision inspectors that
assists to attain coherent and systematic follow-ups.
 Check the adequacy of structural works and mix designs.
 Check and analyze the responsiveness of field tests with that of the established procedures.
 Responsible for interpretation of geotechnical investigation, bridge site foundation material and
foundation recommendation.

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Generally, material engineer tasks are selecting the suitable material, selecting type of test methods and
checking the material quality according to the specification. The material engineer also coordinates the
laboratory works and the laboratory technicians, material inspector and assistance laboratory technicians
works under material engineer.

5. Data collector:
 Daily collects data on activities undertaken on site.
 Reports the daily activities to the site/ office engineer and Interprets and prepares monthly data
summary on site activities.
6. Surveyors: - the main task of surveyor engineer is to coordinate the surveyors. Survey work can be
categorized based on the equipment type into two:
Total station: its main purpose is to put the station mark and it stakes at given interval of the
control line and edge of the road.
Level man: it is a surveyor adjusts elevation of layer before, during and after construction.
Surveyor’s main tasks are

 Report on all other matters pertinent to their duties to their immediate supervisor in the
Consultant’s team.

 Day to day checking of levels of pavement layers and structures.

 Keep and maintain day-to-day detailed records.
 Bring to the immediate attention of the resident engineer any issues or matters that may adversely
affect the timely and/or economic performance of the works.

7. Cashier/ Purchaser:
Purchases materials approved by the project manager

• Pays salary to workers working on the project.

• Generally controls all the cash flowing in and out of the site.

8. Store keeper:

• Has his/her own assistant storekeeper.

• Controls, manages and records all materials which are going out /in to the site.
• Balances the materials consumed with the unconsumed one.
• Issues material in demand on site to the head office.

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9. Timekeeper: -
Controls the time the workers start, brake and stop on daily basis. The main activities of the timekeeper
at the site
• Records ordinary working hours and overtime hours.
• Reports a summary of each employee is working hours in a month to administration office for
the subsequent financial procedures.

• Register ordinary time amount working and over time work.

• Report a summary of working time to the data collector

10. Gang leaders: -

• Control a group of laborers in a specific activity.
• Assigns daily laborers to specific site activities.
• Accepts specific work orders from the G. For man.
• Reports any difficulties to G. Forman.

11. Daily labor’s: -

Unskilled labor force on site who works on every manual site Activities as being assign by the gang
leaders.

12. Guards: -
Keeps the safety and security of the site day and night.

13. Drivers: -
These include small and large truck drivers, and transport the purchased materials and light construction
machineries to / out of the site. Having said this, now let us directly proceed to some of the working
tasks executed by the intern during the internship program.

2.3 Background of the project

2.3.1 Brief description of the project
Among the several undertaking projects of Sur, mekelle asphalt road project & road, it’s a new road
project is one of them. Corr this regard, the subsequent article will explore about the description and
status of the project upon my first encounter.
The Abi Adi City Asphalt Road project is located in Tigray National Region, State (TNRS) which starts
from Mekelle City going to North side of Tigray.
The road is part of the plan that city is undertaking in the recent years.

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The road is classified as DC-6 and has 19 width with 3.369Km length single lane 4.25 Walkway on
both sides of the road and its total length is 3.369km.
The Client/Employer
The client is owner of the project and in our case; the Client is Abi Adi city road Administration.
Consultant

The Consultant shall maintain close liaison/contact with the project counterpart from AACRA.
Monthly joint meetings shall be arrange by the Consultant to facilitate monitoring of the works. In our
project, the consultant company is MU (Mekelle University.).
The Contractor
The contractor is the one who was going to put the design to the ground and in our case, the Contractor
is Sur construction plc.
 Organizes the monthly report to be sent to head office
 Schedules weekly and monthly work implementation
 Checks and reviews any sub contract payment  Quantifies any material on request

Table 2.1: over all information of the project

Project name MEKELLE CITY PROJECT

Client MEKELLE CITY ADMINISTRATION

General contractor SUR CONSTRUCTION P.L.C

Consultant MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

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Location MEKELLE

2.3 Work Sections of the Company I Have Been Working

While training for about three months with the company they trained me on site activities. And I try to
visualize the undergoing activities on site like Excavation, Fill work, Sub grade layer construction,
capping layer construction, Casting of concrete, and structure works like culvert, pipe installations and
also various tests like CBR test.

2.3.1 Site work

Site work is divided into the following sub sections

a) Surveying
b) Earth work
c) Construction of pavement layers
d) Construction of structures
e) Tests
A. Surveying

Before any construction activity all survey results are undertaken under the supervision of the engineer’s
representative, and all the survey works are submitted to the engineer in digital format. After the survey
works are approved by the engineers the setting out work continues. The detail vertical, horizontal
alignments, widening and shoulders are designed by the Engineer’s, based on this the contactor prepares a
template (Cross sectional working drawings), which is easy to understand, using eagle point software. After
the template (Cross sectional working drawings) is approved by the engineers, the surveyors use this
template in the setting out works. Before construction beings the surveyor should provide the following
information to the Forman or grade checkers

• Slope stakes limits (boundary of any earth work activity)

• Depth of cut or fill

• Fixing center line, shoulder and carriageway

• Fixing and locating of structure formwork

The basic things for any survey work are

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• Design data and Drawings

• Templates (cross sectional working drawings)

• Skilled man power (Level man)

• Chain mans
• Equipment’s (level, total station) and • Peg etc.

The surveyor writes the following information on the peg cut ( -) or fill(+) . The surveyor uses the
template (cross sectional drawings) to set out all the above information for construction of all pavements.
After construction, the design elevation of each pavement layers is cheeked (As built reading for layers
above the sub grade is taken) by consultants (with a tolerance of +2.5 for earth works). Surveyors in
consulting engineer’s side are mainly engaged in checking each part of the section done by contractor
surveyors. After a completion of one section of a particular layer or part of a structure they are responsible
for checking the desired elevation as per the section template or structural drawing is reached. If the result
is not in a tolerable limit they have the power to instruct a certain correction. If the design elevation of the
pavement layer wasn’t attained, the specified pavement is ripped and reworked.

B. Earth Work

During my stay with earthwork crews, I have known the obligation of earthwork section deeply.
Earthworks - Is the phase during a highway construction when the right of way is convert from its natural
condition and configuration to the section and the grades prescribed in the plans.

1. Clearing and Grubbing

Clearing; refers to the removal of material above existing ground surface. Include the removal of
all rocks and boulders of up to 20 cm depth remove. in size, which is exposed, or lying on the
surface.
Grubbing; means the removal of objects to a nominal depth below the surface
Clearing and grubbing are define as the removal of trees, stumps, roots, debris, brush other
vegetation, rubbish, fences and all other objectionable materials including the disposal of all
materials etc. from the area of proposed excavation and embankment. Those tasks are usually
perform by Bull Dozer and excavator.

It shall also include the removal and disposal of structures that obtrude, encroach up on or
otherwise obstruct the work. There is no extra payment will be made for this. Where directed by

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the engineer, all stumps and roots larger than 75mm in diameter are remove a depth of not less
than 500mm below the finished level. Where the existing ground has to be compacted, all
stumps and roots including matted roots shall be removed to a depth of at least 200 mm below
the cleared surface, except where otherwise specified or directed by the engineer. Clearing &
Grubbing priced bill of quantity unit rate (per 1KM 58,362.07 Birr).The clearing & Grubbing
are measured by Ha.

2. Earthworks

A. Excavation
Excavation is a process of loosening and removing soil or rock from its original position and
transporting it to a fill or waste deposit.
I have observed two types of Excavation which are labelled as common excavation and undercut
excavation.
 Common Excavation is the process of removing suitable or unsuitable material to attain
sub grade level. If the material is suitable we can as fill material (cut to fill) and if the
material is unsuitable in needs to be removed and replace by suitable material. Common
Excavation is done in almost all stretch of the road except fill station.
 Under-cut is a process cutting earthwork materials to correct unsuitable sub grades and
embankment foundation. Undercut is needed if the sub grade CBR value after common
excavation does not meet ERA manuals requirement.In our site undercut is done almost at
all stretch s of the road.
 Extra undercut is to be done if we believe the area is swampy. In our site Extra undercut
is executed because of ground water table and black cotton soil.

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Figure 2.2 Extra Under-Excavation (1.5m)

Cutting is the excavation of supper elevated area to get the design elevation of the road. It stands
at or near vertical in sound rock, but in weathered rock or soil, cutting is did with slope with
respect to the soil type.

Some considerations taken when cutting is done are:

a) Type of material to be excavate

b) Water table

c) Angle of slope determination Volume and position of materials

d) Drainage and protection against erosion

a) Type of material to be excavated

Type of material to be excavate governs the construction method, the suitability of the cut material
for the sub grade and slope that can be safely adopt.

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b) Water table
A water table may be permanent or seasonal. In any case, its presence and
characteristics (level, flow of water etc.) is determined, as they affect the method of
excavation and stability of cut slope and the drainage system.

c) Angle of slope determination

The design slope of cut section is a compromise between the following requirements

 Stability

 Erosion

 Appearance and visibility

 Need of fill material

 Minimum cost
Borrow Material

Where sufficient quantities of suitable material are not available from roadway excavation,
as planned, additional materials was excavate, from borrow pits indicated on the plans or
approved by the Engineer.
Where is the location of the borrow material?
The location of the borrow material (i. e, approved borrow pit) is predetermined by the designers.
Material engineers can easily find the borrow pits from designed plans.
How can we obtain borrow material?
Borrow material is not obtained from roadway excavation but secured by widening cuts,
flattening back slopes, Excavating from sources adjacent to the road within the right of
way, or from selected borrow .
The quality Requirement of Borrow Material based on ERA Standard 2013,CBR≥8％

,Swell≤2％ LL≤60％& PI≤30％.

The quarry/ borrow site for our project is located both at SHAFAT and MESSEBO

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Earth moving
There are different approaches of hauling earth materials. The approaches entirely depend on the
method of construction.
 If its Labor based construction, hauling of the earth material, will be carries out by labors.

 In our case the construction method is equipment based, we use trucks to move the earth materials.
Typically, Dump trucks.

Waste

Material excavated from roadway cuts but not required for making the embankment.
Here in our project, sometimes the waste material used to construct access road for quarry sites, for
maintenance of existing road.

d. Drainage Works -
Under drainage works there are many tasks to be done starting from structural excavation to pipe
installation, pipe plastering, backfill works and manhole works.
During our stay in the site we observe structural excavation, pipe laying, pipe plastering and backfill works.
We will try to discuss each the above listed tasks individually.
Pipe production
Pipe production is the process of manufacturing reinforced concrete pipes for the purpose of side drainage

works. The sizes of the R.C pipes in our site varies from 36” to 59” and their thickness varies from 8cm to

11cm and also the grade of concrete used for the production of the R.C pipe is c-35.Then after 28 days of

curing the pipes would become ready to install.

Structural Excavation

Structural Excavation is the removal of material which lays in the sides of carriage way for the purpose of

pipe installation. The Depth of excavation varies depending on the size of pipe given by the hydrologist’s

side drainage schedule. The Trench Excavation width is set as Outer diameter of the pipe plus 1m working

space.

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If the material found after trench excavation is not assumed to be unsuitable we have to use extra undercut of

50-60 cm depth and replacing with suitable material.

After Trench excavation is completed we proceed to pipe bedding Preparation.

Figure 2.3 Pipe bedding Preparation

Installations of Side Drainage pipe

High way drainage is the process of removing and controlling excess surface and sub-surface
water within the right of way. It includes interception and diversion of water from the road
surface and sub grade. It also one of the most important aspects of the design of a road in the
provision made for protecting the road from surface water or ground water. In addition, the
design of pipe shall be consider existing road pipe and other west water from surrounding
area of road. At the Production area, four types of pipe are produced, 36 inch, 42 inch 48 inch
& 59 inch

In our site inch 36 and 48 are used.

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Work procedure:

• Step: 1 set the alignment of pipe placing

• Step: 2 excavate for laying pipe including working space

• Step: 3 if we gate poor material replace by selected material and compact then
start placing of pipe

• Step: 4 check the elevation and alignment

Figure 2.4 pipe installation

C. Construction of pavement layers

Pavement work: -Pavement structure is layer structure support the vehicle load on surface, transfer and
spread the load to the sub grade without exceeding either the strength of the sub grade or the internal
strength of the pavement itself. In our site, the pavement structure has three typical layers. Shown in
table below.

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Table 2.2 Thickness of pavement layer

Flexible pavement layer Thickness of layer
in(mm)
Wearing course (Asphalt concrete) 50
Crushed Base Course(GB1) 200
Sub Base Material 255
The total fills of the pavement

 Asphalt Concrete(AC)=50mm
 Base Course 200mm
 Sub base 255mm
 CBR test is less than 3％
 The soil type is black cotton

1. Sub grade layer

It is the result of earthwork and it may consist of local soils or material excavated elsewhere and placed as
fill. It is an original ground of Earth’s surface. Sub grade is not a part of pavement structure but it is
foundation material for pavement structures, needs careful investigations, and tests because it affects the
performance of pavement structures.
For instance if our sub grade is Black Cotton Soil which have a behavior of shrinkage and expansiveness, in
the area where a black cotton soil is found that area is excavated and replaced by soil materials that are
borrowed from other station and dumped in that area.
Soil for Ordinary fills or improved Sub grade layers
The strength of sub grade soils is dependent on;
• the type of soils
• density, and
• moisture content
Hence to determine the sub grade strength, which would be used for design of the air field pavement
structure, It is apparent to ascertain the density -moisture content strength relationship specific to the sub
grade soils encountered along the project road.
Materials used for ordinary fill or improved Sub grade layers fulfill the following specification to be used
for the airfield up grading project.

• Liquid limit ≤55%

• Plastic index ≤25%
• CBR ( swelling 4 days soaking ) ≥15%
• Swell on CBR specimen ( according AASHTO T99MDD ) ≤ 1.5%

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• Compacted density ( according AASHTO T-180 ) =95%

• Compacted layer thickness =200mm
• Maximum particle size 2/3 of layer thickness.

2. Sub base layer:

The sub base is an important load-spreading layer in the completed pavement. It enables traffic stresses to be
reduced to acceptable levels in the sub grade, it act as working platform for the construction of the upper
pavement layers and .it provides additional help to the upper layer in distributing the load. It facilitates
drainage of free water that might be accumulate below the pavement. Sub base is a layer of specified or
selected material of designed thickness placed over the sub grade course or capping layer to furnish strength
to the base course or DBM layer.
The placing of sub base layer has the following major steps

• Step: 1 Placing, mixing showering and compacting first layer sub base material

• Step: 2 Placing, mixing, showering and compacting second layer sub base material

• Step: 3 Checking elevation and density second layer sub base material (275cm)

 Showering: - we provided water by using shower truck in order to increase its density.
 Compaction: - using equipment called single drum roller in order to increase the density of the layer.
 Surveying activities: - were execute in order to check whether the appropriate sub base thickness was,
achieve at left, right and center position of each station.
 Correction: - correction activities for the sub base thickness was did and compromising an error of up
to ± 3cm as it would be compensated by upper layer.

 Field density test: - the degree of compaction of the layer checked by sand cone replacement method
whether it achieved 95% of the maximum dry density by AACRA’ s specification section 100
division 300 that we achieved in the laboratory. On the places where it did not achieve, we scraped
and re compact it.
3. Base course layer

Base course is the main load-spreading layer. In order to make sure that the load applied at the edge of the
pavement will be supported by under lying layers. The Base course is constructed some distance beyond the
edge of the wearing course. For base course construction the contractor use crushed basaltic stone
material ,which is obtained from that are available in the locality which full-fill all the requirements
determined in the technical specification means, hardness, soundness, durable and unearthed.

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4. Prime coat (bitumen);

Typically, it is an application of a low viscosity bitumen over a granular base, preparing it for laying an
asphalt mixture on it. A prime coat performs several important functions.

• Coats and bonds loose material particles on the surface of the base.
• Hardens or toughens the surface of the base
5. Asphalt concrete
AC is the last and upper layer of pavement consists of asphalt cement/filler/, aggregate, cutback
asphalt/prime/ and air voids with high temperature heat. It is normally known simply as hot mix
asphalt, a composite material commonly used for construction of airport pavement. Asphalt concrete
(AC) consists of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate mixed then place in layers and compacted.

D. Construction of structure

Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. Culvert is provided under roads and highways
far a crossing of water, as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the water flow. The culvert is
ideally suited for a road to limit water flow in a controlled way.
There are some common types of culvert such as slab, box, and arch culvert. Classification is based on
hydraulic, water surface elevation, and roadway height and other conditions.
Box culvert is used in our site.
Box culvert
These culverts are constructed where the nature of soil below foundation is not suitable for individual
footing under piers and abutments.
Details and Procedures for construction of box culvert in our site

• Lean concrete providing

• Bottom reinforcement and spacer providing
• Cabaleto and top reinforcement placement
• Formwork placement
• Supervision
• Casting
• Placement of vertical reinforcement for shear wall of thickness 25cm

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Fig 2.5 reinforcement placement for box culvert

Manhole works
Manholes are access points to underground utility networks, such as sewage, storm water drainage,
telecommunications, and electrical systems. These vertical structures provide entry and exit points for
maintenance, inspections, and repairs.
Structural Excavation is the removal of material which lays in the sides of carriage way for the purpose of
pipe installation. The depth of excavation varies depending on the size of pipe given by the hydrologist’s
side drainage schedule.
The Trench Excavation width is set as Outer diameter of the pipe plus 1m working space. If the material
found after trench excavation is not assumed to be unsuitable we have to use extra undercut of 50-60 cm
depth and replacing with suitable material. After Trench excavation is completed we proceed to pipe
bedding Preparation.

The Functions of Manholes:

• Check the sewage line, clean it, and get rid of any blockages that are there.
• With the help of a manhole, pipes can be joined together, turned around, or put in the right place.
• These have a cover with holes in it that lets the bad gases escape. So, it is a good way for the
underground sewage system to get air.
• With the help of manholes, sewer lines can be laid at the right lengths. How Are Manholes
Constructed?
(i) Planning and Design: The first step involves planning and designing the manhole according
to the project’s specific requirements. Factors such as size, shape, depth, and load-bearing
capacity are considered during this phase.
(ii) Excavation: A hole is excavated in the ground at the designated location to accommodate
the manhole structure. The depth of the excavation will depend on the required access and
the depth of the utility lines or sewer system being accessed.
(iii) Base Preparation: Once the excavation is complete, the base of the manhole is prepared. It
typically involves leveling and compacting the soil or adding a layer of granular material
like crushed stone or gravel to create a stable foundation.

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(iv) Installation of the Base Section: The base section of the manhole, often made of precast
concrete, is installed in the excavated hole. This section forms the bottom of the manhole
structure and supports the subsequent sections.
(v) Wall Construction: The walls of the manhole are constructed using precast concrete rings or
segments. These rings are placed on top of each other to build the height of the manhole.
The joints between the rings are sealed with mortar or specialized sealants to ensure
watertightness.
(vi) Connection to Utilities: During the construction of the manhole walls, connections are made
to the utility lines, such as sewer pipes or storm water drains. These connections allow for

access to the underground systems and facilitate maintenance and repairs

Fig 2. 6 preparation of manhole

Manholes are openings that provide access to underground public utilities such as sewers, water, electricity,
gas, and telephones. Workers need to access utilities periodically to perform inspections, repairs, and
maintenance.

E. Tests
Concrete test (field test)
Concrete taste used in order to know its quality and strength.
Quality tests on concrete are performed as a part as quality control
of concrete structures.
It gives an idea about the property of the concrete such as its strength, durability,
permeability etc.

1. Slump test
Objective: -
Slump test is the most common test useful in checking the consistency and work
ability of the concrete mix at site. It is carried out by filling a metallic mould on
the form of frustum cone with the dimension of (bottom diameter =20cm, top

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diameter=10cm and height=30cm) with fresh concrete and tamp each layer using
tamping rod of size (diameter=1.6cm and length=60cm)
Procedures
Step 1: Ensure that the inner surface of the mould is clean and dry, then place it on a clean,
smooth and level steel base plate.
Step 2: Fill it with fresh concrete within two minutes after the mixing. The mould shall
be filled in three layers, each approximately one-third of the height of the mould when
tamped.
Step 3: Tamp each layer within 25 strokes of the tamping rod
Step 4: After the top layer is tamped scrap off the concrete above the level of top mould using
the tamping rod.

Step 5: Clean off excess concrete found outside of the mould.

Step 6: Remove the mould from the concrete by rising vertically, slowly and carefully, in
5 to 10 seconds

Step 7: Immediately after the mould removed, measure the slump by using the ruler
to determine the difference between the heights of the mould and of the highest
point of the specimen being tested.
There are three types of slump results, which are true, shear and collapse slump. During inspecting, the
test result gives true slump; indicate good quality of fresh concrete.

Fig 2.7 Slump test

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2 Compressive test (cube test)

Objective: -to determine the compressive strength of hardened concrete. Totally six samples taken for
curb stone but the first three specimens tested on the seventh day, the second three specimens tested on
the 28th day.
The results should be fulfil the following percentage of required strength.
On the seventh day 65 % of required compressive strength
On the 28th day 98 % of required compressive strength

Procedures
Step 1. Preparing clean and dry cube molds of 150 x 150mm and apply the lubricants on the surface of
the mold.
Step 2. Prepare sample of concrete from concrete with predetermined mix ratio, in site.
Step 3. Fill the prepared concrete in three layers each compacted with 25 strokes of metal rod scrap off
the excess above the top level of the cube mould.
Step 4. We take it to laboratory and left it to harden for about 24 hours and remove from the mould to
be immersed in fresh water. On temperature of 27°c±2°c.
Step 5. The fresh water on which the specimens are kept submerged should be renewed every in the
seven days.
Step 6. The specimens taken out of the water for about 24 hours before taking for tests to be in surface
dry condition.
Step 7. Then they take to be tested using the compressive testing machine and we read the maximum
applied compressive load from gauge.
Step 8. Finally, the compressive strength of the specimen shall be calculate by dividing the maximum
compressive load taken by the specimen by its cross-sectional area.

2.4 The procedures I have been using while performing my work tasks
Since it was my first time in such a project and also the project is vast project I assumed as it could be
difficult, but I was quickly introducing with the supervisors and site engineers. The procedures I was
followed firstly I was required to observe each practical aspect from the site work and do the office
activities.

• First I have been making myself available on the site.

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• I have tried to communicate with laborers on the site beside the contractor and the forman.
• I have tried to observe all activities on the site before I ask a question.
• I have tried to classifying the responsible of the work for each member of the projects.
• I observed selected activities of office works.
• I have been asking some technical and site related questions and so on.

2.5 Challenges I have faced

As an intern in the construction industry, we are likely to encounter a range of challenges that will test our
skills, knowledge, and adaptability. From navigating complex construction processes to communicating
effectively with diverse team members, the challenges we face during our internship will provide valuable
learning opportunities and help as develop essential skills for a successful career in construction.. Embracing
these challenges with a positive attitude and a willingness to learn will not only help as overcome obstacles
but also prepare as for a rewarding career in construction.
Let us see some challenges that faced me and how I dealt them

• Understanding the site language for different materials and tasks

• Communicating with site staff members was difficult because they were busy on their own task
specially the site engineer
• Lack of construction safety wears i.e. personal protective equipment. Such as safety shoes, helmet,
reflector jackets, and gloves---etc.
• Mostly the labors of the site were trained technically only the working practically but educationally
not qualified. Due to this they couldn’t explain the point I want effectively.

2.7 Remedial measures

To solve the challenges I used the following methods:

 Further reading some books and manuals

 Oral interview with site workers including labors, foreman, engineers etc…
 Referring background courses we already have got
 Asking the staff members both at the site and office, etc…

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CHAPTER THREE
SELECTED PROJECT
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SAFETY CONSIDERATION IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTIONS

3.1 Introduction

In our country during construction, and maintenance of projects, a lot of accidents occur around the
construction sites. Large number of workers suffer a serious problem due to different mechanical injury
during the work (occupational hazards).
The consequence of these accidents:

• Pose adverse effect on the cost and time of the project.

• Black spot to the overall progress of the project.
• Cause a negative impact on the socio– economic value of the country.

In spite of the fact that everyone agrees on the prevalence of the above problems, little attention is given to
the safety of construction.
Construction Projects are far liable to safety hazards than any other projects due to its nature; that is,

• Physical nature of tasks

• Attitudes of employees  Time and cost pressure
• Contract obligation burden
• High labor turnover

3.2 Problem statement

A lot of accidents occur during the implementation of construction projects, which may affect efficiency of
the project. That why I initiate to study the case during my internship period.
In the earlier time, it was believed by the management that most work related accidents were caused by the
carelessness of the employee himself/herself and that it was the worker’s responsibility to avoid accidents.
Risks in the project are unavoidable, but can be minimized by appropriate planning and Remedial methods.
Accidents associated the construction project is shared among Contractor, workers, society and insurance
company.

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3.3 Objective of the project

3.3.1 General objectives

The objective of this project is to identify the major causes of accidents in construction site, and recommend
remedies to overcome them.

3.3.2 Specific objective

The objective of the project is:

• To investigate the major causes of accidents during project implementation  To assess unsafe acts
and unsafe conditions.
• To identity the role of stakeholders (contractor, client, regulatory bodies) in relation to safety during
project implementation.
• To recommend practices, procedures and methods to be considered in the future so as to minimize
accidents.

3.4 Scope of the project

The study considers injuries and property damages due to accidents that had been occurred during the last
three months in my internship period. I had only take my site SUR construction PLC.

3.5 Literature review

Construction Safety: Safety in the context of construction management is defined as the discipline of
preserving the health of those who build, operate, maintain and demolish Engineering works, and of those
affected by those work.
These can apply equally to danger of physical injury and to the risk of damage to health over a period of
time.
Generally hazards in construction work can be categorized into: -

• Those that result physical injury or death accidentally (accidents)

• Those that result health problems in the long run or after a period of time

Why construction safety management?

Accident is one of the major factors that plays a profound role in the project lifetime and cost. So, for a good
project management, safety should be incorporated.
Generally, the need for safety management comes from:

 Economic reason: an economic minded management pays a greater attention to health and
safety management, because each unit of cost invested in the program produces a corresponding
accident reduction and increasing return.

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 Social reason: accidents may result in permanent bodily impairment of workers and/or
others so that they must always live with it and no amount of personal compensation will actually
offset the loss.
 Legislation law: management must meet legal obligations because our countries have laws
and regulations to the employer to pay compensation for injuries suffered by their workers due to
accidents.

3.6 Methodology of the study

I have done my project on safety of site found on Mekelle, SUR construction PLC. The data I have used for
this project were mixed type (primary and secondary).

 Oral interview with the workers in the site

 Data obtained through site observation
 Revising literature review

3.7 Analysis Causes of accident

Generally, accidents may occur due to either unsafe conditions or unsafe acts.
Unsafe conditions are the presence potential of hazards in the work places, whereas unsafe acts refer to the
behavior or culture of workers against the safety rules and policies.

 Unsafe conditions: This is the accident due to high hazardous potential and lack of
appropriate safety policy, procedure and etc. A most common injury is caused by continued
exposure of hands to high frequencies of vibration from tools such as dozer, stone breakers, drills
and chipping hammers.
 Unsafe acts/ practices: The reason for this is employees’ attitude. Human errors can occur
for a whole multitude reasons.
For example, People may be:

 Unaware of or underestimate the hazards associated with their work.

 Feel uncomfortable with the safety dresses.
 Equipment to rationalize risks away.
 Believing it will not happen to me.
 Revising the default areas for the cause of accidents.

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Fig 3. 1 Walkway hazard due to excavation

 Lack of Training of workers for safety purpose beside of the contractor.

 Availing first aid service to workers.
 Shortage of available body protections such as: helmet, eye protection, ear protection, nose
protection, hand protection, feet protection, etc…
Effects of accidents on construction projects
Accidents claim the lives of people and properties of significant value. Control of losses associated with
crashes around the construction site and the safety of workers should be the day-to-day responsibility of all
management personnel, just as the responsibility to control other business losses and maintain top-quality
performance.
A rapid changing and expanding of technology is associated with different accidents with high costs, waste
and poor quality, which decline the profit of a project; therefore, considering the effects of accidents on the
construction project is vital.
Mostly a company accident report shows only a disabling injury with first aid treatment and no lost time; but
reports to the equipment and loss of production time cost several substantial amount of money.
Generally, accident costs include the following components:

 Damage to plant and equipment.

 Loss of productive work time during accidents.
 Reduce work rate until normal site working.
 Disruption of work during investigation of the accident.
 Loss of skilled man power.

3.8 Result and Discussion

On the basis of methodology employed, the following result were obtained for each method or approach
adopted.

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All accidents reduce efficiency and effectiveness. They are, furthermore, symptoms that something is wrong.
Because accidents stem from lack of control over men, materials, processes and environment. An accident
adversely affects the operation of a system. It is never “scheduled” and often happens at the most
inconvenient time. It may knock out one of the best producers, or damage key equipment.
At the very least, it is sure to pull the supervisors away from his/her regular responsibility-not only to take
care of the injured person, but also to arrange for a temporary (and sometimes permanent) replacement. If
equipment has been damaged, repairs or replacement must be scheduled. So, other production or department
may be affected. A high injury rate depresses employee morale. Unsafe plant conditions contribute to
accidents, and lead to lowered morale and poor job performance.
A serious accident makes everyone nervous, sometimes fearful. Repeated accidents make employees feel
their company doesn’t care about them, or feel that their supervisor is not on top of his job. They lose
confidence and interest in doing their job well. An outstanding safety record, on the other hand, contributes
to real pride and enthusiasm, just like an outstanding production record does. Employees develop loyalty to
their company and a sense of a job security

3.9 Establishment of safety program

Safety program is an integrated component of operation in any construction company. But any safety
program must receive the full support of the entire organization, beginning with the top management and
continuing down through the ranks.
Even though, the scope differs; any typical safety program should incorporate at least the following.

 Managerial leadership to assume responsibility and declare policy.

 Assignment of responsibility to operating officials, safety directors and supervisors.
 Inspection and maintenance of safe working condition.
 Establishment of appropriate safety training.

Fig 3. 2 Sea water due to seepage but without safety fence

 Medical and first aid system (including pre-placement examination, treatment of injuries, first aid
services, periodic health examination).

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CHAPTER FOUR
OVERALL BENEFITS FROM THE INTERNSHIP
4.1 Improving Practical Skills

Within the three months of my internship program I have gained different kinds of practical skills. Some of
them include:-
 Collecting detailed ground survey
 Earth work activities
 Conducting laboratory tests
 Quality and quantity control of material

All the above-mentioned activities are operated based on reasonable knowledge. So from this point of view I
am able to know different theoretical knowledge that is new to me & this helps me to upgrade my
knowledge

Methods used for upgrading my theoretical knowledge

Observation;-this is done by observing different documented reports of the given project such us;

 Detailed structural drawings

 Laboratory formats & hand out

Oral;-orally theoretical knowledge can be obtained by asking & making discussions with workers of
the project. Such as
 Material engineer
 Construction head
 Site engineers
 Skilled & un skilled Forman’s
 Daily workers
NB;-this orally gained theoretical knowledge is documented in my note book to remember it more.

4.2 In terms of improving interpersonal skills

In order to improve interpersonal skills one should fulfill the following things
 avoiding judging and criticizing others rather have a reasonable discussion with them
 one should listen his colleagues thought and express his ideas positively
 show willingness to listen others during discussion
 before communicating with others one must be understand the willingness of the others
 avoid imposing others to accept your ideas because it leads to conflict
 While communicating with others one must be open & honest to express his idea

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4.3 Interpersonal communication skill

Communication occurs in a variety of ways, but employers are primarily interested in the ability to write and
speak professionally. The ability to communicate effectively is often related to one’s ability to relate well to
others, or “people skills.” It’s important to be able to build and maintain relationships and be the kind of
person team members want in the work with them every day. Internships help me for developing soft skills
and interpersonal skills, such as
• To ask questions with confidence  To make discussions
professionally
• Increase my understanding ability etc.

Interpersonal skills are also important because employers seek individuals who can identify the wants and
needs of others and who can recognize and acknowledge the value of differing perspectives.
During my period in the company, I have developed the skill to communicate with different new people
having different skill and behavior like skill manpower, labors, engineers, guards, office workers and
students.

4.4 Team working Skill

As an intern, I collaborated with other intern partners and company employees. My ability to communicate
and relate well to others is certainly important for collaboration, as is the capacity to work with others
toward a common goal. As part of a team, you have to understand your own strengths and weaknesses so to
know how can you contribute well, as well as be aware of how you can bring out the best in others.
Teamwork is the product of bringing all of that together; it requires;

• Working confidently with all group members

• Contributing your ideas effectively
• Behaving with integrity
• Taking a share of the responsibility
• Allowing others to express their opinion freely

Some of the merits I have gained during my internship period: -

• The chance to share the ideas you get with others

• The opportunity to make debating with others
• Accepting ideas from others whenever found better

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4.5 Work ethics

Work ethics is the most fundamental in any field of work for effectiveness. A worker without work ethics
cannot continue in any company and the company could not be profitable.
Work ethics helps;

• To complete the work on the scheduled time,  For creating strong relationships between
workers and  For developing tolerance etc.

During my intern period, I have gained a lot of work ethics that someone must exercise to be effective
worker are;

• Dependability and responsibility

• Possessing a positive attitude
• Honesty and integrity
• self confidence
• Motivated to grow and learn
• Loyalty
• Time management (punctuality)

4.6 Entrepreneurship Skills

From this internship, I have understood that there are a lot of job opportunities in the construction industry. I
have also gained some experience of entrepreneurship skills from the subcontractors and skilled manpower. I
have gained several interpersonal skills which help me to be effective entrepreneur some of them are;

• Initiative: - be passion and motivate to take the initiative and create on your own.
• Responsibility: - have to be responsible for your actions.
• Creativity: - stay creative, innovate and always be one step ahead in ideas.
• Communication: - have to be able to be sociable and express your ideas freely.
• Leadership: - need to be leader and charge of a project of a company.
• Problem solving: - develop the ability to solve simple or more complicated problems.
• Determination: - be never giving up and keep going even when things are tough.

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION

The internship program plays a vital role in advancing students in practical knowledge of civil
engineering. It helps me to practically understand the theory I had learned in the class. For me, this
internship program was more of a beginning to the work of construction. By the time of my stay on
my hosting company, I got the chance to observe the construction of superstructure part of the
building and also got the chance to experience and adapt the actual working environment conditions
like how to communicate with other coworkers, how to develop self-confidence and also team work.
I have also improved other skills like punctuality, loyalty and transparency.
Even if there were some problems existed at the site the project is full skilled labor force which make the
site active most of the time.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

During my internship time at the company, I have observed some problems that I would like to recommend
concerning on different aspect of observation. Some of them are;

5.2.1 Recommendation for the company

1. For Sur construction plc.

I would like to recommend to the company, Sur construction plc. Moreover, to all its staffs to continue
their positive assistance, to create properly learned and experienced future generations, to the students.
I would like to recommend the company to continue in creating job opportunities for many people who
are looking for jobs. This has a nice effect on the development of the country and reducing
unemployment.
I also suggest in keep applying the prize program for the active workers as it motivates the workers and
makes them more honest.
In some road construction processes, there were some defects and problems that cause the project
delay. Thus, I recommend that the company workers should have good coordination with each other,
and good flow of information because road construction needs integration between the company and
society, the company and employees, the design and the environment, and the works and the seasons
they have to be execute. When these relations are healthy, the activities become efficient and fruitful.

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While I was in the laboratory, I observe that some machines are not working properly and some
machine are old even they are not used. So they must check its workability and if they are out of use, it
is better to replace by other.
In addition, I suggest that everyone must be responsible for the proper utilization of materials because
they are usually cost and expensive, imported with huge amount of money (materials like bidding
material), easily perish or lose their value and quality unless taken good care.

References
1. Sur Construction PLC website “Company Profile”
2. Contract document of the project

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3. Highay engineering II handout (Mekelle University)

4. Internet browse; www.google.com, Wikipedia
5. Standard Technical Specifications and Method of measurement for Roadwork. (2013). Addis
Ababa, Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA).

APPENDIX
1. Arimata: is a concrete
2. Cabaleto , means steel between the upper and lower reinforcements in the construction of
slab. It is important to reduce the bending of reinforcements before the time concrete is
casted.
3. Ferro (Tendino): is reinforcement used in construction.

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4. Ferroye: a person who bends bar reinforcement for any structural part of the construction.
5. Plate: a metal plate installed in a wooden platform used to bend reinforcement and stirrup
6. Spacer : concrete cover
7. Sponda: is a side panel of a formwork
8. Staffa: is a stirrup.
9. Tumbi: is used to check the perpendicularity of columns and masonry wall.
10. Wiha lik: It is an instrument used for leveling structures in site work
11. 00 ,01 ,02 aggregate ;

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