CH10 | WAVE OPTICS

Newton's Newton’s corpuscular theory

Corpuscular Theory
:

Every light source emit

tiny particle called Corpuscles .

·
These corpuscles travels in
Straight Path .

particle of light which is elastic ,

Corpuscles :
-
It is a
rigid and massless
.

Different shapes and size .

This theory explain refraction and reflection but couldn't explain interference ,

polarisation nor
diffraction .

Huygen’s Wave theory

·

According to huygen's theory Light ,

is a Mechanical Wave
.

Ether Theory : -
It is the for propagation of wave.
hypothetical medium
It is an invisible and infinitely extended material with no

interaction with physical objects .

Huygen’s Principle

Wavefront :
-

. In
directions
A light source is
point which emits disturbance in all a
homogeneous
·
a

medium ,
the disturbance reaches all those particles of the medium in phase,
which are located at same distance from the source of light and hence at
all the time ,
every particle must be vibrating in phase with each other.
The locus of all the particles of medium which at any instant are
vibrating
in same phase is called Wavefronts .

Wavefronts are depends upon the source of light :

-

i) Spherical Wavefront :
-

Source : -Point
Source

ii) Cylindrical Wavefront -

:

line
Source : -Linear
. Straight
eg source .

iii) Plane Wavefront : -

Source -Source of light

: is at
very
large distance.

Muygen's principle is a
geometrical construction , which can be used to obtain
new position of wavefront at a later time from its
given position at
any
.
instant
Simply we can
say , this principle gives an idea about. How light
spreads out in the medium .
It is developed on the
following assumptions : -

i) All the points on a given or primary wavefront acts as a source

of
secondary wavelets which sends out disturbance
,
in all direction in a

similar manner as the

primary light source.

ii) The
position of the wavefront at any
new instant (called secondary
wavefront) is the envelope of the secondary wavelets at all that instant
.

These 2 assumptions are known as Huygen's principle or

Huygen's construction .

Law of Reflection using Huygens Principle

Incident
Here
, Rays
Reflected
AB : Incident Wavefront C t T
Rays
,

AB' : Reflected Wavefront A

C t
B
. ,

In DABB' DAA'B', go-i

↑
,
In i

i
& Y
=-
Sini Sinv X
=B-D
·

Here , D = SXT
Divide
eq0 to eq So ; -
BB' = Ct
AA = Ct

Sini Put values of both in eq

=>
Sin
=> Syni = Sing
=> <i = 1 -
In eq we proof first law of reflection .

& Incident rays , Reflected rays and normal (XY) lies in same plane. This proves
the 2nd Law of reflection .
 Law of Refraction using Huygens Principle

Here
,
AB = Incident wavefront Incident Rarer Medium
A'B' =
Reflected wavefront .

Rays (M)
B
O C t
DABB' DAA'B',
,

In ,
In
i

=-
&
Sini Sinv ,

=B-D (i
rL
&
B

J Denser Medium
Divide
eq0 to eq (M2)
!
A Refracted v t

Sini
,

Rays

Here , D SXT we know that M

=
=
,

So ; -
BB' = Ct
M
AA
Put values of both in
= vt
eq
So ,
Si =

Here , ea proof the 1st law of Refraction .

=>
Sin & ~
Incident Rays Refracted ,
(Snell's law)
Rays & Normal lies in
same plane (2nd law of Refraction).

B Behaviour of Prism, Lens & Spherical mirror towards plane wavefront -

INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE

.e Coherent and Non-Coherent light

Light sources are 2
types i . sources
.

Source : -"The
Coherent source of light which emit light waves of same wavelength
same frequency and are in same phase or
having constant phase difference. "
Incoherent
Source : -
Two such sources of light , which do not emit light waves
with constant phase difference ·

If intensity of light at some points is maximum while at some other point

intensity is minimum due to the simultaneous superposition of 2 waves of
exactly same frequency (coming from 2 coherent sources) travels in a medium
and in the same direction this phenomenon is called Interference of light
,
.
 Types of Interference Constructive Destructive

Constructive Interference : -

When crest ofoverlaps the

a wave

crest of another wave of the same

frequency at the same point then ,

the resultant amplitude will be

the sum of the amplitudes of
individual waves
.

Destructive Interference : -

When crest of a wave overlaps the

trough of another wave then the -

resultant amplitude will be the sum

of the amplitudes of individual waves

.

Path difference : -
The path difference between the 2
varying waves is the

difference in the distance they covered .

Phase difference : -
It is difference between the phases of two waves at a .
point
Y
Path difference :
-

·
P
-

~
* P
Phase diff" Path diff"
⑪
Here ,
o Angle = i.
②-
e
.

>
Phase diff" .

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

p = 2na p = (2n 1) a
-

n = 0 1 2 ,
3, ---

· n = 0
,
1 ,
2 ,
---
, ,

1 = nX A = (2n -
1)x
-

Principle of Superposition

If 2 or more superimpose each other at a common particle

than 2 waves

of medium then resultant displacement (y) of the particle is equal

,

to the vector sum of the displacement y & Ye produced

by individual ,

.
waves

t
y , + Yz
Yz
· +
- :

: j y+ 2 =
 ?
Let us consider 2 waves : -
Now , eg02 +
eq

y: A , Sinnot (AcSinP)2 (AcOSOS+ (Asing)

(A , +Azcosp)2+ =

Ac Sin (wt + P)
Ar+ A[cos" p + 2A Ac Cos Alsin'p A2 [Sin20 + 1050]
, + =

Y2 =

A A, + A2 (sin2P + costp) + 2 A Accost

= I

Acc to
Superposition principle : -
.

A = A? + A2 +
2AAzcoSP-
y =
y , +
y2
A , Sinwt + AcSin (wt + P
A = + A + 2A Acosp ,

Y =

y = A , Sinwt + Az (Sinwtcosp + cost sing) Now eg-eqp

Y
=
AzSinnt cosp + AccoswtsinG
A , sinut +
Y =
(Azcosp) Sinut thing cost Asino = Acsind
↓ ↓, -COSO EitAzCos
A +
AzCos = ACosO
Q ,
Azsing = AsinD

tanosingo sa
-

AcosOSinwt + AsinO cost

Y =

y
= A [CosOSinwt + SindCoswt]
A [Sin (ct + O)]
y
=

For Mini Amplitude : -

For Max
.
Amplitude : -

cost = -1
, p = a, 3a , 4x - --

Cost = 2 , p = 0
,
20 , 41. ....

- -

Amin =
yA , + Ac + 2 A , A2 (1)
Amax = XR .
+ A2 + 2 A Tz
Amin = 1 A . -A2l
Amax = 1A , + Azl

:A
So
,

max
Resultant Intensity of Waves : -

from
: Id A2

A Al + A2 + 2A
or I= kA2
=
eq = Accosb

=>
,
,

we
replace Al + I

I= k (11 + 22 + 2 ECOSP)
Similarly :
-

Similarly : -

Imax =
1 E+ l
&
Imin = 1 F-El * maxtAmi n
 Young’s double slit Experiment

An interference pattern is obtained on the screen when monochromatic

acts
Light falls on 2 narrow slits S&Sc which are close
very together
as 2 sources superimposed on each other. Alternative Bright and dark
bands obtained on the screen in this
experiment. These bands are
called
Fringes .

When 2 or more waves are in

phase
resultant wave of
causing a
higher
amplitude ,
then it is called
Constructive Intern it forms
Bright fringes .

When 2 or more waves are in

phase causing resultant a wave

of low amplitude then ,

it is
called destructive Intern it forms
Dark
fringes .

Here ,
Path difference bet I waves : -

A = d Fringe Width : -
The separation bet any
D 2 consecutive bright or dark fringes .

The distance from 0 to P : -

Yn = D (Bright fringe) B=
Y = >
AD - J
&
Intensity of fringes
:

- -

Yn (2n-1)
=
(Dark fringe)
2d For B F:
.
For D F :
.

[ max = 450 Imin = 0

Note : If is immersed
YDSE apparatus in
-

liquid of R I(M) then wavelength of The Intensity

any point
a . .
, at :-

right and hence

fringe width decreases
I =
450
cos
times
.
M
 Diffraction : - DIFFRACTION

The around the of an obstacle

phenomenon of Light bending corners
whose size is comparable to the size of the
wavelength of light.

Diffraction of light at single slit or Fraunhofer diffraction

!
The diffraction pattern obtained
on the consists of a
screen
Central Bright band
having alth
I
,
Convec
dark & Bright bands of decreasing lens
A
intensity on both
Sides .

↑
G
d

In DABC
Sind = 0
or O
= (Sinded
! -B
C

J-Q -

②
= Sing
In UPSO : -

For Dark fringe :

-

Otano
= If we put =ninG
On = X
J
Compare &8:- Y = nXD Central Max" : -

J
of 20
=
C M ::
Angular Width -
.

Fringe width : -
0 = 2xX
I
y= ⑭ B =
Yn+ 1 Yn-

Fringe Width of C M .: -2B

.

B = XD
Bright fringe :
-
For = 2XD
& d

If we putc (n + 1) in G
=

(2n +
y =