Statistics and Probability

reviewer

Introduction to Statistics and Probability - classification of individuals based on some attribute

or characteristics
- variable that generates categorical data
STATISTICS
- ex. color, taste, occupation, gender
- science that studies data to be able to make a
decision
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
- tool in decision making process
- variables that generates numerical data
- arithmetic operations such as addition and
2 Categories of Statistics:
subtraction can be performed on the values and
a) Descriptive Statistics
provide meaningful results
- uses data to provide descriptions of the
- ex. height, number of sibling(s), speed of a car,
population
temperature, # of student in a classroom
- numerical calculations or graphs /table
- information about a certain
Quantitative Variables can be classified as:
sample/population
a) Discrete Random Variables
b) Inferential Statistics
- set of possible outcomes that is
- makes predictions about a population
countable
based on a sample of data taken from
- represent count data (number of black
the population
pen inside your bag)
- variable that can assume only a finite
Statistical Terms
or a specific number of values
- Data - facts and figures collected on some
b) Continuous Random Variables
characteristics of a population sample
- takes on values on a continuous scale
- Population - totality of the observation with
- represent measured data
which we are concerned
- variable that can assume infinite
- Sample - subset of a population
number of values within a specific
- Parameters - one characteristic of a
interval
population
- obtained from data that are measured
- Estimate - measure of a sample
(km, inches,…)
2 Types of Questions:
STATISTICAL LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
a) Statistical Questions
- Nominal Scale - data can only be categorized
- answered by collecting data with
- Ordinal Scale - data can be categorized and ranked
variation
- survey/research - Interval Scale - data can only be categorized,
ranked, and evenly spaced
b) Non-Statistical Questions
- answer requires specific facts - Ratio Scale - data can only be categorized, ranked,
evenly spaced, and has a natural zero
PROBABILITY
SAMPLE SPACE
¿ of successful outcomes
- P= of outcomes (S+ F )¿ - a collection or a set of possible outcomes of a
total ¿
random experiment
- Q(Probability of Failure)=1−P
- represented using the symbol, “S”
- Events - subset of possible outcomes of an
Properties of Probability:
experiment
a) 0 ≤ Pr( x)≤1
b) Σ Pr (x )=1 VARIABLE
- characteristic or attribute that can assume different
Examples values
- tossing a coin
- throwing a die/dice
- drawing from a deck of cards LESSON 2 : Constructing Probability Distribution

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
LESSON 1 : Exploring Random Variables - list of probabilities associated with each possible
values
RANDOM VARIABLE
- a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM
of an experiment VARIABLE
- quantitative variable - assumes numerical values - correspondence that assigns probabilities to the
associated with the events of an experiment values of a random variable
- we use capital letters to represent a random - “Probability Mass Function”
variable - 0 ≤ Pr( x)≤1 ; Σ Pr (x )=1
- a numerical quantity that is derived from the
outcomes of a random experiment
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
- determined by chance
- bar graph
- graphical representation of probability distribution
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE of a discrete random variable
- also called Categorical Variables
 Statistics and Probability
reviewer

LESSON 3-4 : Computing the Mean and Variance of

a Discrete Probability Distribution

MEAN
- expected mean (𝜇)
- average; appropriate value of the true mean
- formula : μ/ E( x)=Σ[ x ∙ P(x )]

VARIANCE
- average of the squared distance of the values of the
random variable from the mean value

STANDARD DEVIATION
- number that measures how far the outcomes of a
statistical experiment are from the mean of the
distribution

VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION

- use to measure the spread or variability of infinite
number of values
- σ 2 (𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 σ (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
- formulas:
2 2 2
- σ =Σ[x ∙ P(x )]−μ
- σ =√ ❑