Experiment No: 05

Experiment Name: TRANSIENT STABILITY

AIMS of the primary aims of this laboratory class are:

 To appreciate the swing equation and equal area criterion in transient-stability study of power
systems;

 To gain familiarity with the analysis and computation tools for the transient-stability study of
power system;

 To study transient stability of a simple power system under different fault conditions using
Power World simulator;

Theory:

Fig. 1 gives the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) model of a power system. In the figure, E′
is the generator internal voltage, Vt is the generator terminal voltage, Vbus is the bus voltage,
jXd′ is the generator internal reactance and jX is the transmission line reactance.

Since Pmax = E′Vbus/Xeq, Pe is affected by Xeq. The higher the Xeq, the lower the Pe, and vice
versa. In a power system with multiple transmission lines, if some transmission lines are lost
due to fault, Xeq will increase and hence Pe will decrease. This is shown in Fig. 2.
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P 1ma
x

Fig. 2: P- plots

When a fault occurs, the mechanical input Pm remains unchanged but Pe decreases due to
increased Xeq. Consequently, Pm − Pe > 0 and d2 /dt2 > 0, starts to accelerate and then
oscillate as governed by SE. If the fault is cleared soon enough, the power angle may settle
down to a new steady-state, depending on the post-fault system condition. If a new steady-state
is attained, the system is said to be transiently stable, otherwise it is unstable. The transient
stability can be determined by Equal Area Criterion (EAC) show below. If the acceleration area
(energy) A1 = the deceleration area (energy) A2, then stability can be attained, otherwise
stability will be lost.

0 1

Fig. 3: Equal area criterion

To analyze transient stability using (EAC), we need to consider three systems (SMIB circuits):
prefault, faulted and postfault. The prefault system gives Pe1 = P1max sin , the faulted system
gives Pe2 = P2max sin , and the postfault system gives Pe3 = P3max sin , corresponding to three
P- curves shown in Fig. 3. Comparing A1 and A2 we can determine transient stability;
equating A1 to A2 we can determine the critical fault-clearing angle and time, ie, the
maximum 1 to attain stability. Note that P2max = 0 if generator output is short circuited
and P3max = P1max if the system remain unchanged after fault is cleared.
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1) Create the system in PowerWorld Create a new case in PowerWorld for the system
shown above. Choose proper base and voltages for this system. Also, choose a suitable
model for the infinite bus.

Figure 01: Block Diagram for the Plot

2) Transient Stability, Case 1

The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a bolted three-
phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles the fault is cleared and no
circuit breaker trips.
a) Obtain the waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the
fault occurs until 3 cycles.
Answer: As my ID is 192119, so the starting time used here is 1.19 sec. and ending time
1.19+.06=1.25

Figure 02: Power angle vs time curve

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b) Increase the duration of fault to the critical clearing time (as per your preliminary
calculations). Obtain and observe the generator power angle response.
Answer:
Here it is known the critical time for this system is .2 seconds, so it will reach unstable
situation at and after 1.19+.2=1.39sec.

Figure 03: Power angle vs time curve

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c) Obtain the response for the duration of fault smaller than the critical clearing time and
also greater than this time.
Answer:
Here, as in this case, according to the starting point, the critical time is 1.39 seconds, so we
can take two values before and after of 1.39 to get the response.

Figure 04: Power angle vs time curve before critical time

Figure 05: Power angle vs time curve after critical time

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3) Transient Stability, Case 2

The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a bolted
three-phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles the circuit
breakers B13 and B22 trip. Obtain the waveform of the generator power angle versus
time from the time that the fault occurs until 3 seconds.

Figure 06: Power angle vs time curve

a) Compare the waveform with that obtained in Part (2).

Answer:

Angle 69 degree Angle 45 degree

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b) Identify the maximum power angle of the generator after the fault occurrence.
Consider why it is different from the maximum power angle in Part (2)
Answer:

Angle 69 degree (For Part 3) Angle 45 degree (For part 2)

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4) Transient Stability, Case 3

The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a
bolted three-phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles
the circuit breakers B13 and B22 trip and the fault is cleared. The circuit breakers
reclose 1.0 sec after the fault occurrence.

Figure 07: Power angle vs time curve

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a) Obtain the waveforms of the generator power angle versus time from the time
that the fault occurs until 4 seconds.

Figure 08: Power angle vs time curve

b) Compare the waveforms with those obtained in Part (3).

Angle 69 degree Angle 69 degree

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c) Repeat a) and b) if the circuit breakers reclose 4 seconds after the fault
occurrence.

Figure 09: Power angle vs time curve

Discussion:
From this lab, the concept of the swing equation and equal area criterion in transient-stability study
of power systems are understood. Moreover the familiarity with the analysis and computation tools
for the transient-stability study of power system was gained. Besides those, the transient stability
of a simple power system under different fault conditions using Power World simulator was
studied.
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For this system critical time was .2 sec. After that time if the fault not cleared then system unstable.
The circuit breaker arrangement was understood according to the open and reclose sectional base
Simulating transient analysis in power system software like PowerWorld can be a complex task
due to the dynamic nature of power systems. Transient analysis is used to study system behavior
during short-term disturbances, such as faults or switching events.
So, to successfully perform transient analysis in PowerWorld software, we need a deep
understanding of power system dynamics, modeling techniques, and the software's capabilities.
Addressing these complexities often involves a combination of modeling improvements, data
validation, careful simulation setup, and rigorous analysis of results.