Experiment 1 : Half wave rectification.

Theory : A Half Wave Rectifier is a single PN junction diode connected in series to the load resistor. As
you know a diode is to electric current like a one-way valve is to water, it allows electric current
to flow in only one direction. This simple means the diode is operational when the diode is forward
biased while it blocks the current when it is reversed biased. This property of the diode is very
useful in creating simple rectifiers which are used to convert AC to DC. In Half wave rectification
only the positive half cycle is obtained in output while the negative cycle is discarded.
Tools : Proteous
Component : 1. Resistors, 2. Ac voltage Source, 3. Diode, 4. Wires, 5. Ground, 6. Oscilloscope, 7. Transistor,
8. Voltmeter.
Simulation :

Output :

Conclusion : In half wave rectification only, we get the output when the diode is forward biased, we get zero
voltage at output when the diode is reversed biased it means we are throwing away the negative or
blocked cycle of the waves. It means half wave is not so much effective in Ac to Dc conversion.
Vout=Vm-Vd. Vdc /Average of the output voltage will be 0.318(Vm-Vd). Vm is input voltage
amplitude and Vd is voltage drop across diode.
Experiment 2 : Full wave rectification.
Theory : The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an AC voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input
voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected
between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes
D1 and D2 conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes
will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the
negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D2 remain
OFF. The conducting diodes D3 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence
the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-
directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Tools : Proteous
Component : 1. Resistor, 2. Ac voltage Source, 3. Bridge, 4. Wires, 5. Ground, 6. Oscilloscope.
Simulation :

Output :

Conclusion : In full wave rectification we use bridge rectifier which consist of four diodes. For a positive cycle two
diode operate and for the negative cycle the other two diode operate. These diodes help in converting
the AC to pulsating DC. Full wave rectification is efficient because we are using both the cycle of input and
get a positive cycle output for both positive and negative cycle. Vout= (Vm-2Vd). Vdc/ Average of the output
voltage will be 0.636(Vm-2Vd). 2Vd because two diodes are used and we have to minus them from input
voltage Vm is input voltage amplitude and Vd is voltage drop across diode.
Experiment 3 : Clipper (Negative)
Theory : Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a portion of an input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform. The half-wave rectifier is an example of the
simplest form of diode clipper - one resistor and a diode. Depending on the orientation of the diode,
the positive or negative region of the applied signal is “clipped” off. In this experiment will work
with negative clipper.
Tools : Proteous
Component : 1. Resistor, 2.Voltage Source, 3. Diode, 4. Wires, 5. Oscilloscope.
Simulation :

Output :

Conclusion : From the oscilloscope we see the processed wave from is produced where the negative region of
the waveform is clipped off during the process.
Experiment 4 : Positive Clipper.
Theory : Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a portion of an input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform. The half-wave rectifier is an example of the
simplest form of diode clipper - one resistor and a diode. Depending on the orientation of the diode,
the positive or negative region of the applied signal is “clipped” off. In this experiment will work
with negative clipper.
Tools : Proteous
Component : 1. Resistor, 2.Voltage Source, 3. Diode, 4. Wires, 5. Oscilloscope.

Output :

Conclusion : From the oscilloscope we see the processed wave from is produced where the positive region of
the waveform is clipped off during the process.
Experiment 4 : Negative clamper
Theory : A Negative Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that
shifts the output signal to the negative portion of the input signal. The figure below explains the
construction of a negative clamper circuit. During the positive half cycle, the capacitor gets
charged to its peak value vm. The diode is forward biased and conducts. During the negative half
cycle, the diode gets reverse biased and gets open circuited. The output of the circuit at this moment
will be Vo = Vi + Vm
Tools : Proteous
Component : 1. Resistor, 2.Voltage Source, 3. Diode, 4. Wires, 5. Oscilloscope, 6. Capacitor.

Output :

Conclusion : Hence the signal is negatively clamped as shown in the above oscilloscope output. The output
signal changes according to the changes in the input, but shifts the level according to the charge
on the capacitor, as it adds the input voltage.