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Lecture 3.3_Angular Momentum

The document discusses angular momentum and the conservation of angular momentum, detailing the relationship between torque and angular momentum for both single particles and systems of particles. It includes equations for calculating angular momentum, net torque, and examples involving Atwood's machine and a merry-go-round. The document emphasizes that if the net external torque is zero, the total angular momentum of the system remains constant.

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Trần Huy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Lecture 3.3_Angular Momentum

The document discusses angular momentum and the conservation of angular momentum, detailing the relationship between torque and angular momentum for both single particles and systems of particles. It includes equations for calculating angular momentum, net torque, and examples involving Atwood's machine and a merry-go-round. The document emphasizes that if the net external torque is zero, the total angular momentum of the system remains constant.

Uploaded by

Trần Huy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline

• Angular Momentum
• Conservation of Angular Momentum
O Torque of a force about a fixed point O
! ! !
r tF! /O = r Ù F
d
q
!
F !! !
M tF / O ^ plane(OM, F)
q !
The direction of τ is outward
tF / O = F r sin q = F.d

O Angular momentum about a fixed point O


! !
r ! ! ! !
d L /O = r Ù p = r Ù mv
q !
p ! !
M L / O ^ plane(OM, p)
q !
The direction of L is outward
L = mvr sin q = mv.d
Angular momentum and Torque
Angular momentum about a fixed point O
" " " " "
L /O = r Ù p = r Ù mv
Differentiate by time :
" " "
dL /O d r " " dp " " " "
= Ùp+ r Ù = ( v Ù mv) + !
r ÙF
dt dt dt & #%# $ "
t
=0
" "
dL /O ! dL /D !
= tF / O = tF / D
dt dt
The net torque acting on a particle equals the rate of change
of the angular momentum of the particle.
For a system of particles

Angular momentum of i th particel


particle about a fixed point O
! ! ! ! !
Li/O = ri Ù pi = ri Ù mvi
Angular momentum of the system of particles
! ! ! !
L / O = å Li/O = å ri Ù mvi
i i
Differentiate by time :
! ! !
dL /O æ d ri ! ö æ ! dp i ö ! ! ! ! !
= å ç Ù pi ÷ + å ç ri Ù ÷ = å (&vi Ù mvi ) + å ri Ù (Fi,inter + Fi,ext )
dt i è dt ø i è dt ø i #%#$ i
=0
! ! ! ! ! ! !
å ri Ù Fi,inter = 0, å ri Ù Fi,ext = å ti,ext = tnet.ext
i i i
! ! !
dL /O " dL / D " " ! dw
= tnet ,ext / 0 = tnet ,ext / D tnet ,ext / D = Ia = I
dt dt dt
! !
dL /D dw ! !
=I => L /D = I D w
dt dt
ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A
RIGID OBJECT
!
! dw !
IDa = ID = tnet.ext / D
! ! dt
L D! = I A w
dL D !
= tnet.ext. / D
dt
The net external torque acting on a system equals the rate of change
of the angular momentum of the system.
"
dL /D ! ! !
dt
= tnet,ext / D L /D = I D w
Example 10-2
An Atwood' s machine has two blocks of mass
m1 and m 2 (m1 > m 2 ), connected by a string of
negligible mass that passes over a pulley with
frictionless bearings. The pulley is a uniform disk
of mass M and radius R. The string does not
slip on the pulley.
!
dL !
Apply Equation = tnet ,ext
dt
to the system consisting of both blocks plus pulley
to find the angular acceleration of the pulley
and the acceleration of the blocks.
Angular momentum of the system
{Block m1 , block m 2 , pulley M) about
the axis z through the center of pulley
L = m1vR + m 2 vR + Iw
because that the rope is not sliding on the pulley.
v = wR => a = aR
dL æ I ö
= m1aR + m 2aR + Ia = ç m1 + m 2 + 2 ÷aR
dt è R ø
Net torque of external forces :
t net = m1gR - m 2gR
dL
m1 > m 2 => m1 moves down, Applying = t net,ext
dt
m 2 moves up with the speed v æ I ö
ç 1
m + m 2 + 2÷
aR = m1gR - m 2gR
+ pulley rotates counter - clockwise è R ø
!
with w outward. m1 - m 2
a= g
I
m1 + m 2 + 2
R
Conservation of Angular Momentum

!
dL !
= tnet,ext
dt

! !
if tnet,ext = 0 L = const

If the net external torque acting on a system is zero, the total angular
momentum of the system is constant.
Example
A disk is rotating with an initial angular speed wi about a frictionless shaft
through its symmetry ax is as shown. Its moment of inertia
about this axis is I1 . It drops onto another disk of moment of inertia I 2 that
is initially at rest on the same shaft. Because of surface friction, the two
disks eventually attain a common angular speed wf . Find wf
External force : weight m1g parallel to the rotation axis
! "
=> torque tnet = 0 => L = const
initial Angular momentum = final angular momentum
Li = L f
! ! ! I1 !
I1wi = (I1 + I 2 )wf Þ wf = wi
I1 + I 2

1 2 L2 1 2 L2
Initial KE : Ti = I1wi = Final KE : Tf = (I1 + I 2 )wf =
2 2I1 2 2(I1 + I 2 )
The change in KE :
L2 æ 1 1ö L2 I2
DT = Tf - Ti = çç - ÷÷ = - <0
2 è I1 + I 2 I1 ø 2 (I1 + I 2 )I1
Example
A merry - go - round of radius 2 m and moment of inertia 500 kg.m2 is
rotating about a frictionless pivot, making one revolution every 5 s. A child
of mass 25 kg originally standing at the center walks out to the rim.
Find the new angular speed of the merry - go - round.
!
External force is the gravitational force mg, parallel to the rotation axis. The torque is zero.
Applying the law of Conservation of Angular momentum Li = Lf
(I merry + Ichild,i )wi = (I merry + Ichild,f )wf
I merry + Ichild,i
wf = wi
I merry + Ichild,f
Ichild,i = 0 Ichild,f = mR 2
I merry
wf = 2
wi
I merry + mR
500 2p
wf = 2
= 1.05rad / s
500 + 25 ´ 2 5
Problem
In the figure the incline is frictionless and the string passes through the
center of mass of each block. The pulley has a moment of inertia I and a
radius r. (a) Find the net torque acting on the system (the two masses,
string, and pulley) about the center of the pulley. (b) Write an expression for
the total angular momentum of the system about the center of the pulley
when the masses are moving with a speed v. (c) Find the acceleration of the
masses from your results for parts (a) and (b) by setting the net torque
equal to the rate of change of the angular momentum of the system.
a ) t = m 2g sin qR - m1gR
b) L = m1vR + m 2 vR + Iw
dL
c) =t
dt
I
(m1 + m 2 + 2 )aR = m 2g sin qR - m1gR
R
m 2 sin q - m1
a= g
I
m1 + m 2 + 2
R

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