Lecture 2.

3
WORK and ENERGY
 OUTLINE
• Work and Kinetic Energy
• The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Power
• Conservative Force-Nonconservative
Force
• Potential Energy
• Mechanical Energy
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 4.1 Work and Kinetic Energy
The work done by a constant force F on the object when it
F=const
moves a straight distance s is:
!!
q W = Fs cosq = F.s
s In general case, the work is not constant, the path is a curve.
The work done by force F when the object moves a very small
F displacement ds (we can consider F constant and ds a straight
(1) a
ds line: ! !
dv ! !
dW = F .ds = m .ds = mv dv
(2) dt
The work done by force F when the object moves from position (1) to (2) is:
!
!
2 v2
! ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 2
W = ò F .ds = ò mv dv = mv22 - mv12 We define: Kinetic Energy: K= mv
1
!
v1
2 2 2

The total work done on a particle is equal to the change in its kinetic energy
1 1
W = DK = mv22 - mv12 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
2 2
 4.2 Power
!
work _ done dW F .ds ! !
Power = P= = = F .v
per _ unit _ of _ time dt dt
t2

W = ò dW = ò Pdt
t1

if P = const => W = PDt

1 2 1 2
W = mv2 - mv1
2 2
1 2 1 2
mv2 - mv1
W 2 2
Dt = =
P P
 Conservative
Nonconservative Force
1. Definition: A force is Conservative if the
work done by the force is independent of
the path, it is dependent only on the
initial and final positions.
- Gravity and spring force are
conservative forces, while kinetic friction
is not.
2. Work done by Gravitation Force:
 dr Work done by the grav. force F on object
(1) a m when it moves a displacement ds:
Fgrv m
r1 % Mm
ds
dW = F .dsr = - F .ds
$ .
!#! cos"a = -G 2
dr
dr r
(2)Work done by the grav. force F on object
m when it moves from (1) to (2)
r
r2
2 Mm Mm Mm
M W = ò - G 2 dr = G -G
G = 6.67 ´10 -11 N .m2 / kg 2 r1
r r2 r1
Universal Gravitational Constant

+ Work done is independent of the path, but of the initial and final position
Þgravitation force is conservative.
+ we define a scalar quantity called gravitational potential energy of two object
separated by a distance r : Mm
U (r ) = -G +C
r
If we choose U= 0 when r=¥, we have C=0, If we choose U=0 on the
surface of Earth: C=GMm/R
We can write: W = U1 - U 2 = -DU
 Conservative Forces
1. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
between any two points is independent of the path taken by
the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
through any closed path is zero. (A closed path is one in
which the beginning and end points are identical.)
3. the work Wc done by a conservative force on an object as
the object moves from one position to another is equal to the
initial value of the potential energy minus the final value.
! !
(2) W12 = ò Fc. .ds = ò Fc..ds = U1 - U 2 = -DU
(a) (1a 2 ) (1b 2 )

F
!
ds W = ò Fc. .ds = 0
(b)
(1) º(2) (C )
(1)
 Mechanical Energy
• If an object is exerted by ! ! !
Conservative Force Fc ma = Fc + Fnc
and Nonconservative
Force Fnc,
• from the Work-Kinetic DK = K 2 - K1 = WFc + WFnc (1)
Energy Theorem :
• Fc is conservative: WFc = -DU = U1 - U 2 (2)
• From (1) and (2): K 2 - K1 = U1 - U 2 + WFnc
( K 2 + U 2 ) - ( K1 + U1 ) = WFnc
• Mechanical Energy:
E=K+U
DE = E2 - E1 = WFnc
 Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
mechanical energy of an
The change in Mechnaical
object is equal to the work done by
nonconservative force on the object as it
takes a path from
form position (1) to (2)
DE = E2 - E1 = WFnc

If Fnc= 0 or WFnc =0 => DE=0: E=const

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 Conservative Force
& Potential Energy
! ! ! ! ! ! !
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k ds = dxi + dyj + dzk
!
dW = Fc .ds = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz (1)
F _ is _ conservative
æ ¶U ¶U ¶U ö
dW = -dU = -çç dx + dy + dz ÷÷(2)
è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø
¶U ¶U ¶U
Fx = - ; Fy = - ; Fz = -
¶x ¶y ¶z
! Gradient Operator

F = - gradU ¶ ! ¶ ! ¶ !
grad = i + j+ k
¶x ¶y ¶z
 Potential Energy and
Equilibrium in One Dimension
For a general conservative force in one dimension,
" ! dU
F = Fx i Fx = -
dx
A particle is in equilibrium if the net
force acting on it is zero.
dU/dx=0=>U=min or Max

Stable Equilibrium: Umin

Unstable Equilibrium: Umax
Relation between Consevativ e Force and Potential Energy
!
F = - gradU
¶U ¶U ¶U
Fx = - ; Fy = - ; Fz = -
¶x ¶y ¶z
Problem 1
1. A particle moves along the x axis under the influence of a stationary object.
The net force on the particle is given by F = (8N/m 3 )x 3 .
If the potential energy is taken to be zero for x = 0 then the
potential energy is given by :
A. (2 J/m 4 )x 4 B. (-2J/m 4 )x 4
C. (24 J/m 2 x 2 ) D. (-24 J/m 2 )x 2 E. 5 J - (2 J/m 4 )x 4

dU 1 J = 1 Nm
F =-
dx
=> -dU = Fdx
U ( x) x
ans : B
ò dU = ò 8x
3
- dx
U ( x =0 ) =0 0

-U = 2x4
Problem 2

A 0.20 - kg particle moves along the x axis

under the influence of a stationary object.
The potential energy is given by Given U = 8x 2 + 2x 4
2 2 4 4 PE at x = 1m : U = 8 ´ 12 + 2 ´ 14 = 10J
U(x) = (8.0J/m )x + (2.0J/m )x ,
1 1
where x is in coordinate of the particle. KE at x = 1m : T = mv 2 = ´ 0.2 ´ 52 = 2.5J
2 2
If the particle has a speed of 5.0m/s Mechanical Energy at x = 1m : E = U + T = 12.5J
when it is at x = 1.0m, The force exerting on the object
its speed when it is at the origin is : is conservati ve force,
A. 0 B. 2.5m/s C. 5.7m/s conservation
so there is Conservata tion of Mech. Energy.
D. 7.9m/s E. 11m/s E x =0 = E x =1m = E
1
E x =0 = U x =0 + T x =0 = 0 + mv o2
ans : E 2
2E 2 ´ 12.5
vo = = = 11.2m/s
m 0.2
The potential energy of a particle moving along the x axis is given by
Problem 3
U(x) = (8.0J/m 2 )x 2 + (2.0J/m 4 )x 4 .
If the total mechanical energy is 9.0 J, the limits of motion are :
A. - 0.96 m; + 0.96m
B. - 2.2m; + 2.2m
C. - 1.6m; + 1.6m
D. - 0.96 m; + 2.2m
E. - 0.96 m; + 1.6m
Force is conservati ve because there is P.E.
Under the action of the conservati ve force,
there is Conservati on of Mech. Energy :
E = U + T = const
The limits of motion are the positions where the velocities are zero.
Plot U(x)
=> kinetic energy is zero.
8x o2 + 2x o4 + 0 = E
E = 9(J)
ans : A
2x o4 + 8x o2 -9 = 0
x o = ±0.96m
 Problem 4

The potential energy of a particle moving along the x axis is given by

U(x) = (8.0J/m2 )x 2 + (2.0J/m4 )x 4 .
Find a)Force b)Equilibr ium position c)Is the equilibriu m stable?
dU
a ) Fx = - = -16 x - 8 x 3
dx
dU
b) = 8 x 3 + 16 x = 0 => x = 0
dx
d 2U
c) 2 = 24 x 2 + 16
dx
d 2U
at x = 0, 2 = 16 > 0
dx
Conclusion : x = 0 is the equilibriu m position.
0 f(x) x
This equilibriu m is stable
9 • The 3 - kg object in Figure 7 - 18 is released from
rest at a height of 5 m on a curved frictionless ramp.
At the foot of the ramp is a spring of force constant k
= 400 N/m. The object slides down the ramp and into
the spring, compressing it a distance x before coming
momentarily to rest. (a) Find x. (b) What happens to
the object after it comes to rest?

1 2
mgh = kx
2
9. ( a) 0.858 m; (b) The spring will
2 mgh
accelerate the mass and it will then retrace x= k
= 0.587m
the path, rising to a height of 5 m.
10. An object of mass m starts from rest
and slides a distance d down a
frictionless incline of angle θ. While
sliding, it contacts an unstressed spring
of negligible mass as shown in Figure
P8.10. The object slides an additional
distance x as it is brought momentarily to
rest by compression of the spring (of
force constant k). Find the initial
separation d between object and spring.

Ei = Ef
1 2
mgd sin q = -mgx sin q + kx
2
1
- mgx sin q + kx 2 2
2 1 kx
d= = -x
mg sin q 2 mg sin q