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sql lectures ptit

The document covers SQL data models, including standard data types and key constraints for table creation, as well as various SQL statements for data manipulation. It explains different types of SQL joins, aggregation functions, grouping, and the use of subqueries with examples for better understanding. Key concepts include inner and outer joins, aggregation functions like COUNT and SUM, and the use of HAVING and WHERE clauses in queries.

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Kim Oanh Đỗ Thị
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3 views

sql lectures ptit

The document covers SQL data models, including standard data types and key constraints for table creation, as well as various SQL statements for data manipulation. It explains different types of SQL joins, aggregation functions, grouping, and the use of subqueries with examples for better understanding. Key concepts include inner and outer joins, aggregation functions like COUNT and SUM, and the use of HAVING and WHERE clauses in queries.

Uploaded by

Kim Oanh Đỗ Thị
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2: Data Models & SQL


- Standard types: INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), BOOLEAN, DATE,
TIME, TIMESTAMP.
- Statements:
• create table (…);
+ add primary key: name VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY or PRIMARY KEY (name,
country)
+ add secondary key: UNIQUE (name, country)
+ add foreign key: manufacturer VARCHAR(20) REFERENCES Company(name) or
FOREIGN KEY (manu_name, manu_co) REFERENCES Company(name, country))
+ PRIMARY KEY adds implicitly “NOT NULL” constraint while UNIQUE does not –
you would have to add this explicitly for UNIQUE.

• drop table ...;


• alter table ... add/remove ...;
• insert into ... values (...);
• delete from ... where ...;
• update ... set (do sth)... where (conditions) ...;
• select … from … where;
• remove duplicates using DISTINCT
• ORDER BY price ASC, pname DESC
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Lecture 3: SQL Joins
- Interpreting Joins: A JOIN B produces one row for every pair of rows
- Types of Joins:
+ join predicate
+ cross join (join without predicate)
+ natural join (pairs of columns with same name)

+ inner joins:
SELECT DISTINCT cname
FROM Product, Company
WHERE country = ‘USA’ AND category = ‘gadget’AND manufacturer = cname

Alternative syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT cname
FROM Product JOIN Company ON country = ‘USA’ AND category = ‘gadget’AND
manufacturer = cname

+ self-joins: When a relation occurs twice in the FROM (example:


SELECT DISTINCT z.cname
FROM Product x, Product y, Company z -> x and y is identical.
WHERE z.country = ‘USA’
AND x.category = ‘gadget’
AND y.category = ‘photo’
AND x.manufacturer = cname
AND y.manufacturer = cname;)

+ outer joins: if u want to list an attribute which value NULL.


• Left outer join: Include the left tuple even if there’s no match.
• Right outer join: Include the right tuple even if there’s no match.
• Full outer join: Include both left and right tuples even if there’s
no match.
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Lecture 4: SQL Aggregation - Grouping
- Simple Aggregations:
+ select count(*) from Purchase: counts the total number of records.
-- NULL is counted in count(*)
-- NULL is ignored in count(quantity)

+ select sum(quantity) from Purchase: returns the total sum of a numeric


column, disallow NULLs unless you need to handle them.

+ select avg(price) from Purchase: returns the average value of a numeric


column, NULL values are ignored.
+ select max(quantity) from Purchase
+ select min(quantity) from Purchase

- GROUP BY: groups rows that have the same values into summary rows, ORDER BY.
SELECT product, Sum(quantity)
FROM Purchase
WHERE price > 1
GROUP BY product
ORDER BY sum(price*quantity) DESC

- HAVING clause: contains conditions on groups.


SELECT product, sum(price*quantity)
FROM Purchase
WHERE price > 1
GROUP BY product
HAVING sum(quantity) > 30

- Aggregate + Join Example:


SELECT manufacturer, month, count(*)
FROM Product, Purchase
WHERE pname = product
GROUP BY manufacturer, month

- What if there are no purchases for a manufacturer: use Outer Join


SELECT manufacturer, count(quantity)
FROM Product LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase
ON pname = product
GROUP BY manufacturer
---
Lecture 5: Subqueries
- Subqueries in SELECT, FROM.
- Subqueries in WHERE
Example: Find all companies that make some products with price < 100
+ Existential quantifiers:
SELECT DISTINCT C.cname
FROM Company C
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Product P WHERE C.cid = P.cid and P.price < 100)
-> EASY

Example: Find all companies that make only products with price < 100
+ Universal quantifiers:
SELECT DISTINCT C.cname
FROM Company C
WHERE C.cid NOT IN (SELECT P.cid FROM Product P WHERE P.price >= 100)

SELECT DISTINCT C.cname


FROM Company C
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Product P WHERE P.cid = C.cid and P.price >= 100)

SELECT DISTINCT C.cname


FROM Company C
WHERE 100 >=ALL (SELECT price FROM Product P
WHERE P.cid = C.cid)
-> HARD

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