SQL(Structured Query Language)

SQL is the standard language for dealing with Relational Databases. SQL can be used to insert, search, update, and
delete database records. SQL can do lots of other operations, including optimizing and maintenance of databases.

Characteristics of SQL
Here are important reasons for using SQL

 It helps users to access data in the RDBMS system.

 It helps you to describe the data.
 It allows you to define the data in a database and manipulate that specific data.
 With the help of SQL, you can create and drop databases and tables.
 SQL offers you to use the function in a database, create a view, and stored procedure.
 You can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.

A Brief History of SQL

Here are important landmarks from the history of SQL:

 1970 – Dr. Edgar F. “Ted” Codd described a relational model for databases.
 1974 – Structured Query Language appeared.
 1978 – IBM released a product called System/R.
 1986 – IBM developed the prototype of a relational database, which is standardized by ANSI.
 1989 – First ever version launched of SQL
 1999 – SQL 3 launched with features like triggers, object-orientation, etc.
 SQL 2003 – window functions, XML-related features, etc.
 SQL 2006 – Support for XML Query Language
 SQL 2011 -improved support for temporal databases

Advantages of SQL
1.High speed
Using the SQL queries, the user can quickly and efficiently retrieve a large amount of records from a
database.
2. No coding needed
In the standard SQL, it is very easy to manage the database system. It doesn't require a substantial amount
of code to manage the database system.
3.Well defined standards
Long established are used by the SQL databases that are being used by ISO and ANSI.
4.Portability
SQL can be used in laptop, PCs, server and even some mobile phones.
5.Interactive language
SQL is a domain language used to communicate with the database. It is also used to receive answers to the
complex questions in seconds.
6.Multiple data view
Using the SQL language, the users can make different views of the database structure.
 Types of SQL Commands
There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the changes in the
database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB DATE);

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax

DROP TABLE table_name;

Example
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to modify the characteristics
of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));

ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing the table.

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

2. Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all the changes in the
database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:
INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]

For example:

UPDATE students
SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
WHERE Student_Id = '3'

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

DELETE FROM javatpoint

WHERE Author="Sonoo";

3. Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant
o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. Transaction Control Language

TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be used while creating tables or
dropping them.

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:

COMMIT;

Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
COMMIT;

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved to the database.

Syntax:

ROLLBACK;

Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
ROLLBACK;

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back the entire transaction.

Syntax:

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

5. Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to select the attribute based
on the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:

SELECT expressions
FROM TABLES
WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT emp_name
FROM employee
WHERE age > 20;