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Substation

The document outlines the process of planning, designing, and constructing electric substations, detailing the four major types: switchyards, customer substations, system stations, and distribution stations. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating system and customer requirements, budgeting, financing, site selection, and innovative design approaches in ensuring successful substation projects. The document also highlights the multidisciplinary nature of substation engineering and the need for stakeholder collaboration throughout the project lifecycle.

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momandnasibullah456
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8 views

Substation

The document outlines the process of planning, designing, and constructing electric substations, detailing the four major types: switchyards, customer substations, system stations, and distribution stations. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating system and customer requirements, budgeting, financing, site selection, and innovative design approaches in ensuring successful substation projects. The document also highlights the multidisciplinary nature of substation engineering and the need for stakeholder collaboration throughout the project lifecycle.

Uploaded by

momandnasibullah456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Benawa Institute of Higher Education

Engineering Faculty
Electricity Department

____________________________________________
Substation

Lecturer: Munir Ahmad Khubaib


1.1 Background

• The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing


facilities are commonplace projects in electric utilities.
• However, due to its complexity, very few utility employees are
familiar with the complete process that allows these projects to be
successfully completed.
• There are four major types of electric substations:
• The first type is the switchyard at a generating station.
• These facilities connect the generators to the utility grid and also
provide off-site power to the plant.
Cont. …

• The second type of substation, typically known as the customer


substation, functions as the main source of electric power supply for
one particular business customer.
• The technical requirements and the business case for this type of
facility depend highly on the customer’s requirements, more so than
on utility needs.
• The third type of substation involves the transfer of bulk power across
the network and is referred to as a system station.
• Some of these stations provide only switching facilities (no power
transformers) whereas others perform voltage conversion as well.
Cont. …

• These large stations typically serve as the end points for transmission
lines originating from generating switchyards and provide the
electrical power for circuits that feed transformer stations.
• They are integral to the long-term reliability and integrity of the
electric system and enable large blocks of energy to be moved from
the generators to the load centers.
• The fourth type of substation is the distribution station.
• These are the most common facilities in power electric systems and
provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric
customers.
Cont. …

• They are typically located close to the load centers, meaning that they
are usually located in or near the neighborhoods that they supply, and
are the stations most likely to be encountered by the customers.
Cont. …

• Depending on the type of equipment used, the substations could be:


• Outdoor type with air-insulated equipment
• Indoor type with air-insulated equipment
• Outdoor type with gas-insulated equipment
• Indoor type with gas-insulated equipment
• Mixed technology substations
• Mobile substations
1.2 Need Determination

• An active planning process is necessary to develop the business case


for creating a substation or for making major modifications.
• Planners, operating and maintenance personnel, asset managers, and
design engineers are among the various employees typically involved
in considering such issues in substation design as load growth, system
stability, system reliability, and system capacity; and their evaluations
determine the need for new or improved substation facilities.
• Customer requirements, such as new factories, etc., should be
considered, as well as customer relations and complaints.
• In some instances, political factors also influence this process, as is the
case when reliability is a major issue.
Cont. …

• It is usual for utilities to have long-term plans for the growth of their
electric systems in order to meet the anticipated demand.
• System planners determine the capacities of energy required and the
requirements for shifting load around the system, but engineering
personnel must provide cost info on how to achieve the planners’
goals.
• Planners conduct studies that produce multiple options and all of these
scenarios need to be priced in order to determine the most economical
means of serving the customers.
Cont. …

A basic outline of what is required in what area can be summarized as


follows: System requirements including:
• Load growth
• System stability
• System reliability
• System capacity
Cont. …

Customer requirements including:


• Additional load
• Power quality
• Reliability
• Customer relations
• Customer complaints
• Neighborhood impact
1.3 Budgeting

• Part of the long-range plan involves what bulk power substations need
to be created or expanded in order to move large blocks of energy
around the system as necessary and where do they need to be located.
• Most utilities rely on standardized designs and modular costs
developed over time, but should these former designs be unsuitable for
the area involved, that is, unlikely to achieve community acceptance,
then alternative designs need to be pursued.
• In the case of bulk power substations, the equipment and land costs
can differ greatly from standard designs.
Cont. …

• Having established the broad requirements for the new station, such as
voltages, capacity, number of feeders, etc., the issue of funding should
then be addressed.
• This is typical when real estate investigations of available sites begin,
since site size and location can significantly affect the cost of the
facility.
• This budgeting process will involve evaluation of the project in light
of corporate priorities and provide a general overview of cost and
other resource requirements.
1.4 Financing

• Once the time has arrived for work to proceed on the project, the
process of obtaining funding for the project must be started.
• Coordination between business units is necessary to develop accurate
costs and to develop a realistic schedule.
• The resource information has to be compiled in the format necessary
to be submitted to the corporate capital estimate system and internal
presentations must be conducted to sell the project to all levels of
management.
1.5 Traditional and Innovative Substation Design

• Substation engineering is a complex multidiscipline engineering


function. It could include the following engineering disciplines:
• Environmental
• Civil
• Mechanical
• Structural
• Electrical—high voltage
• Protection and controls
• Communications
Cont. …

• A more innovative approach is one that takes into account functional


requirements such as system and customer requirements and develops
alternative design solutions.
• System requirements include elements of rated voltage, rated
frequency, existing system configuration (present and future),
connected loads, lines, generation, voltage tolerances (over and under),
thermal limits, short-circuit levels, frequency tolerances (over and
under), stability limits, critical fault clearing time, system expansion,
and interconnection.
Cont. …

• Customer requirements include environmental consideration, space


consideration, power quality, reliability, availability, national and
international applicable standards, network security, expandability, and
maintainability.
1.6 Site Selection and Acquisition

• A decision on the final location of the facility can now be made and
various options can be evaluated. Final grades, roadways, storm water
retention, and environmental issues are addressed at this stage, and
required permits are identified and obtained.
• As a rule of thumb, the following site evaluation criteria could be
used:
• Economical evaluation
• Technical evaluation
• Community acceptance
Cont. …

• Economical evaluation should address the level of affordability, return


on investment, initial capital cost, and life cycle cost.
• Technical aspects that can influence the site selection process could
include the following:
Land Soil Pollution
Water Topography
Vegetation Community involvement
Protected areas Access
Community planning Line entries
1.7.1 Station Design

• Now the final detailed designs can be developed along with all the
drawings necessary for construction.
• The electrical equipment and all the other materials can now be
ordered and detailed schedules for all disciplines negotiated.
• It is imperative that all stakeholders be aware of the design details and
understand what needs to be built and by when to meet the in-service
date.
• The following can be used as a guide for various design elements:
Cont. …

1. Basic layout:
a. Stage development diagram
b. Bus configuration to meet single line requirements
c. Location of major equipment and steel structures based on single line
diagram
d. General concept of station
e. Electrical and safety clearances
f. Ultimate stage
Cont. …

2. Design:
a. Site preparation h. Station insulators
b. Foundations I. Suspension insulators
c. Structures j. Clearances
d. Buildings k. Overvoltage
e. Mechanical systems l. Grounding
f. Bus work m. Neutral systems
g. Insulation n. Station security
1.7.2 Station Construction

• With permits in hand and drawings published, the construction of the


station can begin.
• Proper attention should also be paid to site security during the
construction phase not only to safeguard the material and equipment
but also to protect the public.
Thanks!

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