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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title Prog102: Procedural Programming

Submission date 08/10/2024 Date Received 1st submission

Date Received 2nd

Re-submission Date
submission

Student Name Tran Anh Duc Student ID GCH230530

Class PROG102 RE SU24 Assessor name Pham Danh Tuyen

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature Duc

Grading grid

P1 P2 P3 M1 M2 D1

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 Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Lecturer Signature:

Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)

Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing

Unit Number and Title Unit 0: IT Fundamental & Procedural Programming

Academic Year 2021

Unit Tutor
Assignment Title Analysis and Design a solution for procedural programming problem

Issue Date
Submission Date
IV Name & Date

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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..5

1.1. Introduction about procedural programming .............................................................. 5

1.2. Problem statement……………………………………………………………………6

2. ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………..7
2.1. List data types, data structures needed in the problem
.…………………………………………………………………………………………….8
2.2. Conditional Statements………………………………………………………………9
2.2.1 If statement………………………………………………………………………...9
2.2.2 If else statement……………………………………………………………………10
2.3. Loop statements……………………………………………………………………....10
2.3.1 While loop…………………………………………………………………………11
2.3.2 For loop……………………………………………………………………………12
3. DESIGN…………………………………………………………………………………...13

3.1. WBS………………………………………………………………………………….13

3.2. Use Case Diagram……………………………………………………………………14

3.3. Flowchart…………………………………………………………………………….16

3.3.1. Input student information………………………………………………………….17

3.3.2. Print all student information………………………………………………………18

3.3.3. Print highest grade…………………………………………………………………19

3.3.4. Print lowest grade…………………………………………………………………20

4. EVALUATION………………………………………………………………………..21

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ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWERS

1. Introduction
1.1
Procedural programming is derived from imperative programming. Its concept is based on
procedure calls. Procedures are nothing but a series of computational steps to be carried out. In
Procedural programming, the execution of the instructions takes place step by step. When you
use Procedural language, you give instructions directly to your computer and tell it how to
reach its goal through processes.

Procedural programming is a well-established paradigm characterized by a systematic approach to

problem-solving, where code is structured into distinct procedures or functions that perform specific tasks.

Key characteristics of procedural programming include:

Top-down design: Problems are broken down into smaller, more manageable
subproblems, and each subproblem is solved using a separate procedure. This approach is
often described as "divide and conquer." (Brooks, 1995)

Sequential execution: Procedures are called and executed in a specific order, one after the other.
This makes it easier to understand the flow of control within a program.

Data and procedures as separate entities: Data is stored in variables, and procedures
operate on this data. This separation promotes modularity and makes code easier to maintain.

Global data: While not always ideal, procedural languages often allow data to be declared globally,
accessible by any procedure within the program. (Sebesta, 2012)

Emphasis on functions and procedures: The program's logic is encapsulated within these
reusable units, promoting code reusability and maintainability.

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Predefined control structures: Procedural languages provide standard control structures like loops
(for, while) and conditionals (if-else) to govern the flow of execution.

This structured approach to code organization makes procedural programming a suitable choice for
solving problems that can be broken down into a series of well-defined steps. However, as problems
become more complex, the global data and sequential nature of procedural programming can lead to
challenges in managing code dependencies and maintaining large codebases

1.2 Problem statement

Scenario:
A math teacher wants to manage grades of a class. He asks you to help him to write a small
application to do that. He needs to enter student IDs, student’s grades and store these
information into 2 separate arrays (integer array for IDs and float array for grades). Then he
needs to print all student IDs together with their grades. Finally, he needs to know which
student has highest grade and lowest grade. Your program should be menu based with the
options above. When an option is done, the program should go back to the main menu so he
can choose another option. There should be an option to quit program.

Problem: The problem of student information management is a difficult problem. Manual

management method has many disadvantages such as:

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We need to find a solution to this problem.

Solution: Student management program is a good choice

- Input information: name, ID, gender, score….
- Output information: Name, ID, gender, score of all student, maximum score,
minimum score,…
Advantages:
- Enter information quickly and accurately
- Information is stored for a long time
- Easy search, calculation, statistic

The student information and grade management problem is well-suited to procedural programming for the
following reasons:

1. Clear Sequential Nature: The problem requires sequential steps, from variable declaration,
grade input, to searching and displaying the highest/lowest scores. Procedural programming,
with its functions and sequential statements, aligns well with this requirement.
2. Focus on Data Processing: The core of the problem is manipulating grade data. Procedural
programming, with its use of variables and arrays for data storage and processing, is a natural
fit.
3. Simplicity and Efficiency: For a problem that isn't overly complex, procedural
programming leads to code that is easy to read, maintain, and efficient.
4. Iteration: The problem requires the ability to iterate over multiple students to input their grades.
Procedural programming's for or while loops handle this requirement directly.
5. No Need for High Abstraction: The problem doesn't necessitate the level of abstraction and
data encapsulation found in object-oriented programming. Procedural programming is
sufficient to solve the problem simply and effectively.

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2. ANALYSIS

2.1 List data types, data structures needed in the problem

Int: An integer is a numeric literal (associated with numbers) without any fractional or
exponential part

Float: A floating-point literal is a numeric literal that has either a fractional form or an
exponent form.

Char: A character literal is created by enclosing a single character inside single quotation marks.

Array:

Linear data structures in C, such as arrays, store elements in adjacent memory locations, allowing for
quick access using an index. These structures are designed to hold elements of the same data type, and you
can declare them with the syntax "Datatype varname [size];". You can also declare and initialize an array
at the same time.

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Key word Explain Example

Integer Int Enter student ID 33, 11,34
number
Float Float Used to gender 5,7,2,4,…
grades for students

Characters char Used to enter Nguyen Van A

student’s name and
gender

2.2 Conditional Statements

2.2.1 If statement

If statements are logical blocks used within programming. They’re conditional statements that tell a
computer what to do with certain information. In other words, they let a program make ‘decisions’
whileit’s running.

Figure 1: Flow diagram of if

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2.2.2 If-else statement

The if-else statement is used to perform two operations for a single condition. The if-else statement is an
extension to the if statement using which, we can perform two different operations, i.e., one is for the
correctness of that condition, and the other is for the incorrectness of the condition. Here, we must notice
that if and else block cannot be executed simiulteneously. Using if-else statement is always preferable
since it always invokes an otherwise case with every if condition.

The if-else statement is valuable because it introduces decision-making into our code. It lets our
programs adapt and respond differently based on varying circumstances or user input. For example,
we could use it to:

• Validate input: Check if user input is valid before processing it.

• Customize output: Display different messages or results based on user choices.
• Control program flow: Decide which parts of the code to execute based on conditions.
• Error handling: Take different actions in case of errors.
• Make choices in games: Determine the outcome of actions based on game rules.

Figures 2 : Flow diagram of if else

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2.3 Loop statement

2.3.1 while loop
The do while loop is a post tested loop. Using the do-while loop, we can repeat the execution of several
parts of the statements. The do-while loop is mainly used in the case where we need to execute the loop
at least once. The do-while loop is mostly used in menu-driven programs where the termination
condition depends upon the end user

Figure 3: Flow diagram of while loop

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2.3.2 For loop

The for loop is distinguished from other looping statements through an explicit loop counter or loop

variable which allows the body of the loop to know the exact sequencing of each iteration

Figure 4: Flow diagram of for loop

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3. Design
3.1 WBS

Figure 5: WBS of program

Explain:
Step 1: Enter ID & grades: This task involves inputting the student IDs and their corresponding grades into
the program.

Step 2: Find highest grades: This task identifies the students with the highest grades among all the entered
data.

Step 3:Find lowest grades: This task identifies the students with the lowest grades among all the entered data.

Step 4 Print all ID & grades: This task displays a list of all the student IDs and their corresponding grades.

Step 5 End: This final task indicates the termination of the program.

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3.2. Use Case Diagram

Figure 6: Use case diagram

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Explain

Step 1:Select options in the menu: The teacher can choose from a variety of options in the system's menu.
Step 2:Input student information: The teacher can enter information about students, such as their names, IDs, and
grades.
Step 3:Print ID, Grade: The system can print out a list of students, including their IDs and grades.
Step 4: Print highest grade: The system can identify and print the highest grade among all students.
Step 5: Print lowest grade: The system can identify and print the lowest grade among all students.
Step 6:Quit program: The teacher can exit the program.

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3.3 Flowchart

3.3.1.Input student information

First flowchart to enter the student id, still follow the initial steps, but if you enter the Id

correctly, the program will show all the information and run the for loop, but if you enter the

wrong Id, it will not show all information and will return to the original selection.

Figure 7: Enter student informaton student flowchart

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3.3.2.Input student information

First flowchart to enter the student id, still follow the initial steps, but if you enter the Id

correctly, the program will show all the information and run the for loop, but if you enter the

wrong Id, it will not show all information and will return to the original selection.

Figure 8: Enter student informaton student flowchart

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3.3.3. Print all student information

This flowchart repeatedly prints the ID and grade of each student until all students have been processed.

Figure 9: Printing information of student flowchart

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3.3.4 Print highest grade

This flowchart will use max to find the student's highest score, use float to assign the score if
max is less than student's score then that score will become max and the program will run

Figure 10: Flowchart of highest Grade

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3.3.5 Print lowest grade

This flowchart will use min to find the student's lowest score, use float to assign the score if min is
greater than student's score then that score will become min and the program will run.

Figure 11: Flowchart of lowest Grade

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4 EVALUATION

-First: The code must work and run properly.

Quite simply, having your code run will be a prerequisite. If you write code that often suffers from
basic errors such as: compilation errors, memory overflow, over- accessing the index of the array
... then of course your code is "fake". As a software developer, I need to know exactly what you
want, what the data storage structures are and how the logic code handles the data, etc.

Once you understand what you want to do, it's time to write code in a programming language. I
will then use a programming language to express what I want, ranging from organizing data to
processing logic. “Clean code” is a must, in addition, I also need to understand and control the
interaction between your code and other components in the system (from language, platform,
architecture, ...).

Evaluate how procedural programming is applied to your problem (advantages, disadvantages,

difficulties).

-Second: The code must solve the problem the user asked for. we are the ones who know how to
analyze and clarify them.

-Third: New code must be compatible with existing ones and easily extensible

Assuming I need to add a new feature to the product, I integrate additional source code into what is
already there, I need to make sure that it does not affect what is already running properly in the
program. Don't make your code-based mess, lose consistency and hard to control. Pay attention to
design and programming principles, such as SOLID.

Besides, pay attention to the possibility of reusing source code or extending new features later.
Don't let when implementing a similar feature in the future, I have to clone the source code
somewhere else and edit just a few small places. Designing modules and applying the principle of
“loose coupling” can help in these situations.

Fourth: Not only writing code for computers, code is also for humans.

Remember, software development doesn't just stop with writing the initial code, it also needs to be
maintained and continued to develop later. Many other people are involved in this cycle, not just
you. Leave lines of code that people who come after you can easily understand. Like any other
thing or phenomenon, it is very difficult to properly and fully appreciate it. However, with the
motto of finding "easy to quantify" ways, the above criteria will more or less help you visualize
and evaluate the code you do, at least help you know what you will have to do.

#Difficulties

It's not too difficult to use, but you need to learn carefully before writing to avoid mistake and have to fix
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bugs many times

Mistakes when writing code Do not

split the code.

Prefer writing your own rather than referencing. Google

search all the time.

Think fast code is better than nice and readable. Write code

without a plan.

Have not checked input and output data. No

exception handling.

Don't know debugging yet.

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Citations:
References: GeeksforGeeks. “Decision Making in C (if , if..else, Nested if, if-else- if ),” May
19, 2017. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/decision-making-c-cpp. (Access: 22/06/2024)
GeeksforGeeks. “While Loop in C,” September 25, 2022. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-while-
loop/. (Access: 22/06/2024)

GeeksforGeeks. “For Loop in C++,” November 11, 2019.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cpp-for-loop/. (Access: 22/06/2024)

EDUCBA. “If Else Statement in C++ | How If Else Statement Works in C++? (Examples),” January
18, 2020. https://www.educba.com/if-else-statement-in-c-plus- plus/. (Access: 22/06/2024)
“What Is Procedural Programming - Naukri Code 360.” Accessed June 21, 2024.
https://www.naukri.com/code360/library/procedural-programming-everything-you- need-to-know.
(Access: 22/06/2024)

Brooks, F. P. (1995). The mythical man-month: Essays on software engineering. Addison-

Wesley Professional.

Sebesta, R. W. (2012). Concepts of programming languages. Pearson Education.

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