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확변 연습문제

The document contains a test on random variables and random processes, featuring problems related to probabilities of missile launch, Poisson random variables, and signal processing. It includes calculations for expected values, variances, and conditional probabilities, as well as questions on independence of events. Additionally, it addresses the properties of random variables and their distributions, with specific examples and solutions provided for each problem.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views21 pages

확변 연습문제

The document contains a test on random variables and random processes, featuring problems related to probabilities of missile launch, Poisson random variables, and signal processing. It includes calculations for expected values, variances, and conditional probabilities, as well as questions on independence of events. Additionally, it addresses the properties of random variables and their distributions, with specific examples and solutions provided for each problem.

Uploaded by

윤성욱
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Random Variables and Random Processes - Test (1)

Solution _ final version 2008 April 11th Fri Test


1. A missile can be accidentally launched if two relays A and B both have failed.
The probabilities of A and B failing are known to be 0.01 and 0.03, respectively.
It is also known that B is more likely to fail (probability 0.06) if A has failed.
(1) What is the probability of an accidental missile launch? (5 points)
(2) What is the conditional probability that A will fail if B has failed? (5 points)
(3) Are the events “A fails” and “B fails” statistically independent? (5 points)
2. The number of orders waiting to be processed, X, is given by a Poisson random
variable with parameter α = λ / nμ , where λ is the average number of orders
that arrive in a day, μ is the number of orders that can be processed by an
employee per day, and n is the number of employees.

(1) Show that E [ X ] = α and Var [ X ] = α . (10 points)

(2) Let λ = 3 and μ = 1 . Find the number of employees required so the


probability that more than 4 orders are waiting is less than 90%. (10 points)

⎛ ⎧α x e −α / x ! x = 0,1, 2, , ⎞
⎜⎜ Hint: P ( x ) = ⎨ ⎟
otherwise. ⎟⎠
X
⎝ ⎩0

3. Random Signal X가 정류기(Rectifier)를 통과하여 생성된 신호를 Y라 하

자. 즉, X와 Y 사이에 Y = X 라는 식이 성립될 때 아래 문제에 답해

보아라.

(1) Y의 CDF FY ( y ) 를 FX ( x) 로 PDF fY ( y ) 를 f X ( x ) 로 표시해 보아라.

(10 points)
(2) X가 평균값이 0이고 분산이 σ 2 인 Gaussian이라고 하자. 이 때 (1)

에서 구한 FY ( y ) 를 error function을 써서 구해 보려 한다. Error

function은 여러 가지 형태로 정의되는데 이 문제에서는 아래와 같


이 정의되는 error function을 이용하자.

1
1 x − t2
erf ( x) =


0
e 2
dt .

1
⎛ y⎞
FY ( y ) = 2 erf ⎜ ⎟ 임을 보여라. (10 points)
⎝σ ⎠
⎛ 1 − x2
2 ⎞

⎜ Hint: f X ( x ) = e 2σ ⎟
⎝ 2πσ ⎠
(3) 만약 σ = 100 이라면 Fy ( y ) = 0.5 가 되는 y 값을 아래 주어진 표를

이용하여 구해 보아라. (5 points)


4. X is the random variable with CDF
⎧0 x < −1,
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 − 1 ≤ x < 0,

FX ( x) = ⎨
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 0 ≤ x < 1,
⎪⎩1 1 ≤ x.
And Y = g ( X ) where
⎧0 X < 0,
g( X ) = ⎨
⎩100 X ≥ 0.

(1) Find P [ 0 ≤ X ≤ 1] . (5 points)

(2) What is f X ( x ) ? (5 points)

(3) Suppose that B is the event { X ≥ 0} . Find the conditional expected value

E [ X | B ] . (10 points)

(4) What is FY ( y ) ? (5 points)


(5) What is fY ( y ) ? (5 points)

(6) What is Var [Y ] ? (10 points)

5. 아래 기술한 것들 중 옳은 것은 “옳다”하고, 잘못된 것이 있으면 바로


고쳐 보아라. (맞는 답은 3점, 틀린 답은 -3점)
(1) Flip four coins, a penny, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter. Examine the coins
in order (penny, then nickel, then dime, then quarter) and observe whether
each coin shows a head (h) or a tail (t). Let Bi = {outcomes with i heads}.

For example, B1 = {ttth, ttht , thtt , httt} contains four outcomes. In this case,

we can claim that the set B = { B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 } forms an event space.

(2) Mobile telephones perform handoffs as they move from cell to cell. During

2
a call, a telephone either performs zero handoff ( H 0 ) , one handoff ( H1 ) ,

or more than one handoff ( H 2 ) . In addition, each call is either long ( L ) ,

if it lasts more than three minutes, or brief ( B) . The following table

describes the probabilities of the possible types of calls.


H 0 H1 H 2
L 0.1 0.1 0.2
B 0.4 0.1 0.1

We are interested in P [ H 0 ] that a phone makes no handoffs. It may be

computed in the following way:


P [ H 0 ] = P [ H 0 | L] P [ L] + P [ H 0 | B] P [ B]
= 0.1× 0.4 + 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.28.
(3) A random variable is a function that assigns a real number to each outcome
in the sample space of the experiment instead of each element in the event
space.
(4) Consider the random variable X with the PMF
⎧1/ 4 x = 1, 2,3, 4,
PX ( x) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise,
and

⎧10.5 X − 0.5 X 2 1 ≤ X ≤ 5,
Y = g(X ) = ⎨
⎩50 6 ≤ X ≤ 10.

In this case, E [Y ] = 22.5.

(5) 아래와 같은 함수를 생각해 보자,

⎧ax 2 + bx 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
f X ( x) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise.

이 함수가 PDF가 되기 위한 필요충분조건은 a와 b가 아래와 같은


관계식을 갖는 것이다.
−6 ≤ a ≤ 3, b = 2 − 2a / 3.

( Hint: f ( x) ≥ 0와 ∫ f ( x) dx = 1 관계식을 이용할 것.)


X
1

0 X

3
4
1번 solution
(a)
P (launch) = P( A fail ∩ B fail )
= P( B fail | A fail ) P( A fail ) [2점]
= 0.06(0.01)
= 0.0006 [3점]
(b)
P( A fail | B fail )
P( A fail ∩ B fail )
= [2점]
P( B fail )
6(10−4 )
= = 0.02 [3점]
3(10−2 )

(c)
P ( A fail ) P( B fail ) = 0.01(0.03) = 3(10−4 ) ≠ 6(10−4 )
P ( A fail ∩ B fail ) ≠ P( A fail ) P( B fail )
So " A fail " and " B fail " are not independent each other.

전부 제대로 써야 5점

2번 solution
#2. The number of orders waiting to be processed, X , is given by a Poisson random
λ
variable with parameter α= , where λ is the average number of orders that arrive

in a day, μ is the number of orders that can be processed by an employee per day,
and n is the number of employees.

(1) Show that E[ X ] = α and Var[ X ] = α . (10 points)

5
⎧ α x e −α
⎪ x = 0,1, 2,
Since Poisson random variable, PX ( x) = ⎨ x !
⎪ 0
⎩ otherwise

α e
x −α
E[ X ] = ∑ x ⋅
x =0 x!

α x e −α
=∑
x =0 ( x − 1)!

α x e −α
=∑ (∵(−1)! is not defined )
x =1 ( x − 1)!

α x −1e−α
=α∑ (letting x ' = x − 1)
x =1 ( x − 1)!

α x ' e −α ∞
α x ' e −α
=α∑ (∵ ∑ = 1)
x '= 0 x '! x '= 0 x '!


α x e −α
E[ X 2 ] = ∑ x 2 ⋅
x =0 x!
x −α

α e
= ∑ x⋅
x =0 ( x − 1)!

α x e −α ∞
α x e −α
= ∑ ( x − 1) ⋅ + ∑1⋅
x =0 ( x − 1)! x =0 ( x − 1)!

α e
x −α ∞
α ex −α
=∑ +∑
x=2 ( x − 2)! x =1 ( x − 1)!
= α +α
2

Var[ X ] = E[ X 2 ] − E[ X ]2
= α 2 +α −α 2

6
(2) Let λ = 3 and μ = 1 . Find the number of employees

required so the probability that more than 4 orders are

waiting is less than 90%. (10 points)


⎧ α x e −α
⎪ x = 0,1, 2,
Hint : PX ( x) = ⎨ x !
⎪ 0
⎩ otherwise

P[ X > 4] < 0.9


P[ X > 4] = 1 − {PX (0) + PX (1) + PX (2) + PX (3) + PX (4)}
4
α x e −α
= 1− ∑ < 0.9
x =0 x!
4
α x e −α

x =0 x!
> 0.1

4
α x e −α α 0 e −α α 1e−α α 2 e −α α 3 e −α α 4 e −α ⎛ λ 3⎞
∑ = + + + + ⎜ here, α = = ⎟
nμ n ⎠
x =0 x! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4! ⎝
− ⎛ 81 ⎞
3
3 9 27
= e n ⎜1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎟
> 0.1
⎝ n 2n 6n 24n ⎠
3
− 3 9 27 81
A = e n , B = 1+ + 2+ 3+
n 2n 6n 24n 4

7
∴ true for n ≥ 1, n is a natural number

A B A*B
1 16.375 0.049787 0.815263
2 4.398438 0.22313 0.981424
3 2.708333 0.367879 0.99634
4 2.114746 0.472367 0.998935
5 1.8214 0.548812 0.999606
6 1.648438 0.606531 0.999828
7 1.534933 0.651439 0.999916
8 1.454926 0.687289 0.999955
9 1.395576 0.716531 0.999974
10 1.349838 0.740818 0.999984
11 1.313529 0.7613 0.99999
12 1.284017 0.778801 0.999993
13 1.259563 0.793923 0.999995
14 1.238973 0.807118 0.999997
15 1.2214 0.818731 0.999998
16 1.206228 0.829029 0.999998
17 1.192998 0.838223 0.999999
18 1.181359 0.846482 0.999999
19 1.171042 0.85394 0.999999
20 1.161834 0.860708 0.999999
21 1.153564 0.866878 1
22 1.146098 0.872525 1
23 1.139323 0.877714 1
24 1.133148 0.882497 1

2번 문제 부분점수 배점
(1) E[x] 구하면 5점, Var[x] 구하면 5점 – 틀리면 각 0점
(2) n>=1 의 정수 조건을 구하면 10점
결과식 까지만 쓰고, 조건에 만족하는 n에 대한 언급 있으면 9점
결과식에서 잘못된 결과 도출하면 6점, 결과 도출(론) 언급 없으면 6점
식 틀리면 0점

8
부분 실수 -2점

3번 solution
Random Signal X가 정류기(Rectifier)를 통과하여 생성된 신호를 Y라 하자.

즉, X와 Y 사이에 Y = X 라는 식이 성립될 때 아래 문제에 답해 보아라.

그림 3. 1. y = x

(1) Y의 CDF FY ( y ) 를 FX ( x) 로 PDF fY ( y ) 를 f X ( x ) 로 표시해 보아라.

(10 points)

Solution)
From the definition of cdf and from Fig. 3.1, we can write

FY ( y ) = P [Y ≤ y ] = P [| X |≤ y ] (3.1) (1 points)

= P [− y ≤ X ≤ y] = P [ X ≤ y] − P [ X < − y] (3.2) (2 points)

9
⎧⎪ FX ( y ) − FX ( − y ) y ≥ 0
=⎨ (3.3) (2 points)
⎪⎩ 0 y < 0.

Differentiating Eq. (3.3), we can obtain the pdf of y


dF ( y )
fY ( y ) = Y (3.4) (2 points)
dy
⎧⎪ f X ( y ) + f X ( − y ) y≥0
=⎨ (3.5) (3 points)
⎪⎩ 0 y < 0.

(2) X가 평균값이 0이고 분산이 σ 2 인 Gaussian이라고 하자. 이 때 (1)

에서 구한 FY ( y ) 를 error function을 써서 구해 보려 한다. Error

function은 여러 가지 형태로 정의되는데 이 문제에서는 아래와 같


이 정의되는 error function을 이용하자.

1
1 x − t2
erf ( x) =


0
e 2
dt .

⎛ y⎞
FY ( y ) = 2 erf ⎜ ⎟ 임을 보여라. (10 points)
⎝σ ⎠
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
⎜ Hint: f ( x ) = e 2σ 2

2πσ
X
⎝ ⎠
Solution)
1 −x 2

From f X ( x ) = e 2σ 2
, the cdf of x is obtained by
2πσ
1 −t 2
FX ( x ) =
x

2πσ ∫−∞
e 2σ 2
dt (3.6) (1 point)

The cdf of y is the written

FY ( y ) = FX ( y ) − FX ( − y ) (3.7)

10
1 y −t2 1 −y −t 2
=
2πσ ∫ −∞
e 2σ 2
dt −
2πσ ∫
−∞
e 2σ 2
dt (3.8) (2 point)

1 y −t 2
=
2πσ ∫ −y
e 2σ 2
dt (3.9) (2 point)

y −t
2
1
= 2 ∫ e 2σ dt
2
(3.10) (1 point)
2πσ 0

variable change by u = t / σ

y u2
2 1 −
=
σ 2π ∫ 0
σ
e 2
σ du (3.11) (3 point)

y t2
2 −
=
2π ∫ 0
σ
e dt 2
(3.12)

⎛ y⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1
1 − t2
= 2 erf ⎜ ⎟ . ⎜ where erf ( x ) =
x

⎝σ ⎠ ⎝ 2π
∫0
e 2
dt ⎟ (3.13)

(1 point)

(3) 만약 σ = 100 이라면 Fy ( y ) = 0.5 가 되는 y 값을 아래 주어진 표를

이용하여 구해 보아라. (5 points)

Solution)

For FY ( y ) = 0.5 and σ = 100 ,

⎛ y ⎞ ⎛ y ⎞
FY ( y ) = 2 erf ⎜ ⎟ = 0.5 → erf ⎜ ⎟ = 0.25 (2 points)
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠

Since erf ( 0.65 ) = 0.24215 and erf ( 0.70 ) = 0.25803 in the table,

y 0.25 − 0.24215
= 0.65 + 0.05 × = 0.6747
100 0.25803 − 0.24215 . (3 points)
y = 67.47

11
4번 solution
X is the random variable with CDF
⎧0 x < −1,
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 − 1 ≤ x < 0,

FX ( x) = ⎨
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 0 ≤ x < 1,
⎪⎩1 1 ≤ x.

And Y = g ( X ) where
⎧0 X < 0,
g( X ) = ⎨
⎩100 X ≥ 0.

(1) Find P [ 0 ≤ X ≤ 1] . (5 points)

Solution)

P [ 0 ≤ X ≤ 1] = FX (1) − FX ( 0− ) = 1 − =
1 2
(5 points)
3 3

(2) What is f X ( x ) ? (5 points)

Solution)
d
fX ( x) = FX ( x) 이므로 (1 points)
dx

12
⎧1
⎪3 − 1 ≤ x < 1,

⎪1
f X ( x ) = ⎨ δ ( x − 1) x = 1, (4 points)
⎪ 3

⎪0
⎩ otherwise.

(3) Suppose that B is the event { X ≥ 0} . Find the conditional expected value

E [ X | B ] . (10 points)

Solution)


E [ X | B ] = ∫ x f x|b ( x ) dx (1 points)
−∞

⎧ fX ( x)
⎪ x∈B
Where f x|b ( x ) = ⎨ P [ B ] (1 points)
⎪0
⎩ otherwise

1 2
P [ B ] = P [ X ≥ 0] = 1 − P [ X < 0] = 1 − = (1 points)
3 3

⎧1
⎪2 − 1 ≤ x < 1,

⎪1
f x|b ( x ) = ⎨ δ ( x − 1) x = 1, (3 points)
⎪2

⎪0
⎩ otherwise.

P [ 0 ≤ X ≤ 1] = FX (1) − FX ( 0− ) = 1 − =
1 2
3 3

13
∞ 1 ∞ 1
E [ X | B ] = ∫ x f x|b ( x ) dx = ∫ xdx + ∫ x δ ( x − 1) dx
1

−∞ 0 2 −∞ 2 (4 points)
1 1 1 3
= x2 + =
4 0 2 4

(4) What is FY ( y ) ? (5 points)

Solution)

⎧0 x < −1,
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 − 1 ≤ x < 0,

FX ( x) = ⎨
⎪ x / 3 + 1/ 3 0 ≤ x < 1,
⎪⎩1 1 ≤ x.

To find the CDF of Y, Y can only take on two possible values, 0 and 100. so the
probability that Y takes on two values depends on the probability the X < 0
and X ≥ 0 , respectively.

⎧0 y < 0,

FY ( y ) = P [Y ≤ y ] = ⎨ P [ X < 0] 0 ≤ y < 100, (1 points)
⎪1 100 ≤ y.

Since P [ X < 0] = FX ( 0− ) = 1 , the CDF of Y is (1 points)


3

14
⎧0 y < 0,

FY ( y ) = P [Y ≤ y ] = ⎨ 1 0 ≤ y < 100, (3 points)
3

⎩1 100 ≤ y.

(5) What is fY ( y ) ? (5 points)


Solution)
d
fY ( y ) = FY ( y ) 이므로 (1 points)
dx

⎧1
⎪⎪ 3 δ (y ) y =0,
fY ( y ) = ⎨ (4 points)
⎪ 2 δ (y − 100) y =100.
⎪⎩ 3

(6) What is Var [Y ] ? (10 points)

Solution)


E [Y ] = ∫ y fY ( y )dy
−∞

1 2
= 0 + 100 (3 points)
3 3
200
= = 66.66
3


E ⎡⎣Y 2 ⎤⎦ = ∫ y 2 fY ( y ) dy
−∞

1 2 2
= ( 0) + (100 )
2
(5 points)
3 3
2
= (100 )
2

∴Var [ X ] = E ⎡⎣ X 2 ⎤⎦ − E [ X ]
2

2 (2 points)
2 ⎛ 200 ⎞ 20000
= (100 ) − ⎜ ⎟ = = 2222.2
2

3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 9

15
5번 solution
아래 기술한 것들 중 옳은 것은 “옳다”하고, 잘못된 것이 있으면 바로 고
쳐 보아라. (맞는 답은 3점, 틀린 답은 -3점)
(1) Flip four coins, a penny, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter. Examine the coins
in order (penny, then nickel, then dime, then quarter) and observe whether
each coin shows a head (h) or a tail (t). Let Bi = {outcomes with i heads}.

For example, B1 = {ttth, ttht , thtt , httt} contains four outcomes. In this case,

we can claim that the set B = { B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 } forms an event space.

Sol> 답: 옳지 않다.
이유) event space가 되기 위해서는 mutually exclusive 및 collectively
exhaustive 의 두 가지 조건을 만족해야 한다.

B = { B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 } 의 각 요소는 mutually exclusive 하지만 B안에 B0 가 없

기 때문에 collectively exhaustive 하지 않다.


B가 event space가 되기 위해서 B를 다음과 같이 정의해야 한다.

16
B = { B0 , B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 }
B0 = {tttt}
B1 = {ttth, ttht , thtt , httt}
B2 = {hhtt , htht , htth, thht , thth, tthh}
B3 = {thhh, hthh, hhth, hhht}
B4 = {hhhh}

(2) Mobile telephones perform handoffs as they move from cell to cell. During

a call, a telephone either performs zero handoff ( H 0 ) , one handoff ( H1 ) ,

or more than one handoff ( H 2 ) . In addition, each call is either long ( L ) ,

if it lasts more than three minutes, or brief ( B) . The following table

describes the probabilities of the possible types of calls.


H 0 H1 H 2
L 0.1 0.1 0.2
B 0.4 0.1 0.1

We are interested in P [ H 0 ] that a phone makes no handoffs. It may be

computed in the following way:


P [ H 0 ] = P [ H 0 | L] P [ L] + P [ H 0 | B] P [ B]
= 0.1× 0.4 + 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.28.

Sol>답: 옳지 않다.

17
Handoff가 없을 확률을 구하려면 H 0 이면서 L이 되거나 H 0 이면서 B가
될 두 사건을 생각해야 한다. 이 두 사건이 H 0 를 구성하고 서로 배반
사건이며 다음과 같이 Handoff가 없을 확률을 계산할 수 있다.
P [ H 0 ] = P [ H 0 L] + P [ H 0 B]
= 0.1 + 0.4 = 0.5

(3) A random variable is a function that assigns a real number to each outcome
in the sample space of the experiment instead of each element in the event
space.

Sol>답: 옳다. (random variable의 정의; 교재 p.50)

(4) Consider the random variable X with the PMF


⎧1/ 4 x = 1, 2,3, 4,
PX ( x) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise,
and

⎧10.5 X − 0.5 X 2 1 ≤ X ≤ 5,
Y = g(X ) = ⎨
⎩50 6 ≤ X ≤ 10.

In this case, E [Y ] = 22.5.

Sol>답: 옳다.

교재 p.74 Theorem 2.10에 의해 다음과 같이 E [Y ] 를 계산할 수 있다.

18
E[Y ] = ∑ g ( x) P
x∈S X
X

1
= ∑ (10.5x − 0.5x ) × 4 + ∑
x∈[1,5]
2

x∈[6,10]
(50) × 0

4
1
= ∑ (10.5 x − 0.5 x 2 ) × = 22.5
x =1 4

(5) 아래와 같은 함수를 생각해 보자,

⎧ax 2 + bx 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
f X ( x) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise.

이 함수가 PDF가 되기 위한 필요충분조건은 a와 b가 아래와 같은


관계식을 갖는 것이다.
−6 ≤ a ≤ 3, b = 2 − 2a / 3.

( Hint: f ( x) ≥ 0와 ∫ f ( x) dx = 1 관계식을 이용할 것.)


X
1

0 X

Sol>답: 옳다.
다음과 같이 PDF를 전체 구간에 대해서 적분한 값은 1이 되어야 한다.
1
∫ (ax + bx)dx = a / 3 + b / 2 = 1 ⇔ b = 2 − 2a / 3
2
(1)
0

위 결과를 이용하면, x ∈ [0,1] 구간에 대한 확률은 다음과 같이 정리된


다.

f X ( x ) = ax 2 + bx = x ( ax + 2 − 2a / 3) ≥ 0 (2)

x가 0 이상이기 때문에 위 식은 다음과 같이 정리된다.


( ax + 2 − 2a / 3) ≥ 0 ⇔ a (2 / 3 − x ) ≤ 2 (3)
식 (3)에서 a 의 범위를 찾기 위해 (2 / 3 − x ) > 0 , (2 / 3 − x ) < 0 ,
x = 2 / 3 인 세 경우로 나누어 생각하자.
ㄱ) 먼저 x = 2 / 3 일 때 식(3)은 좌변이 0이고 모든 a에 대해서 부등식이

19
성립한다.
ㄴ) 다음으로 (2 / 3 − x ) > 0 ⇔ 0 ≤ x < 2 / 3 일 경우 식 (3)으로부터 다
음 식이 성립한다.
2
a≤ (4)
(2 / 3 − x)
0 ≤ x < 2 / 3 인 모든 x에 대해서 식 (4)를 만족하는 a 의 범위는 다음과
같다. (x=0을 대입)
a≤3 (5)
ㄷ) 마찬가지 방법으로 (2 / 3 − x ) < 0 ⇔ 2 / 3 < x ≤ 1 경우 식 (3)으로
부터 다음 식이 성립한다.
2
a≥ (6)
(2 / 3 − x)
2 / 3 < x ≤ 1 인 모든 x에 대해서 식 (6)를 만족하는 a 의 범위는 다음과
같다. (x=1을 대입)
a ≥ −6 (7)
ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ으로부터 세 경우를 동시에 만족하는 a 의 범위는 다음과 같
이 쓸 수 있다.
−6 ≤ a ≤ 3 (8)
따라서 문제에서 제시된 조건은 옳다.

답을 제대로 썼을 경우
(1)번
채점기준: 답만 맞으면 1점
설명이 부족하면 2점
B0 가 들어가야 한다는 언급이 있으면 3점
(2)번
채점기준: 답만 맞으면 1점
설명이 부족하면 2점

P [ H 0 ] = 0.5 를 보이면 3점

(3) ,(4),(5)번
옳다고 쓰면 무조건 3점
옳다는 것을 보였지만 아무런 언급이 없으면 1점 ((3)번 제외)

20
그 외의 경우 옳다는 말을 안쓰면 0점

답을 반대로 썼을 경우
(1),(2),(4),(5) 번 채점 기준
답만 쓰거나 설명이 완전히 잘못되었으면 -3점
설명이 잘못되었으나 일부 내용을 알고 있으면 -2점
설명이 잘못되었으나 대부분의 과정이 맞으면 -1점
모든 과정이 다 맞았지만 단순 계산 실수면 0점
(3) 번 채점 기준
답 틀리면 -3점

21

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