Study Guide in Trigonometry FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Module: Trigonometric Identities

MODULE 3

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module consists of four lessons: Pythagorean Identities, Sum and Difference Identities, Double-
Angle Identities, and Half-Angle Identities. Each lesson was designed as a self-teaching guide.
Definitions of terms and examples had been incorporated. Individual and paired activities were
prepared to apply what you had learned. Exercises were prepared as your assignment to measure
your understanding about the topics.
MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Simplify trigonometric expressions in terms of sine and cosine functions
• Derive trigonometric formulas applying the basic relationship of the six trigonometric
functions
• Recognize the functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃, 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃, and 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, and the relationship between
them
• Know the identities associated with reciprocal and ration
• Verify identities involving the trigonometric functions
• Apply Pythagorean, sum and difference, double-angle, half-angle identities in simplifying
trigonometric expressions
LEARNING CONTENTS

Introduction
An identity represents a relationship that is always true. There are several examples of such
kind of relationship. For instance, the Pythagorean identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 is true for every
value of 𝜃 and thus, called an identity. A conditional relationship represents an equation that is
sometimes (possibly never) true. Several identities will be discussed in detail in the succeeding
presentation.
In this module, various collections of identities will be used in verifying and simplifying
trigonometric equations. Along with the definition of the six trigonometric functions earlier
discussed in the previous lessons, the Reciprocal and Ratio Identities will be employed to derive
several useful identities in trigonometry. These are the Pythagorean Identities, Sum and Difference
Identities, Double-Angle Identities and Half-Angle Identities.

Discussion

Lesson 1. Pythagorean Identities

Pythagorean Identities

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in Trigonometry FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

MH 104 Trigonometry Module 3: Trigonometric Identities

When verifying identities, the following guidelines are helpful to keep in mind:
1. Work with one side at a time. Start with the most complicated side. It is important not
to mix the sides together because the equation is not yet proven equal. Thus, treat the
two sides as completely separate until it is shown that they are equal.

2. In simplifying the chosen side, try to put everything in terms of sine and cosine. Look
for common terms that can be factored out and cancelled, terms that can be combined,
ways to apply the conjugate, ways to simplify exponents and radicals, and other ways
to employ the rules of algebra.

Derivation of Pythagorean Identities

To derive the first Pythagorean Identity, start with the equation of a unit circle.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 Equation of a unit circle

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝜃

Thus, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 1st Pythagorean Identity

Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 Use the first Pythagorean Identity

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 Divide both sides by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

1+ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 Apply the Ratio and Reciprocal

1+( 2
)=( 2 ) Identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Thus, 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 2nd Pythagorean Identity

Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 Use the first Pythagorean Identity

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 Divide both sides by 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

+ 1 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 Commutative Property

1+ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 Apply the Ratio and Reciprocal
1+ = Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2

Thus, 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 3rd Pythagorean Identity

It is important to recall at this point, the following Reciprocal and Ratio Identities:

Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2

 Ratio Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

These identities are useful not only in deriving the Pythagorean Identities but also in proving and
verifying other identities. Moreover, these are also helpful in simplifying any given trigonometric
expressions.

Examples

A. Write the following expressions in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and simplify.

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

Solutions

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝟏
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽

B. Write the following expressions in terms of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and simplify.

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

Solutions

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
=( )( )
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)

= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

C. Verify each of the following trigonometric identities.

1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃) = 1
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Solutions

1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃) = 1

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4. + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Lesson 2. Sum and Difference Identities

Sum and Difference Identities

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Examples

I. Apply the Sum and Difference Identities to simplify and find the value of each of the
following.
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛85°𝑐𝑜𝑠35° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠85°𝑠𝑖𝑛35°
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠95°𝑐𝑜𝑠50° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛95°𝑠𝑖𝑛50°
𝑡𝑎𝑛68°−𝑡𝑎𝑛38°
3.
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛68°𝑡𝑎𝑛38°

Solutions

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛85°𝑐𝑜𝑠35° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠85°𝑠𝑖𝑛35° = sin⁡(85° + 35°)

= sin⁡ 120°
√𝟑
=𝟐
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠95°𝑐𝑜𝑠50° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛95°𝑠𝑖𝑛50° = cos⁡(95° − 50°)
= cos⁡ 45°
√𝟐
=
𝟐

𝑡𝑎𝑛68°−𝑡𝑎𝑛38°
3. = cos⁡(68° − 38°)
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛68°𝑡𝑎𝑛38°
= tan 30 °
√𝟑
=𝟑

5 3
II. If sin 𝐴 = 13 , cos 𝐴 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝐵 = 5 , tan 𝐵 < 0, then find the value of the following.
1. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
3. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)

Solutions
 III. Evaluate
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛15°
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠105°

Solutions

Lesson 3. Double-Angle Identities

Double-Angle Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Proof. Double Angle Identity. To show the proof of this identity, use the first Sum and Difference
Identity
 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 Sum and Difference Identity
sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 Replace B by A
sin 2𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 Add Similar Terms
sin 2𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Apply Commutative Property of Multiplication
sin 2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Add Similar Terms
Thus, 1st Double-Angle Identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Examples
24
A. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 25 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 < 0, find
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
3. Quadrant where the angle 2𝜃 is located

Solutions
24
Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 25 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 < 0, then 𝜃 is in Quadrant II.

25
24
𝜽
x
-7

*Note: -7 is obtained from:

Missing side is equal to √(252 ) − (242 )
= √625 − 576
= √49
=7
7
Therefore, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 25

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
24 7
= 2(25)(− 25)

336
=−
625

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

7 24 2
= (− 25)2 − (25)

49 576
= 625 − 625

527
= − 625

3. Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 are both negatives, then the angle 2𝜃 is in Quadrant III.

B. Verify the following identities.

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
 2. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 1

Solutions
1.
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 =? 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
cos(𝜃 + 𝜃) =? 3rd Sum and Difference Identity
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 =?
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 =? Simplify
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) =?
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) =? 1st Pythagorean Identity
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 Simplify

2.
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃⁡ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =? Square the Binomial
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =? 1st Double-Angle Identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =? Commutative Property
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 1 = ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 1 1st Pythagorean Identity

Lesson 4. Half-Angle Identities

Half-Angle Identities

𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ±√
2 2

𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±√
2 2

𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ±√
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Proof of the 1st Half-Angle Identity

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 Double-Angle Identities

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) − 1 Pythagorean Identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 Distributive Property
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 Simplify
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 Addition Property of Equality
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 Divide both sides by 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2
Square root of both sides
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ±√
2
𝜃 𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
If 𝑥 = 2 , then 2𝑥 = 𝜃. Therefore, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = ±√ 2
Examples
3
A. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 < 0, find
𝜃
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜃
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2

Solutions
3
Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 < 0, then 𝜃 is in Quadrant III.
B. Verify the following identities.
𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃 2
2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Solutions
 LEARNING POINTS

Pythagorean Identities
The Pythagorean identities in trigonometry are the three identities that come from the Pythagorean
theorem. Recall that the Pythagorean theorem states that the hypotenuse squared of a right triangle is
the sum of the square of each of the other two sides, or a squared plus b squared equals c squared
(𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ).

You must remember that the following Pythagorean identities are useful in solving trigonometric
problems.
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽

In deriving these Pythagorean Identities, simplifying any given trigonometric equations, and in
proving and verifying other identities, it is important to recall the Ratio and Reciprocal Identities.
Sum and Difference Identities

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨⁡𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨⁡𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
Double-Angle Identities
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽 =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
Half-Angle Identities
𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = ±√
𝟐 𝟐

𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 = ±√
𝟐 𝟐

𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = ±√
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
 LEARNING ACTIVITY
Learning Activity 1
I. Write the following expressions in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and simplify.
1. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃

2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
3. 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

II. Write the following expressions in terms of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and simplify.

3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
1. 4𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2. 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

5𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+1

III. Verify each of the following trigonometric identities.

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

2. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃−1
3. = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃+1
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4. + 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

5. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

 REFERENCES

References:

• Dela Cruz, R & Ferrer, F. (2014). TRIGONOMETRY In Simplified Approach.

Mindshapers Co., Inc. Intramuros, Manila. pp. 49-76. ISBN: 978-621-406-005-4
• [Link]
[Link]

Prepared by:

LORD CALUMM B. OCUAMAN

BSE Mathematics Faculty, PSU-Alaminos City

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 25