Chapter 1

Introduction

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 Presentation / Lecture Acknowledgement

Professor Choong Seon Hong, Ph.D.

Networking Lab,
Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.

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 Data Communications and Networking

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 1.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data. Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
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 Data communication system components

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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 Data communication system components (cont’d)

 Message
 is the information(data) to be communicated.
(text, numbers, pictures, sound, video or any combination of
these)

 Sender
 is the device that sends the data message.
(computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera)

 Receiver
 is the device that receives the message.
(computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera)

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 Data communication system components (cont’d)

Medium

 is the physically path by which a message travels from sender

to receiver.

(twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber- optic cable, laser , or

radio waves(terrestrial or satellite microwave))

 Protocol

 is a set of rules that govern data communication.

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 Data Presentation
 Text is represented as a bit pattern.
Code : Each sets of bit patterns to represent text symbols.
ASCII : by ANSI, 7bits
Extended ASCII, 8bits
Unicode : 16 bits
ISO : 32bits

 Numbers : also represented by bit patterns.

 Images : also represented by bit patterns. (Picture)

 Audio : It is continuous, not discrete. (Voice or music)

 Video : The recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie.

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Direction of Data Flow
 is used to define the direction of signal flow between two link
devices

 Simplex

unidirectional, as on a one-way street (keyboard, monitor)

 Half-Duplex

each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time

 Full-Duplex

both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously

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Direction of Data Flow (cont’d)
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 1.2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a computer,
printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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 Physical Structures
 Type of Network Connection

 Point-to-point
 provides a dedicated link between two devices.

 Multipoint : multi-drop
 is configuration in which more than two specific devices share a
single link

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 Physical Structures (cont’d)

Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Physical Topology

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 Physical Topology
 Mesh
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other device.

A fully connected mesh network therefore has

n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
Advantages:
No Single Point of Failure – If one connection fails, data can take another path.
Fast Communication – Multiple routes mean quicker data transfer.
Highly Secure – Direct connections reduce the risk of hacking.
Scalable – New devices can be added without disturbing the network.

Disadvantages:
Expensive – Requires lots of cables and network ports.
Difficult to Set Up – Managing many connections is complicated.
High Maintenance – More connections mean more upkeep.

Where is it Used?
Military networks, banking systems, smart cities, and data centers where reliability is crucial.

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 Mesh
 Mesh

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 Mesh (cont’d)

 Advantages

The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection

can carry its data load.

Mesh topology is robust.

Privacy and security.

Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation

easy.

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 Mesh (cont’d)
 Disadvantages
are related to the amount of cabling and the number
of I/O ports
 because every device must be connected to every other
device, installation and reconfiguration are difficult
 the sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available
space(in walls, ceiling, or floors) can accommodate
 the hardware required to connect each link (I/O port and cable)
can be prohibitively expensive

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 Star Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub

 Star Topology

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 Star (cont’d)
 Advantage

 Each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it
to any number of others (easy to install and reconfigure)

 Robustness

 if one link fails, only that link is affected

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 Tree Topology

Tree topology is a variation of a star

It is an advanced version of star topology where multiple star topologies are connected using a backbone cable.
It looks like a tree, where different devices are connected through a main cable.

 active hub(central hub)

 contains a repeater, which is a hardware device that

generates the received bit patterns before sending them out

 passive hub

 provides a simple physical connection between the

attached devices
Tree topology is not exactly a star topology, but it is an extension of star topology where multiple star networks are connected in a hierarchical manner.

Differences Between Tree Topology and Star Topology:

Feature Star Topology Tree Topology
Structure All devices are connected to a single central hub. Multiple star networks are connected in a hierarchical structure.
Central Device Has one central hub or switch. Has multiple hubs, with lower-level hubs connected to a higher-level hub.
Scalability Limited to one hub. Easily expandable by adding more hubs and devices.
Failure Impact If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down. If one hub fails, only that section is affected, not the whole network.
Example Small office or home networks. Large networks like universities, corporate offices, and ISPs.
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 Bus Topology
 Bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to
link all the devices in the network

 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps

 Drop line

 is a connection running between the device and the main

cable
 Tap

 is a connector either splices into the main cable or

punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with
the metallic core

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 Bus Topology (cont’d)

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 Bus (cont’d)
 Advantages
include ease of installation

 Disadvantages
include difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation

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 Ring Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only
with the two devices on either side of it

 Advantage

is relatively easy to install and reconfigure

fault isolation is simplified

 Disadvantage

 unidirectional traffic

 break in the ring can disable the entire network

--> needs dual ring

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 Hybrid Topology
 A network can be hybrid.

 For example, a main star topology with each branch connecting

several stations in a bus topology.

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 Categories of Networks
 Three primary categories
 size, ownership, distance it cover, physical architecture

Network

Local area networks Metropolitan area network Wide area network

(LAN) (MAN) (WAN)

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 LAN (Local Area Networks)

 LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single

office, building or campus

Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Categories of Networks (cont’d)

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 Categories of Networks (cont’d)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)
is designed to extend over an entire city

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 Categories of Networks (cont’d)
WAN(Wide Area networks)
provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and
video information over large geographical areas that may
comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world

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 Categories of Networks (cont’d)
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Interconnection of Networks : Internetwork
 Two or more networks are connected, they become an internet.

Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 1.3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

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 Internet
 A Brief History
 Internet (not internet)
 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency: ARPA) – mid-1960s
 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the DOD : presented ideas
of ARPANET, 1967
 Reality : 1969 (UCLA, UCSB, SRI, U of Utah)
 Birth of Internet : in 1972
 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn : Internetting Project
 TCP/IP : A paper by Cerf and Kahn in 1973
 In 1983, TCP/IP became to official protocol for the ARPANET
 MILNET : in 1983
 CSNET, NSFNET, ANSNET, …

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 Internet Today
 1969. Four-node ARPANET established.

 1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP.

 1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.

 1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP.

 1978. UNIX distributed to academic sites.

 1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol

 1983. MILNET was born.

 1986. NSFNET established.

 1986, IETF First Meeting

 1990. ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.

 1991. WWW by CERN

 1995. NSFNET became a research network.

 1995. ISPs started.

 2006 GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) for Future Internet
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 Internet Today
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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 Q&A

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