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Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Deep Learning (DL). It explains the concepts of machine learning, pattern recognition, and pattern classification, along with their applications in fields such as medical imaging and bioinformatics. Additionally, it outlines the workflow and processes involved in pattern recognition, including preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction.

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2 views

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Deep Learning (DL). It explains the concepts of machine learning, pattern recognition, and pattern classification, along with their applications in fields such as medical imaging and bioinformatics. Additionally, it outlines the workflow and processes involved in pattern recognition, including preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction.

Uploaded by

mohamedalbialy312
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIO3603:Medical Pattern Recognition

Dr. Lamees Nasser


E-mail: [email protected]
Third Year Biomedical Engineering Department
Academic Year 2024- 2025

10/8/2024 1
Relationship between AI, ML, NN, and DL.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) AI : programs that mimic human behavior

ML: comprises algorithms and statistical methods used


Machine Learning (ML) by computers to perform a specific task.

Artificial Neural Networks ( ANN) ANNs: models inspired by how neurons in the human
brain work.

Deep Learning (DL) DL:. Kind of artificial neural networks characterized by a


deep structure (several layers), a huge number of
artificial neurons, and the capability to automatically
extract features from data.
10/8/2024 2
Artificial Intelligence Applications

10/8/2024 3
What is Machine Learning?
In 1959, Arthur Samuel, a pioneer in the field of machine learning (ML) defined it as the field of
study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed .

Traditional Programming
Data (input)
Output
Program (equation)

Machine Learning

Data Program

Output
10/8/2024 4
Machine Learning Workflow
Training Phase

Machine
Preprocessing Feature learning
Training data - Filters extraction and algorithms Model
- Normalization selection - Supervised
- Unsupervised

Testing/Prediction Phase

Preprocessing Feature
Testing data - Filters extraction and Model Prediction
- Normalization selection

10/8/2024 5
What is Pattern Recognition?
Pattern recognition (PR) is a field in machine learning that uses data analysis to recognize
patterns and regularities and then uses these regularities to take actions such as classifying the data
into different categories
PR is a complex cognitive process in the brain. It involves analyzing various forms of data,
including images, video, and audio, with the intent of identifying and detecting specific visual
patterns (objects).
What is Pattern Classification?
Pattern classification is a subfield of pattern recognition that involves categorizing (classifying)
patterns into pre-defined classes or categories. In other words, it is the process of assigning labels
to data based on their content.
Pattern Recognition and Classification Applications

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD): helping doctors make diagnostic decisions based on


interpreting medical data such as mammographic images, ultrasound images, electrocardiograms
(ECGs), and electroencephalograms (EEGs).
Medical imaging: classifying cells as malignant or benign based on the results of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) scans or classifying different emotional and cognitive states from the
images of brain activity in functional MRI.
Speech recognition: helping handicapped patients to control machines.
Bioinformatics: DNA sequence analysis to detect genes related to particular diseases.
Pattern Recognition Workflow
Pattern Recognition Process
The sensing/acquisition uses a transducer such as a camera or a microphone. The acquired signal
(e.g., an image) must be of sufficient quality that distinguishing features can be adequately
measured.
Preprocessing: required prior to segmentation, including normalization, and image enhancement
(e.g., brightness adjustment, histogram equalization, contrast enhancement, image averaging,
frequency domain filtering, edge enhancement)
Segmentation and labeling: isolate different objects from each other and from the background,
and the different objects are labeled. The foreground, comprising the objects of interest, and the
background, is everything else.
Pattern Recognition Process Cont.
Postprocessing: used to prepare segmented images for feature extraction. For example, partial objects can
be removed from around the periphery of the image, disconnected objects can be merged, objects smaller
or larger than certain limits can be removed, or holes in the objects or background can be filled by
morphological opening or closing.
Feature Extraction: reduce the data by measuring certain features (such as size, shape, and
texture) of the labeled objects.
Classification: divide the feature space into decision regions.

Figure: Classes mapped as decision regions, with


decision boundaries
Figure: Example of segmentation,
postprocessing, and labeling
(a) Original image,
(b) variable background [from blurring (a)],
(c) improved image [¼(a) (b)],
(d) segmented image [Otsu thresholding of (c)],
(e) partial objects removed from (d),
(f) labeled components image,
(g) color-coded labeled components image

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