Day 2: SQL - Data Modification & Simple Functions
### 1. Modifying Data in SQL
#### 1.1 Inserting Data (INSERT INTO)
The INSERT INTO command adds new records into a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
Example:
INSERT INTO students (student_id, student_name, age, grade_level)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 20, 'Sophomore');
Exercise:
- Insert a student with ID 2, named "Bob", aged 21, in the "Junior" grade level.
#### 1.2 Updating Data (UPDATE)
The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example:
UPDATE students
SET age = 21
WHERE student_id = 1;
Exercise:
- Update Bob's grade level to "Senior".
#### 1.3 Deleting Data (DELETE)
The DELETE command removes records from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM students
WHERE student_id = 1;
Exercise:
- Delete Bob's record from the table.
### 2. Basic SQL Functions
#### 2.1 String Functions
UPPER(): Converts text to uppercase.
Example:
SELECT UPPER('hello world'); -- Output: 'HELLO WORLD'
LOWER(): Converts text to lowercase.
Example:
SELECT LOWER('HELLO WORLD'); -- Output: 'hello world'
CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.
Example:
SELECT CONCAT('Hello', ' ', 'World'); -- Output: 'Hello World'
Exercise:
- Convert the name "Alice" to uppercase.
- Concatenate "Alice" with "Sophomore" to get "Alice Sophomore".
#### 2.2 Numeric Functions
COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.
Example:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;
SUM(): Adds up numeric values in a column.
Example:
SELECT SUM(age) FROM students;
AVG(): Calculates the average value of a column.
Example:
SELECT AVG(age) FROM students;
Exercise:
- Count the total number of students.
- Find the average age of students.
#### 2.3 Date Functions
NOW(): Returns the current date and time.
Example:
SELECT NOW();
CURDATE(): Returns the current date.
Example:
SELECT CURDATE();
Exercise:
- Retrieve the current date.
### 3. Practice Queries for the 'books' Table
1. Create a table 'books':
CREATE TABLE books (
book_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(255),
author VARCHAR(255),
price DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
2. Insert 3 books into the table:
INSERT INTO books (book_id, title, author, price)
VALUES
(1, 'The Great Gatsby', 'F. Scott Fitzgerald', 10.99),
(2, 'To Kill a Mockingbird', 'Harper Lee', 7.99),
(3, '1984', 'George Orwell', 8.99);
3. Update the price of one book:
UPDATE books
SET price = 9.99
WHERE book_id = 3;
4. Delete one book from the table:
DELETE FROM books
WHERE book_id = 2;
5. Count the total number of books:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM books;
6. Find the sum of all book prices:
SELECT SUM(price) FROM books;
7. Retrieve the current date:
SELECT CURDATE();
