Betelgeuseʼs internal characteristics to allow its

Craft and Structure - Text Structure and

evolutionary state to be firmly fixed.
Purpose level 4.
Which choice best describes the function of the
1. Studying late nineteenth- and early twentieth- second sentence in the overall structure of the text?
century artifacts from an agricultural and domestic
A. It describes a serious limitation of the method
site in Texas, archaeologist Ayana O. Flewellen
used by Nance and colleagues.
found that Black women employed as farm workers
utilized hook-and-eye closures to fasten their B. It presents the central finding reported by Nance
clothes at the waist, giving themselves a silhouette and colleagues.
similar to the one that was popular in contemporary C. It identifies the problem that Nance and
fashion and typically achieved through more colleagues attempted to solve but did not.
restrictive garments such as corsets. Flewellen
argues that this sartorial practice shows that these D. It explains how the work of Nance and
women balanced hegemonic ideals of femininity colleagues was received by others in the field.
with the requirements of their physically
demanding occupation. 3. According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican
American women made crucial contributions to the
Which choice best states the main purpose of the labor movement during World War II. At the time,
text? food processing companies entered into contracts to
supply United States armed forces with canned
A. To describe an unexpected discovery that altered
goods. Increased production quotas conferred
a researcherʼs view of how rapidly fashions among
greater bargaining power on the companiesʼ
Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and
employees, many of whom were Mexican
early twentieth-century Texas changed during the
American women: employees insisted on more
period
favorable benefits, and employers, who were
B. To discuss research that investigated the ways in anxious to fulfill the contracts, complied. Thus,
which Black female farmworkers in late labor activism became a platform for Mexican
nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas used American women to assert their agency.
fashion practices to resist traditional gender ideals Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
C. To evaluate a scholarly work that offers
explanations for the impact of urban fashion ideals A. It elaborates on a claim about labor relations in a
on Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- particular industry made earlier in the text.
and early twentieth-century Texas B. It offers an example of a trend in the World War
II–era economy discussed earlier in the text.
D. To summarize the findings of a study that
explored factors influencing a fashion practice C. It notes a possible exception to the historical
among Black female farmworkers in late narrative of labor activism sketched earlier in the
nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas text.
D. It provides further details about the identities of
2. Astronomers are confident that the star the workers discussed earlier in the text.
Betelgeuse will eventually consume all the helium
in its core and explode in a supernova. They are 4. The following text is from Charlotte Brontëʼs
much less confident, however, about when this will 1847 novel Jane Eyre. Jane, the narrator, works as
happen, since that depends on internal a governess at Thornfield Hall.
characteristics of Betelgeuse that are largely
I went on with my dayʼs business tranquilly; but
unknown. Astrophysicist Sarafina El-Badry Nance
ever and anon vague suggestions kept wandering
and colleagues recently investigated whether
across my brain of reasons why I should quit
acoustic waves in the star could be used to
Thornfield; and I kept involuntarily framing
determine internal stellar states but concluded that
advertisements and pondering conjectures about
this method could not sufficiently reveal
new situations: these thoughts I did not think to Henry Crawford causes the protagonist Fanny Price
check; they might germinate and bear fruit if they to blush; her embarrassment grows when she
could. suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in
which Fanny not only infers Henryʼs mental state
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
through his gestures, but also infers that he is
text?
drawing inferences about her mental state—
A. To convey a contrast between Janeʼs outward illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls
calmness and internal restlessness “deep intersubjectivity,” a technique for
B. To emphasize Janeʼs loyalty to the people she representing interactions between consciousnesses
works for at Thornfield Hall through which Austenʼs novels derive much of
their social and psychological drama.
C. To demonstrate that Jane finds her situation both
challenging and deeply fulfilling Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
D. To describe Janeʼs determination to secure
employment outside of Thornfield Hall A. It states a claim about Austenʼs skill at
representing psychological complexity that is
reinforced by an example presented in the
5. Some studies have suggested that posture can following sentence.
influence cognition, but we should not overstate
this phenomenon. A case in point: In a 2014 study, B. It advances an interpretation of an Austen
Megan OʼBrien and Alaa Ahmed had subjects protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists
stand or sit while making risky simulated economic from other Austen novels cited in the following
decisions. Standing is more physically unstable and sentence.
cognitively demanding than sitting; accordingly, C. It describes a recurring theme in Austenʼs novels
OʼBrien and Ahmed hypothesized that standing that is the focus of a literary scholarʼs analysis
subjects would display more risk aversion during summarized in the following sentence.
the decision-making tasks than sitting subjects did,
D. It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an
since they would want to avoid further feelings of
Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept
discomfort and complicated risk evaluations. But
discussed in the following sentence.
OʼBrien and Ahmed actually found no difference in
the groupsʼ performance.
7. The following text is from Edith Whartonʼs 1905
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
novel The House of Mirth. Lily Bart and a
text?
companion are walking through a park.
A. It argues that research findings about the effects
Lily had no real intimacy with nature, but she had a
of posture on cognition are often misunderstood, as
passion for the appropriate and could be keenly
in the case of OʼBrien and Ahmedʼs study.
sensitive to a scene which was the fitting
B. It presents the study by OʼBrien and Ahmed to background of her own sensations. The landscape
critique the methods and results reported in outspread below her seemed an enlargement of her
previous studies of the effects of posture on present mood, and she found something of herself
cognition. in its calmness, its breadth, its long free reaches.
C. It explains a significant problem in the emerging On the nearer slopes the sugar-maples wavered like
understanding of postureʼs effects on cognition and pyres of light; lower down was a massing of grey
how OʼBrien and Ahmed tried to solve that orchards, and here and there the lingering green of
problem. an oak-grove.

D. It discusses the study by OʼBrien and Ahmed to Which choice best describes the function of the
illustrate why caution is needed when making underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
claims about the effects of posture on cognition. A. It creates a detailed image of the physical setting
of the scene.
6. In Jane Austenʼs novel Mansfield Park, an B. It establishes that a character is experiencing an
almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor internal conflict.
C. It makes an assertion that the next sentence then Which choice best states the function of the
expands on. underlined sentence in the overall structure of the
text?
D. It illustrates an idea that is introduced in the
previous sentence. A. To summarize the results of the teamʼs analysis
B. To present a specific example that illustrates the
8. Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely studyʼs findings
regarded as a foundational figure in information C. To explain part of the methodology used in the
theory. His most important paper, “A Mathematical teamʼs study
Theory of Communication,” published in 1948
when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a D. To call out a challenge the team faced in
concept called a “binary digit” (shortened to “bit”) conducting its analysis
to measure the amount of information in any signal
and determine the fastest rate at which information 10. The following text is adapted from Zora Neale
could be transmitted while still being reliably Hurstonʼs 1921 short story “John Redding Goes to
decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of Shannonʼs Sea.” John is a child who lives in a town in the
colleagues, said that the bit was “[Shannonʼs] woods.
discovery, and from it the whole communications
revolution has sprung.” Perhaps ten-year-old John was puzzling to the folk
there in the Florida woods for he was an
Which choice best describes the overall structure of imaginative child and fond of day-dreams. The St.
the text? John River flowed a scarce three hundred feet from
A. It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how his back door. On its banks at this point grow
the name of the concept has changed, and shows numerous palms, luxuriant magnolias and bay
how the name has entered common usage. trees. On the bosom of the stream float millions of
delicately colored hyacinths. [John Redding] loved
B. It introduces a respected researcher, describes an to wander down to the waterʼs edge, and, casting in
aspect of his work, and suggests why the work is dry twigs, watch them sail away down stream to
historically significant. Jacksonville, the sea, the wide world and [he]
C. It names the company where an important wanted to follow them.
mathematician worked, details the mathematicianʼs Which choice best describes the function of the
career at the company, and provides an example of underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
the recognition he received there.
A. It provides an extended description of a location
D. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the that John likes to visit.
paperʼs findings, and presents a researcherʼs
commentary on the paper. B. It reveals that some residents of Johnʼs town are
confused by his behavior.
9. A study by a team including finance professor C. It illustrates the uniqueness of Johnʼs
Madhu Veeraraghavan suggests that exposure to imagination compared to the imaginations of other
sunshine during the workday can lead to overly children.
optimistic behavior. Using data spanning from D. It suggests that John longs to experience a larger
1994 to 2010 for a set of US companies, the team life outside the Florida woods.
compared over 29,000 annual earnings forecasts to
the actual earnings later reported by those
companies. The team found that the greater the 11. A number of Indigenous politicians have been
exposure to sunshine at work in the two weeks elected to the United States Congress since 2000 as
before a manager submitted an earnings forecast, members of the countryʼs two established political
the more the managerʼs forecast exceeded what the parties. In Canada and several Latin American
company actually earned that year. countries, on the other hand, Indigenous people
have formed their own political parties to advance
candidates who will advocate for the interests of
their communities. This movement has been
particularly successful in Ecuador, where 13. The following text is adapted from Indian
Guadalupe Llori, a member of the Indigenous party Boyhood, a 1902 memoir by Ohiyesa (Charles A.
known as Pachakutik, was elected president of the Eastman), a Santee Dakota writer. In the text,
National Assembly in 2021. Ohiyesa recalls how the women in his tribe
harvested maple syrup during his childhood.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text? Now the women began to test the trees—moving
leisurely among them, axe in hand, and striking a
A. To trace the history of an Indigenous political
single quick blow, to see if the sap would appear.
movement and speculate about its future
The trees, like people, have their individual
development
characters; some were ready to yield up their life-
B. To argue that Indigenous politicians in the blood, while others were more reluctant. Now one
United States should form their own political party of the birchen basins was set under each tree, and a
C. To highlight two approaches to achieving hardwood chip driven deep into the cut which the
political representation for Indigenous people axe had made. From the corners of this chip—at
first drop by drop, then more freely—the sap
D. To consider how Indigenous politicians in the trickled into the little dishes.
United States have influenced Indigenous
politicians in Canada and Latin America Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It portrays the range of personality traits
12. According to Indian economist and sociologist displayed by the women as they work.
Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968), the
Eurocentric concepts that informed early twentieth- B. It foregrounds the beneficial relationship
century social scientific methods—for example, the between humans and maple trees.
idea that all social relations are reducible to C. It demonstrates how human behavior can be
struggles between individuals—had little relevance influenced by the natural environment.
for India. Making the social sciences more
responsive to Indiansʼ needs, Mukerjee argued, D. It elaborates on an aspect of the maple trees that
required constructing analytical categories the women evaluate.
informed by Indiaʼs cultural and ecological
circumstances. Mukerjee thus proposed the
communalist “Indian village” as the ideal model on 14. The following text is adapted from Jane
which to base Indian economic and social policy. Austenʼs 1814 novel Mansfield Park. The speaker,
Tom, is considering staging a play at home with a
Which choice best describes the overall structure of group of his friends and family.
the text?
We mean nothing but a little amusement among
A. The text recounts Mukerjeeʼs early training in ourselves, just to vary the scene, and exercise our
the social scientific disciplines and then lists social powers in something new. We want no audience,
policies whose implementation Mukerjee oversaw. no publicity. We may be trusted, I think, in
B. The text mentions some of Mukerjeeʼs economic choosing some play most perfectly
theories and then traces their impact on other unexceptionable; and I can conceive no greater
Indian social scientists of the twentieth century. harm or danger to any of us in conversing in the
elegant written language of some respectable
C. The text presents Mukerjeeʼs critique of the
author than in chattering in words of our own.
social sciences and then provides an example of his
attempts to address issues he identified in his Which choice best states the main purpose of the
critique. text?
D. The text explains an influential economic theory A. To offer Tomʼs assurance that the play will be
and then demonstrates how that theory was more inoffensive and involve only a small number of
important to Mukerjeeʼs work than other social people
scientists have acknowledged.
B. To clarify that the play will not be performed in highlighting that the experience of sound is
the manner Tom had originally intended multifaceted.
C. To elaborate on the idea that the people around Which choice best describes the overall structure of
Tom lack the skills to successfully stage a play the text?
D. To assert that Tom believes the group A. It introduces a collaborative spoken word poetry
performing the play will be able to successfully project, details the approach taken to produce the
promote it work, and then provides an example of critique the
album received upon release.
15. Space scientists Anna-Lisa Paul, Stephen M. B. It mentions a collection of spoken word poems,
Elardo, and Robert Ferl planted seeds of distinguishes one poem as being an exemplar on
Arabidopsis thaliana in samples of lunar regolith— the album, and then offers a summary of the subject
the surface material of the Moon—and, serving as a matter of the whole collection.
control group, in terrestrial soil. They found that C. It summarizes the efforts to produce a collection
while all the seeds germinated, the roots of the
of spoken word poems, presents biographies of two
regolith-grown plants were stunted compared with people who worked on the album, and speculates
those in the control group. Moreover, unlike the about the meaning behind the poetry.
plants in the control group, the regolith-grown
plants exhibited red pigmentation, reduced leaf D. It connects two artists to the same spoken word
size, and inhibited growth rates—indicators of poetry project, explains the extent of their
stress that were corroborated by postharvest collaboration on each poem, and then provides an
molecular analysis. overview of the technique used to produce the
work.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?
A. It describes an experiment that addressed an 17. The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where
unresolved question about the extent to which lunar the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on its seeds. In
regolith resembles terrestrial soils. 1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North
America, far from any B. terrenus. But
B. It compares two distinct methods of assessing evolutionary links between predators and their prey
indicators of stress in plants grown in a simulated can persist across centuries and continents. Around
lunar environment. 2001, B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern
C. It presents evidence in support of the hypothesis North America near where botanist Shu-Mei Chang
that seed germination in lunar habitats is an and colleagues had been monitoring mimosa trees.
unattainable goal. Within a year, 93 percent of the trees had been
attacked by the beetles.
D. It discusses the findings of a study that
evaluated the effects of exposing a plant species to Which choice best describes the function of the
lunar soil conditions. third sentence in the overall structure of the text?
A. It states the hypothesis that Chang and
16. Raymond Antrobus, an accomplished poet and colleagues had set out to investigate using mimosa
writer of prose, recently released his debut spoken trees and B. terrenus.
word poetry album, The First Time I Wore Hearing B. It presents a generalization that is exemplified by
Aids, in collaboration with producer Ian Brennan. the discussion of the mimosa trees and B. terrenus.
The album contains both autobiographical and
reflective pieces combining Antrobusʼs spoken C. It provides context that clarifies why the species
words with Brennanʼs fragmented audio elements mentioned spread to new locations.
and pieces of music to convey how people who are D. It offers an alternative explanation for the
deaf may experience sound, both its presence and findings of Chang and colleagues.
absence. Some critics suggest that the album
questions the function of sound in the world,