제

DAY 51
1. want to correct the oddity and restore the nail back to
having just one head.
It is sometimes difficult to say
(C) For example, suppose a second head allows you to
. Consider an individual
hold the nail in place as you hammer, so that you don’t
who is forced to reflect and start over after a mild
smash your thumb. “Function follows form” helps us
setback. In the period immediately following the
break fixedness by taking odd configurations and
setback, the individual is less content but acting with
imagining beneficial uses for them.
greater autonomy. To evaluate the change in the
individual’s state, we must treat the values of being (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
content and being autonomous as commensurable, (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
though many will believe that they are not. Evaluating a (C) – (B) – (A)
change in an entire society involves similar types of
difficult comparisons, plus a whole collection of
additional ones based on distributive concerns. For
instance, what if a society becomes wealthier and less
equal over time? Finally, even if we think that all states
of affairs can be compared effectively, we might
question the justification of violence or other
catastrophes. Why should we be reconciled to a violent
war just because it set the stage for institutional
improvement?
commensurable 3.
if freedom is more valuable than equality
the individual is more important than the society Rational individuals will seek perfect balance
not only violence but also inaction is inexcusable between freedom and security, but this balance varies
whether changes have been improvements or not among individuals, depending upon their ability to
autonomy is essential for healthy human development benefit from freedom and to bear the cost of insecurity.

Although the case for freedom is strong, this goal cannot

be pursued without limit. Almost everyone admits that
some restrictions are necessary when the exercise of
individual freedom endangers others or imposes large
external costs. ( ) A more subtle but more pervasive
2. limit to freedom arises when it conflicts with the
Imagine finding a nail with two heads: one at the top individual’s desire for security. ( ) In the face of the
of the spike and one to the side. complexities and uncertainties of modern life, many
people willingly vote for programs that restrict freedom
(A) This is the reflex we must overcome. Remember — their own and that of others — in exchange for the
“function follows form”? That’s how it should be. If we promise of greater security. ( ) For instance, numerous
push ourselves to find a beneficial use for a nail with laws deny consumers the freedom to buy products that
two heads, we may run across some ideas that are truly have been judged to be dangerous. ( ) But not everyone
innovative. makes the same evaluation of the tradeoff. ( ) This
(B) Immediately, it grabs our attention. Surely, it must variation is the major reason why it is so difficult to
be defective. Because of structural fixedness, our minds reach agreement on this issue.

104
[4~5] 4.
On the surface, ceremonies may appear to be a Ceremony Its Origin and Types
waste of time, empty words said unthinkingly. But How Do We Perform Ceremonies?
they do have a (a) deeper meaning. We use these Ceremony Its Meaning and Functions
rituals to create a sense of belonging. While the The Wedding Ceremony and Its Symbolism
National Anthem is being sung before a baseball What’s Wrong with the Change of a Ceremony?
game, the crowd and the players are performing as a
unit. In the same way, the congregation in a church
become one when they sing a hymn or recite a prayer.
Ceremonies serve to (b) unify the participants in an
event.
5.
Ceremonies are also used to (c) reinforce the
atmosphere of an event. Couples who repeat wedding
vows are making a public, solemn statement of their (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
intention to live together permanently. Their decision
seems much more significant than an offhand “Let’s
share an apartment” would be. Similarly, when a
president swears in public that he will uphold the
Constitution of the United States, the entire country
realizes the importance of the job and of his
commitment to it.
Finally, at a basic level, rituals give people a feeling
of control. This function is particularly (d) vague in
funerals. We can’t prevent the death of a loved one,
but we can organize a ceremony to help those
grieving cope with loss, death, and tragedy. This
ritual makes us feel that we are not entirely at the
mercy of natural forces, resulting in a (e) calming of
internal emotional chaos.

DAY 51 105
DAY 52
1. Tell her: “We’re going to Mexico, and you’re coming
along.” Don’t promise her that she’ll love it, because
You might have a bad interaction with a family member
she might not. Your job is not to guarantee your child’s
before getting to work. As the day wears on, you may
happiness, but to broaden her horizons. Those two
interpret your negative feelings as frustration for the
objectives .
project you’re working on rather than lingering negative
effects from the events of the morning. Many people try do not always coincide
to power through their negative feelings rather than thrive in fair conditions
attempt to understand them. But this is a lost opportunity. affect each other positively
Emotions provide valuable information about the state should be met simultaneously
of your motivational system. Ignoring them is like cannot be achieved in a single attempt
driving around lost, only refusing to ask for directions.
You need to think about things that bother you in order
to understand the source of your feelings. You can’t
manage feelings without thinking about them. Once you
can better comprehend where your own feelings come
from, you’ll have a much better ability to deal with
them.

3.
A former colleague of mine said that she thought it was
now no longer important to teach Shakespeare because
among other things he had a very feeble grasp of
women. This means that, if taken seriously, nobody’s
place in the entire canon is very secure, that it’s
constantly changing. John Donne’s position was, in
2. the nineteenth century, of no consequence at all; The
I like to use the phrase positive discipline to refer to Oxford Book of English Verse contained only one poem
using your authority in positive ways, either to broaden of his. And now, of course, he has been resurrected
your child’s horizons or to reward good behavior. Let’s by Herbert Grierson and T. S. Eliot and he’s one of the
imagine you are planning a family vacation. You and great figures of seventeenth-century poetry. Another
your spouse want to take a trip to Mexico, but your kids important theme in Donne’s poetry is the idea of true
prefer Disney World. However, none of your kids have religion, something that he spent much time considering
ever been to Mexico. In this situation, your kids don’t and about which he often theorized. Even the great
get a choice. A well-run family is not a democracy. Bach was relatively unpopular for two hundred years
Asking your child whether she’d like to go to Mexico before being rediscovered by Mendelssohn, proving
if she’s never been there is no different from asking that even in music we are constantly reassessing the
her whether she’d like curried chicken when she’s past.
never tried it. Her answer isn’t based on experience. canon resurrect

106
4. 5.
Your body is not a vehicle you inhabit; it is a creation
of your nonphysical being and therefore reflects your Here spending money on luxury goods to publicly
personality characteristics. display economic power was a norm and expected.

(A) When I was younger, I was quite rigid in my attitudes In European cultures, the trend in food habits had always
and physically inflexible as well. Not surprisingly, I been towards sophistication in food preparation and
disliked stretching exercises. Contrary to what is consumption. ( ) In contrast to the European cultures,
expected to occur as we age, my physical flexibility has developments in early American food habits have been
increased considerably, and I now enjoy stretching more towards simplification of meal preparation
exercises. methods rather than sophistication and expansion. ( )
(B) Facial wrinkles (expression lines) may be an external The European food habits of the 18th and 19th centuries
manifestation of people’s automatic reactions — were driven by the sophistication in cooking arts
habitually doing the same things and repeatedly making advanced by the chefs. ( ) In contrast, American food
the same choices. An inflexible body can be a physical habits of the 18th and 19th centuries were driven by
representation of becoming set in one’s ways. simplicity in preparation and efficiency in mass
(C) Many people become less mentally flexible as they production. ( ) This was a reflection of the political
get older, hence the stiffness and loss of physical system of the land. In early Europe, the political systems
flexibility experienced by so many older adults. It can were feudalistic and ruled by the royal families. ( )
happen the other way around as well: if we become The democratic political system of America did not
more mentally flexible, our physical flexibility can encourage indulgence in excessive food consumption
increase. I’m living proof that this is possible. by its national leaders since it symbolized concentration
manifestation of power.
feudalistic indulgence
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

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DAY 53
1. questions, and he seldom seeks new information
about his world. He would seldom admit to having
Poor students are seldom allowed to be the heroes in
learned something from another person. He rarely reads
Hollywood films (adults always must “save” them)
books and certainly not nonfiction material. If a man, he
while middle-class students are almost always the
may read the sports pages, which is acceptable behavior
heroes of the films in which they are featured (they are
for a male in his society — or if a woman she may read
always more clever than the adults in the film). This
the women’s section of the paper. The mechanical
double standard, I believe, reflects the middle-class bias
thinker may reveal a noticeable uneasiness in familiar
of American culture. The middle-class perspective is
situations and may be embarrassed when confronted
always the predominant and heroic perspective in film.
with a fact that forces him to revise a strongly held
While it would be convenient to simply blame
opinion.
Hollywood for this double standard, the truth is that
these distorted images of poor and middle-class teens
are a reflection of the distorted image that Americans as
a whole have of various social classes. These
representations are a fantasy of the middle class (that
poor students are troubled and middle-class students
are wise), but it is an illusion that extends beyond the
middle class because the middle-class perspective in
American society is dominant.
3.
Teens versus Adults A Hollywood Theme It is interesting to note that all sources of energy can
The Economic Perspective of Hollywood Movies . For example,
Hollywood’s Contribution to American Culture Abroad because of the way that uranium behaves in the
A Distorted Portrait The Ethnic Minority in Hollywood environment, a large quantity of it can be found in coal.
Films Consequently, burning coal can release uranium into the
The Middle-Class Hollywood Hero A Reflection of environment; the disposal of coal ash can also release
Widespread Bias radioactivity into the environment. The majority of fuel
oil also contains small amounts of uranium, so extracting
petroleum, refining it to form fuel oil, and then burning
it releases radioactivity as well. It turns out that coal and
fuel oil power plants, when added together, actually
release more radioactivity into the environment than do
2. all of the world’s existing nuclear power plants. Natural
gas also contains some radioactivity, but not as much as
petroleum or coal. So while natural gas plants do release
The mechanical thinker takes considerable pride in his
some radioactivity, the amount is less than that released
opinions, which he believes to be “right.” It is proper
by nuclear reactors.
and necessary, he believes, for a person to “take a stand”
uranium radioactivity
on things — on just about everything, in fact. Each time
he voices a sweeping generalization on some topic, he lose a lot during the extraction process
commits himself to adopt a rigid stand on similar topics. release radioactivity into the environment
He must, above all, be “consistent.” If you study the pollute the environment more than we know
mechanical thinker closely, you will probably notice a be used to eliminate hazards from radiation
singular lack of apparent curiosity. He seldom asks help with managing radioactive waste

108
4. 5.
In the physical sciences, it is usually the case that a
handful of concepts can be applied to solve problems Anyone who can read can read a poem. Part of poetry’s
across a wide range of contexts. Research literature power is in the sound of the spoken word, so after you
on the transfer of knowledge suggests that when people have read it silently, you have to read it again aloud.
acquire knowledge in one context they can seldom One time won’t do it. More than one time reading aloud
apply this knowledge to situations in related contexts will put you on the right path. You will find upon re-
that look superficially different from the original reading a poem that you begin to convey meaning
context, but which are related by the major idea that through vocal stress, that you begin to parse the poem’s
could be applied to solve or analyze them. The literal and figurative meanings, and that your
implication is that students should learn to apply major imagination actively engages in associative feelings.
concepts in multiple contexts in order to make the It is actually like having a conversation with the poet,
knowledge “fluid.” The more they know about, and since what his artistic mind and ear created is
focus on, their major area of study, the easier it is to interacting with your imaginative mind and ear. The
transfer what students already know to problems in that more you read, the more you will realize that poems do
area. Other sciences that have larger sets of concepts not have just one meaning. Readers make subjective
also require practice for students to relate the concepts and imaginative choices when they read, and these can
to new and varied situations. To repeat what has been change upon re-reading a poem. A poem read just one
said before, providing practice exercises across a time is not fully read.
variety of contexts and situations is what makes parse figurative
learning last — it is the way to promote transfer of
learning.
Repeatedly reading a poem aloud (A)
your understanding of a poem’s meaning, because the
more you re-read its text, the more your interpretation
of it can be (B) .

(A) (B)
restricts …… altered
restricts …… objective
increases …… altered
increases …… objective
deepens …… valid

DAY 53 109
DAY 54
1. (C) When these rays find the eyes of an observer, nerves
in the eyes send signals to the observer’s brain. The
We need to understand health so much better than we
brain then creates an image based on where the rays
do. What a world of difference there is between being ill
appear to have originated. It does this without taking
in the eyes of your doctor and feeling sick when you get
into consideration the effects of refraction, so the
out of bed to face the day. In 1948, the founders of the
object’s appearance is distorted.
World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as
“physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
absence of infirmity.” John Kennedy and Dwight (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
Eisenhower both battled serious illnesses; but nobody, (C) – (B) – (A)
including themselves, as they tirelessly bore the burden
of the presidency, would have called them sick. For
eight years, the crippled President Roosevelt was an
active and cheerful president; yet some people half his
age and in far better health spend most of their time
unhappily in bed. Clearly, subjective health is
.
infirmity

influenced by good physical fitness

as important as objective physical health
poorly understood by the healthy elderly
3.
people’s satisfaction with their medical treatment
known to have different meanings in different people
The man agreed and, according to Franklin, “when
we next met in the House, he manifested a readiness
to serve me on all occasions.”

Eighteenth-century American politician Benjamin

Franklin was once eager to gain the cooperation of a
2. difficult and apathetic member of the Pennsylvania state
When an underwater object is viewed from above the legislature. ( ) Rather than spend his time bowing and
water, its appearance becomes distorted. This is scraping to the man, Franklin decided on a completely
because refraction changes the direction of the light different course of action. ( ) He knew that the man
rays that come from the object. had a copy of a rare book in his private library, and so
Franklin asked whether he might be able to borrow it for
(A) You can easily observe this effect by looking at a a couple of days. ( ) Franklin attributed that to a
straw in a glass of water. Light rays from the part of the simple principle: “He that has once done you a kindness
straw that is underwater refract at the surfaces between will be more ready to do you another than he whom you
the water and the glass, and between the glass and the yourself have obliged.” ( ) In other words, to increase
air. the likelihood that someone will like you, get that person
(B) The rays seem to come from closer to the surface to do you a favor. ( ) A century later, Russian novelist
than they are, and the straw looks bent. If the straw were Leo Tolstoy appeared to agree, writing, “We do not love
viewed from underwater, the part above water would be people so much for the good they have done us, as for
distorted. the good we do them.”

110
[4~5] 4.
There’s a group of Russian immigrants in Los Don’t Underestimate Yourself
Angeles who have a tradition of celebrating New Learn from Traditional Customs
Year’s Eve on the afternoon of December 30th. Be Ready for Unexpected Early Retirement
When they were asked why, one of them said, “When Constantly Re-examine Old Assumptions
we were young and didn’t have much money, it was Step Out of Your Danger Zone
(a) cheaper to get a band on the afternoon of the 30th,
rather than the next day. That’s how our tradition
started.” The curious thing is that now most of these
people could easily afford entertainment on New
Year’s Eve, but they still celebrate on the afternoon of
5.
the 30th. The point: once an attitude or belief gets
established, it tends to (b) survive even though the
original reason for its development no longer exists. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Every situation or problem has a little of this
“people celebrating early” for (c) outdated reasons. It
could be the age at which you decide to retire. Indeed,
the retirement age for many western nations, 65, is a
perfect example. Back in the 1870’s, German
chancellor Otto von Bismarck arbitrarily set 65 as the
retirement age. This decision made good financial
sense because average life expectancy then was far
shorter than that. The problem is that life expectancy
is currently much longer than 65, and yet that age
(d) expires even though financial considerations
might dictate otherwise.
To be effective in anything, you must always be
looking for obsolete ideas and (e) deleting them.
Indeed, this is a cornerstone of creative thinking.

DAY 54 111
DAY 55
1. the characters didn’t connect, and I just got to a point
where I dropped it,” King recalled. But three decades
History tells us of people who reached their peak after
later, a fresh shot at the concept worked at last. Writing
middle age. Verdi wrote Othello when he was seventy-
a novel is like paddling from Boston to London in a
three. Cervantes wrote Don Quixote when in his middle
bathtub. Sometimes the tub sinks. It’s a wonder that
years. Pearl Buck, a great writer, once talked about her
most of them don’t.
eightieth birthday. She said that she became a far better
person at eighty than she was at fifty or forty. She said The novel’s deadline is missed.
that she had learned a great deal since she was seventy. The novel receives critical acclaim.
She felt that she had learned more in those ten years The novel is abandoned by its writer.
than in any other ten-year period. In fact, Pearl Buck The novel fails to balance fact and fiction.
was right. Many studies show that smart people tend to The novel doesn’t meet readers’ expectations.
get smarter as they grow older. So, don’t think that old
age is a cue to simply do nothing. Instead, keep
developing your good qualities that can be used to help
society and yourself.

3.
A universal moment of truth for artists arrives when the
destination for their work is suddenly removed. Consider
an artist whose single-minded goal, for twenty years,
was to land a one-man show at his city’s major art
2. museum. When he finally got it, he never produced a
serious piece of art again. There’s a painful irony to
stories like that, to discovering how frequently and
Sometimes a novel thought long dead can come back
easily success leads to depression. Avoiding this fate
to life, brush the dirt off its pages, and shuffle back
has something to do with
into an author’s career. And that’s what happened to
. With individual artworks it
Michael Chabon and his novel Fountain City, which he
means leaving some unresolved issue to carry forward
killed after five and a half years’ work in 1992. “It was
and explore in the next piece. And for a few physically
erasing me, breaking me down, burying me alive,
risky art forms (like dance), it may even mean developing
drowning me, kicking me down the stairs,” he said
other interests in case of injury.
about the novel’s impact on him. Chabon, however,
published the first four chapters of it in the literary trying to make many friends in various fields
magazine in 2010, completing the task of lifetime. And postponing arriving at the destination on purpose
there’s also Stephen King, whose recent novel Under not obsessing about the exhibition of your artwork
the Dome is a complete rewrite of his unfinished novel not letting your current goal become your only goal
from 30 years ago. “The character list kept growing, and cultivating a healthy balance between work and play

112
4. 5.
Although psychology and dog training may appear to
be quite different professions, the philosophies of The major shortcoming of the traditional dictionary is
how we interact with dogs and with people in a that there is limited space available to give only a
positive way actually have much in common. sampling of how words are used.

(A) You are probably aware that in previous generations Our 21st century technologies, such as the World Wide
the physical punishment of children was more Web, have profound implications for the way we define
acceptable, and the view that ‘children should be seen the words in our language. ( ) In pre-Internet times,
but not heard’ was much more common. the hard copy dictionary always served as the final
(B) Furthermore, the evolution of both dog and child authority for what a word means and how it is used.
psychology have followed similar paths. The concept of ( ) The authors of dictionaries (lexicographers)
positive reinforcement has been around since the early traditionally have arrived at their definitions by
twentieth century, but it has only been in recent years carefully analyzing as many examples as possible of
that so much emphasis has been placed on rewarding how a particular word is used. ( ) While some
the good behavior of children and on maintaining their complex words found in any standard desk dictionary
self-esteem. can have as many as nine or ten possible uses, even
(C) Similarly, traditional dog-training methods involved these definitions fail to cover all possible usages. ( )
correction and punishment, with positive reinforcement According to lexicographer Erin McKean, a recent
virtually unheard of in dog-training circles until the study showed that in a set of randomly chosen
Gentle Modern Method of Dog Training was introduced passages from modern fiction, 13 percent of the nouns,
in the early 1970s. verbs, and adjectives were used in ways not found in
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C) large desk dictionaries. ( ) There are, in other words,
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B) many more contemporary usages that never make it into
(C) – (B) – (A) a standard dictionary because of the limitations of
physical space.
lexicographer

DAY 55 113
DAY 56
1. transportation research, the reaction of drivers to
electronic signage messages decreases over time,
A taste for Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay or a
showing a potential distrust of the displayed messages.
liking for Bordeaux or Zinfandel can indicate more
An information system that relies on a single source of
than just a preference in wines. It could also reveal
information is at risk of becoming untrustworthy.
personality traits. New research by scientists in Australia
Incidents where wrong or inaccurate information is
and Britain showed that drinkers who preferred a sweet
delivered by the single information source would
taste in wine were more likely to be impulsive, while
damage trust levels in the system as a whole.
those who chose dry varieties had greater openness.
electronic signage
“Participants with a sweet taste preference were
significantly higher in impulsiveness than their dry
preference counterparts,” Anthony J. Saliba, of Charles
Sturt University in Wagga Wagga, Australia, and his
colleagues said in the report. They said apart from
impulsiveness and openness, no other personality trait
was significantly different between the two groups.

the impact of red wine on heart health

reasons why people prefer wine over others
tips for selecting a good quality wine reliably
common roles of wine in human relationships
the correlation between personality and wine choice

3.
A message is transferred from facts to language, from
language to written words, from written words to
language in another mind, and out of that language into
stored information. Just how successful the process is at
these stages no one knows. It would also be nearly
impossible to devise an experiment to determine the
efficiency. Nevertheless, in the real world, such transfers
2. are never 100% efficient. If we allow them to be as good
as 90%, losses at the four stages still reduce the overall
Existing travel information systems, such as electronic
efficiency to less than 65%. By a rough guess, only a
signage on motorways, are designed to consider
little over half the original message reaches the reader’s
travellers as crowds, lacking any form of personalized
mind, and probably much less. Just think for a moment
information format and delivery. Moreover, most
about the proportion of the total information you retain
advanced traffic management systems rely on a
after reading a book or attending a lecture. Information
centrally controlled infrastructure and information
transfer .
source. These two characteristics hinder the
development of trust and credibility of the particular is actually a losing business
systems. Indeed, a travel information system that more leads to mutually beneficial results
often than not delivers information unrelated to requires good communication skills
someone’s journey gradually becoming ‘noise’ in the creates an effect of temporal uncertainty
travellers’ environment. According to experts in occurs when there is real-time communication

114
4. 5.
The massive tombs and ceremonial structures built
from huge stones in the Neolithic period are known as Believe it or not, even in this computerized world there
megalithic architecture, from the Greek words for are still many situations where a sheet of paper and a
“large” (megas) and “stone” (lithos). Archaeologists pencil are the best tools for the music composer. Many
disagree about the nature of the societies that created important modern composers, especially those born
them. Some believe megalithic monuments reflect before 1940, won’t work with anything but paper and
complex, stratified societies in which powerful pencil. So, never think you are too advanced for these
religious or political leaders dictated their design and humble tools. Writing music with only paper and pencil
commanded the large workforce necessary to has some amazing advantages to composing at a piano
accomplish these ambitious engineering projects. or other instrument. For one thing, many composers
Other interpreters argue that these massive find the actual sound of the instrument itself interruptive
undertakings are clear evidence for cooperative to the composition process. Just imagine yourself deep
collaboration within and among social groups, in thought, hearing the perfect sequence of notes in your
coalescing around a common project that fueled social head, when suddenly, your finger touches the actual
cohesion without the controlling power of a ruling elite. piano key, and it doesn’t sound exactly like you
Tomb architecture was complex and its art in the imagined. Real sound is harsh, and hearing even the
form of painting, sculpture and script gives a glimpse first note of your imagined phrase before you’ve written
into the beliefs and daily life of the ancient people. it down can cause you to lose an entire piece of music.
Many megalithic structures are associated with phrase
death, and recent interpretations stress the fundamental
role of death and burial as public theatrical
performances in which individual and group identity,
cohesion, and disputes were played out. Writing music with conventional tools like paper and
stratified coalesce
a pencil is more (A) than with a musical
instrument, because real sound can be (B)
to the composition process.

(A) (B)
difficult …… similar
difficult …… disruptive
useful …… similar
useful …… disruptive
popular …… contradictory

DAY 56 115
DAY 57
1. participants managed to carry on in the face of failure.
(B) Describing his findings in a paper, Riskind made a
Humans are creatures of story, so story touches nearly
note of how the participants who had previously been
every aspect of our lives. Archaeologists dig up clues
sitting up straight endured for nearly twice as long as
in the stones and bones and piece them together into a
the slouchers.
story about the past. Historians, too, are storytellers.
(C) In contrast, the remaining participants were told to
Some argue that many of the accounts in school
sit upright, with their shoulders pulled back and heads
textbooks, like the standard story of Columbus’s
held high. After sitting stooped or upright for about
discovery of America, are so full of distortions and
three minutes, each participant was sent to another
omissions that they are closer to myth than history.
room and asked to try and solve several puzzles that
Business executives are increasingly told that they
involved tracing over a diagram without removing their
must be creative storytellers: they have to spin
pencil from the page.
compelling narratives about their products and brands
slump sloucher
that emotionally transport consumers. Political analysts
stoop
see a presidential election not only as a contest
between influential politicians and their ideas but also (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
as . Legal (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
scholars regard a trial as a story contest, too, in which (C) – (B) – (A)
opposing counsels construct narratives of guilt and
innocence — arguing over who is the real protagonist.
protagonist
3.
a very important chance for people to exercise their
rights
a contest between political pledges to establish a In other words, a limited fluency in English is not a
national identity valid reason for putting off writing an article to
a fierce conflict between a conservative right wing and announce a good piece of research.
a liberal left wing
an inevitable fight between government and opposition Science has a language of its own that has nothing to
parties do with the scientist’s native tongue. ( ) It is the
a competition between conflicting stories about the language of logic, in which reasoned arguments are
nation developed from well-presented evidence and lead to
sound and consistent conclusions. ( ) That language
is the same regardless of the origin and preferred
tongue of the person who writes it, and good scientific
2. writing depends primarily on expressing the science
In the 1980s, John Riskind chose to examine the precisely and clearly. ( ) Subsequent editing by a
effect of posture on persistence. Riskind placed native speaker to tidy up English expressions and
participants in one of two positions. Half of the comply with modern vernacular is relatively easy, and
participants were placed in a slumped position, so the article will be a good one. ( ) If the expression of
that their backs were bent over, and heads dropped the science is poor, no amount of correction of the
down. English can turn it into a satisfactory paper. ( ) In fact,
non-native English speakers often have unexpected
(A) In fact, many of the puzzles were impossible to advantages when it comes to writing science.
solve, and Riskind was only interested in how long the vernacular

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[4~5] 4.
When traveling, you learn to make friends out of Having More versus Being More
strangers and get used to talking with new people. Travel Abroad to Buy Experiences
When I first started traveling, I was kind of an Ways to Make Your Travel More Fun
(a) introvert and uncomfortable talking to those Why Travel Makes You a Better Person
I didn’t know. Now, I’ll gladly talk to strangers like Travel Gives You Space to Take a Breath
we’ve known each other for years. Travel not only
makes you comfortable talking to strangers, it makes
you better at it too. After talking to people all the
time, the usual questions become (b) boring. After a
while, you don’t care about where people are from,
5.
where they are going, how long they’ve been
traveling, and so on. Those kinds of questions don’t
really tell you anything about the person. You’ll get (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
better at small talk and asking interesting questions
— the ones that (c) matter and tell you something
about the person. Unless you sit at a resort sipping
frozen drinks, travel will teach you about the world.
You’ll learn about people, history, and culture, and
surprising facts about places some people could only
dream about. That’s something that can’t be learned
from books; you can only pick it up with on-the-
road experience. In addition, travel teaches you to be
(d) less materialistic. On the road, you learn just
how little stuff you truly need. You’ll realize that all
those things they sell at the mall are pretty (e) useful
in leading a happy life. Coming home, you’ll find
yourself a minimalist simply because you realize
what you need to live and what you don’t.

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DAY 58
1. and interweaving insights and lines of referencing.
How texts relate, as a consequence, has become
Your brain is updated moment by moment and hour by
dramatically , making visible what
hour. In essence, you frequently get a new processing
hitherto has been hidden largely from view.
system. Indeed, you have the potential to change your
robustly hitherto
brain with everything you do that has some level of
challenge, novelty, or variety. My research has found an trifling disregarded
interesting paradox: when one focuses on remembering magnified impartial
the minute details, it may adversely affect the ability to invariable
engage in more strategic abstract thinking. In essence,
trying to remember as many details as possible can
actually work against being selective about what you let
into your brain’s attic. This pattern helps explain why
access to more information is not, on its own, making us
smarter. More likely, quite the opposite is true. Exposure
to large volumes of information steals and freezes your
brainpower.

3.
The innovativeness of cities is related directly to the
quality of human talent. China’s coastal cities have
been quicker off the mark because they have been
more successful in nurturing quality, retaining the
most talented knowledge workers, and attracting the
cream of the knowledge workers from other parts of
the country. The coastal cities are also more open
and accessible to outsiders and have integrated with
2. global knowledge networks. For smaller inland cities
Contemporary reading and writing practices are to become innovative smart cities, they will need to
transforming before our eyes. Interactive reading and specialize and pull in some of the best brains in their
writing now increasingly engage us. One can read fields of specialization from across the country. Smart
together with others remotely, commenting between cities have become the most popular term for the future
the virtual lines and in the margins, reading each city, and it is becoming a globally recognized term,
other’s comments instantaneously, composing replacing with terms in other languages, such as the
documents together in real time by adding words or “sustainable city” and the “digital city.” Any serious
sentences to those just composed by one’s collaborators. attempt to become an innovative city built on the
The lines between one’s own words and those of quality of talent, which after all is the life blood of
another’s — let alone between whole sentences — innovation, will have to combine urban design and
become quickly blurred. Hyperlinking has encouraged renewal with a focus on developing a few core areas of
reading not just within and then between discrete texts world-class expertise.
but much more robustly across texts, inter-referencing the cream of

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4. 5.
Naturally, people eat many different kinds of meals
and choose them with the intention of communicating But behind these is an unstated assumption: that it is
the right message to the right audience. one person’s ten unaided fingers that produce the
sounds.
(A) Equally, a meal of roast beef offered to a vegetarian
might be construed as a calculated insult. As with all To know whether an artistic performance succeeds or
language, there can be miscommunication. Despite this, fails requires that we know what counts as success or
an outsider observing or commenting on an eating event failure in any performance context. Music critics will
can usually decode the intended message without too consider a pianist’s tone, phrasing, tempo, accuracy,
much difficulty. and ability to sustain a line or build to a climax. ( )
(B) One would not reheat half-eaten leftovers when Speed and brilliance may be important considerations,
trying to impress a potential lover, just as one would not which is not to say the fastest performance will be the
spend a fortune on extravagant ingredients for a hurried best. ( ) The excitement a virtuoso pianist generates
everyday meal eaten in solitude. Every meal has, in a with a glittering shower of notes is intrinsically
sense, its own coded message. connected with this fact. ( ) An aurally identical
(C) This is not to say, however, that it is always readily experience that is electronically synthesized can never
perceived or interpreted correctly by others. What may dazzle us in the same way: sound synthesizers can
be intended as cozy informality to someone preparing a produce individual notes as fast as you please, while
meal might be interpreted as laziness by an invited pianists cannot. ( ) Built into the thrill of hearing
guest. a virtuoso is admiration for what the performance
construe decode represents as a human achievement. ( ) Forgery and
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C) other forms of fakery in the arts misrepresent the nature
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B) of the performance and so misrepresent achievement.
virtuoso forgery
(C) – (B) – (A)

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DAY 59
1. such as Prasad’s health problems or the challenges in
Deepak’s marriage. Although people in some
Peter Gollwitzer, a psychologist at New York University,
relationships begin sharing intimate information
and colleague Veronika Brandstatter found that action
very quickly, self-disclosure usually moves in small
triggers are quite effective in motivating action. In one
increments.
study, they followed college students who had the
increment
chance to earn extra credit in a class by writing a paper
about how they spent Christmas Eve. But there was a
condition: To earn the credit, they had to turn in the
paper by December 26. Most students had intentions of
writing the paper, but only 33 percent of them ended
up writing and submitting it. However, some students
in the study were required to set action triggers — to
record, in advance, exactly when and where they
intended to write the report. Seventy-five percent of
those students wrote the report. That’s a fairly significant
result for such a small mental investment.
3.
Don’t Be a Talker, but a Doer When people don’t trust their own judgments, they look
Why Is It Always So Hard to Get Started? to others for evidence of how to choose correctly. This
Promise Only What You Can Definitely Do self-doubt may come about because the situation is
Motivating Action Write Down Your Resolution ambiguous, as it was in a classic series of experiments
Action Triggers Change Things When Change Is Hard conducted by the Turkish social psychologist Muzafer
Sherif. Sherif projected a dot of light on the wall of a
darkened room and asked subjects to indicate how
much the light moved while they watched it. Actually,
the light never moved at all, but because of an optical
illusion termed the autokinetic effect, it seemed to shift
constantly about, although to a different extent for each
subject. When participants announced their movement
2. estimates in groups, these estimates were strongly
influenced by what the other group members estimated;
nearly everyone changed toward the group average.
In new relationships, people often disclose
Sherif concluded that when there’s
themselves slowly, sharing only a few details at first,
, people are likely to doubt
and offering more personal information only if they like
themselves and thus are especially likely to assume that
and trust each other. When they started becoming
the group must be right.
friends, for instance, Deepak and Prasad shared mostly
optical illusion
routine information with each other, such as where
autokinetic effect
they grew up, what their favorite teams were, and what
they did for a living. As they got to trust each other little time to think and answer
more, they started sharing their opinions on things such no objectively correct response
as politics, relationships, and religion. Only after they consistency of external messages
had known each other for quite a while did they feel substantial evidence against them
uncomfortable talking about more personal things, any context announced in advance

120
4. 5.
Findings from several studies on nonpatient groups
such as university students suggest that simply looking Generations of kids have grown up with plump cartoon
at everyday nature, as compared to built scenes that characters like Winnie the Pooh and Homer Simpson
lack nature, is significantly more effective in — and it may not be good for their diets. In an
promoting restoration from stress. One early study experiment, children between the ages of 6 and 14 years
focused on students who were experiencing mild old viewed cartoon characters that were drawn to
stress because of a final course exam. A self-ratings represent either normal weight or overweight
questionnaire was used to assess restorative influences physiques. After answering questions on the quality of
of viewing either a diverse slide sample of unblighted the picture, they were offered candy or cookies. The
built settings lacking nature, or slides of kids ate almost twice as much candy or as many cookies
undistinguished nature settings dominated by green when they saw the apparently overweight character as
vegetation. Results suggested that the nature views those exposed to a thinner cartoon character or no
fostered greater psychological restoration as indicated cartoon at all. In another study, kids were asked
by larger reductions in negative feelings such as fear questions about their health knowledge before viewing
and anger/aggression and much higher levels of the images of cartoon characters. This time, their eating
positive feelings. The new-made views of concrete choices were no longer impacted by seeing the
jungle selected to target these feelings directly helped to overweight character.
create an environment offering stress restoration.
Also, the scenes with vegetation sustained interest
and attention more effectively than did the urban scenes Children exposed to obese cartoon characters are
without nature. more likely to (A) eating unhealthy diets,
built scene unblighted which can be (B) by stimulating their
health knowledge.

(A) (B)
indulge in …… induced
indulge in …… modified
be conscious of …… reinforced
be resistant to …… reduced
be resistant to …… optimized

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DAY 60
1. (B) But these techniques had not done the job. It is
when we see each other’s faces and hear each other’s
Even though many of our memories are vivid and some
voices that we become most human to each other.
may even be accurate, most of what we remember of
(C) Then, the degree of emotional bonding in these
our daily lives is neither exact nor rich in detail. There is
friendships was assessed both by asking how people
overwhelming neuropsychological evidence that
felt and watching how they behaved toward each other.
evolution did not design our memories to be video
The results were clear: in-person conversation led to
cameras faithfully and precisely recording our daily
the most emotional connection and online messaging
experiences. For example, a key memory system in the
led to the least.
brain is specifically structured to extract from
experience unconscious rules and abstractions that (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
allow organisms to deal with the ever-changing world (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
that surrounds them in an expedient and self-serving (C) – (B) – (A)
manner. There is also evidence that we may change our
memories, if only a little, each time we recall them.
The fluidity of memory may reflect the challenges
inherent in engineering brains able to make life-and-
death decisions at a moment’s notice in noisy, uncertain,
and ever-changing environments. Memory
.
expedient

is about survival, not accuracy

3.
notifies us of a potential danger
is distorted by misleading information
shows how past events are understood But they were a sign of our universe’s astonishing
changes based on our present experiences capacity to build complex objects from simple
building blocks.

In the first minutes of its existence, the universe cooled

so rapidly that it was impossible to manufacture
elements heavier or more complex than hydrogen,
helium, and (in minute amounts) lithium. ( ) In the
2. heat and chaos of the early universe, nothing more
The idea that we are living moments of more and complex could survive. ( ) From a chemical point of
lives of less is supported by a recent study in which view, the early universe was very simple, far too
pairs of college-aged friends were asked to simple to create complex objects such as our earth or
communicate in four different ways: face-to-face the living organisms that inhabit it. ( ) The first stars
conversation, video chat, audio chat, and online and galaxies were constructed from little more than
instant messaging. hydrogen and helium. ( ) Once created, stars laid the
foundations for even more complex entities, including
(A) The students had tried to “warm up” their digital living organisms, because in their fiery cores they
messages by using emoticons, typing out the sounds of practiced an alchemy that turned hydrogen and helium
laughter (“Hahaha”), and using the forced urgency of into all the other elements. ( )
TYPING IN ALL CAPS. alchemy

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[4~5] 4.
In one study, social psychologists sprang a surprise Sunny Days and Logical Thoughts
memory test on shoppers who were leaving a small How the Weather Can Affect Your Mood
magazine shop in Sydney, Australia. Before the Rainy Days Are Really Good for Shopping
shoppers entered the shop, the researchers placed ten Why Rainy Weather Helps Us Think More Clearly
small ornamental objects on the shop counter — We Tend to Distort Our Memories When We’re Sad
four plastic animals, a toy cannon, a piggy bank, and
four Matchbox cars. After leaving the shop, the
shoppers were asked to remember as many of the ten
items as possible, and also to choose the ten items
from a list of twenty that included the ten correct
5.
items and ten new items. The shoppers recalled three
times as many items on the rainy days as on the
sunny days, and they were approximately four times (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
as accurate when identifying the ten objects from
the longer list of twenty items. The researchers
explained that (a) gloomy weather hampers our
mood, which in turn makes us think more deeply and
clearly.
Humans are biologically predisposed to avoid
sadness, and they respond to sad moods by seeking
opportunities for mood repair and vigilantly
protecting themselves against whatever might be
making them sad. In contrast, happiness sends a
signal that everything is fine, the environment
doesn’t pose an imminent threat, and there’s no need
to think (b) carefully. These (c) contrasting mental
approaches explain why the shoppers remembered
the ten trinkets more accurately on rainy days. The
rainy days induced a generally negative mood state,
which the shoppers subconsciously tried to overcome
by (d) scanning the environment for information that
might have replaced their dampened sad moods with
happier alternatives. If you think about it, this
approach makes sense. Mood states are all-purpose
measurement devices that tell us whether something
in the environment needs to be (e) uniform.

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