AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910-1945) 35 YEARS  The first short story written in English is entitled “Dead

COLONIZED Stars” by Paz Marquez Benitez.

 The surrender of first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo SOME NOTABLE WRITERS
in 1901 signified the end of the military struggle for 1. JUAN C. LAYA- He won first prize for his novel “His Native
independence. Soil” in the first commonwealth literary awards in 1940.
 Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America but still Ang bayang sinilangan
continued to be very vocal of achieving independence for 2. ZOILO M. GALANG- his work entitled “A Child of Sorrow”
the Philippines. in 1921 is considered as the first Filipino novel in English.
 In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942-1945) 3 YEARS
Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth. COLONIZED
DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE  Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941 which
 During the transition period many Filipino writer still was strongly opposed by the guerillas.
preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a  Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to
foreign language to them. have “Death March” to a prison camp where they
 Filipinos writers were into all forms of literature during the walked for 100 kilometer from Mariveles, Bataan to San
period of apprenticeship but most of their works were Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10000 prisoned died
critiqued as an imitation of English and American models.
here.
 Short Stories became the most prevalent literary form
 Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino
during the latter part of American colonial period.
 The existence of American literary works and periodicals and American opposition.
as well as the coming of American teacher encouraged  Japanese colonizer failed to gain the trust of Filipinos.
many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language.  The resurgence of World War ll forced former President
 Thomasite- called to a first American teacher in the Manuel L. Quezon and Vice- President Sergio Osmeña Sr.
Philippines to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence
 A new type of literature began when American system of in United State as the Commonwealth was suddenly in
education and English language were introduced. exile.
 Oldest school in Philippines is UST  There was a great tension between the two major groups:
 At the beginning, most of the literary works written in HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla army against Japanese
English were considered imitative in nature, but then later invasion) an KALIBAPI (political party approved by the
on evolved to a new subjects, style, and conventions of Japanese)
writing.
 HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
 Common theme in plays was all about nationalism.
 KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
OTHER TYPES OF LITERATURE EXISTED DURING AMERICAN
COLONIAL PERIOD  Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the president of the
 SHORT STORIES- these are stories that can typically be Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored republic.
read in one sitting revolving around one subject and  In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which
may range between 1000 up to 20000 words. he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte gulf
 signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I
Japanese. Saw the Fall of the Philippines", "I See the Philippines
Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother Americans".
DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 2. NARCIO REYES
 All forms of writings were censored during this time
He won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan".
because there was no freedom of speech and of the press.
 Only those who were living in the United States such as
Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely.
 The use of English language was stopped in almost all
publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were
permitted.
 Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as
pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria
Abelardo.
 Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku
consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
poetry in all.
 Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best AG-uinaldo MA-gsaysay AQUI-no D-uterte
works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in
Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. QUE-zon GA-rcia RA-mos MARCOS
 Some notable stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso LA-urel MA-capagal ES-trada
G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo,
“Nayon at Dagat dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and OS-meña MAR-cos AR-royo
“Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
 Opera and classical music gained popularity. RO-xas AQUI-no III
 Among the other types of literature emerged were essay
(e.g. "Literature and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and QUI-rino
autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon). POST-COLONIAL PERIOD AFTER THE WAR (1945-present)
TYPES OF LITERATURE DURING JAPANESE COLONIAL COLONIZATION
PERIOD the act of taking control of an area or a country that is not your
ESSAY own, especially using force, and sending people from your own
ex. “Literature and Society” by Salvador P. Lopez country to live there.
AUTHOBIOGRAPHY DECOLONIZATION
ex. “The Good Fight” by Manuel L. Quezon. process by which colonies became independent of the colonizing
SOME NOTABLE WRITERS country.
1. CARLOS P. ROMULO
In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency
upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon (Father of the
 National Language) while the Philippine Commonwealth Aquino, Jr. as the 11th President of the Philippines and
government was in exile in the U.S. ended the 21 years of what many claimed as the tyrant
Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the rule.
President in April 1946 for the Independent Second  Marcos went on exile in Hawaii, where he died on
Republic of the Philippines. September 28, 1989.
Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas  Ill gotten wealth- illegal robbery
when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948.  Cryptograph
In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay (The man of the masses POST- COLONIALISM
and Golden years) was elected as the new president but The lasting impact of imperialism and colonialism had been the
died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957. utmost concern at this period.
Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
who was re-elected and served until 1961.  Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and
Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos techniques.
P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine  The first notable work that appeared right after the
Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) second world war under Japanese occupation in the
to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the Philippines is a novel written by:
revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose MACARIO PINEDA (1912-1950)
P. Laurel (Puppet of the President). -A prolific Tagalog writer
Hello Garci Scandal – Gloria Arroyo  Ginto sa Makiling it was considered as a narrative of the
PHILIPPINES DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD Philippines’ social, political, and moral aspects.
 Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965  The rise of English writers began after exposure to
who got re-elected in 1969 making him the first to win two American language and culture, although there were still
presidential terms. 20 years as president. many Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars.
 He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 and led Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributory
the country into what he calls "The New Society" against to the flourishing of Filipino literature:
lawlessness which incited a lot of opposition. 1) establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908
 Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction
stabilize the country's chaotic condition where he won
again. 2) the founding of the Philippine Writers’ Association in 1953
 The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became 3) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in
the beginning of calling for Marcos' removal. 1955 to name a few.
 EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) CARLOS PALANCA MEMORIAL AWARD
through the initiative of Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her - refers to the prestigious award giving to gifted filipino writers
supporters erupted which marked a significant national and their outstanding literary work.
event. Blood less  According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common
 EDSA (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue) literary themes in novels and short stories were war
 Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated experiences.
Corazon Aquino- the widow of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" STEVAN JAVELLANA “Without Seeing the Dawn” (1947)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO’S “Watch in the Night” Ex. Art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos
LAZARO FRANCISCO (video blogs, vlogs), music (MP3 blogs), audio (podcasts),
 While for Filipino literature that used the vernaculars, the instructional resources (edublogs)
works of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted for his CHECK LIT
style associated to Rizal’s influence: This genre fiction addresses issues of modern
 Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), womanhood, often humorously and light-heartedly.
Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). Chick lit typically features a few protagonist whose
NICOMEDES JOAQUIN womanhood is heavily thermalized in a plot.
 The influence of both Spanish and American styles could CREATIVE NONFICTION
be observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his Also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction.
flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics. A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques
 Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk to create factually accurate narratives.
tradition especially in poetry such as epic and other oral Ex. Memoir, diary, travel writing, food writing, chronicle,
forms of literature which still existed: like Balagtasan. personal essay, literary journalism.
However, oral tradition became less popular as people FLASH FICTION
became more interested in short stories. a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity.
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE it could range from one word to a thousand.
 viewed as the literature of the new generation. SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
 Specifically, this refers to literary piece or diverse Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
postmillennial texts that have been produced since 2000 Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, shit.
or 2001 up to the present. HYPER POETRY
CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE: digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up.
-written by contemporary authors within the last decade It is a very visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction
-deals with current issues and themes and visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext poem has
-reflects technological culture no set order, the poem moving or being generated in
-literature of emerging genres -often breaks traditional writing response to the links that the reader/user chooses. It can
21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are
Blog presented in variable order but sit on the page much as
Chick lit traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem
Creative non-fiction that move and / or mutate.
Flash fiction MOBILE PHONE TEXT TULA
Hyper poetry A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of
Mobile phone text tula Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables
Speculative fiction each with the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is
BLOG to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme
a web log scheme. The modern Tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable
a website containing short articles called posts that are count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB,
changed regularly.
 ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or
ABCD.
SPECULATIVE FICTION
This is an umbrella term encompassing the more
fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction,
fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural fiction,
superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction,
apocalyptic and post apocalyptic fiction, and alternate
history in literature as well as related static, motion, and
virtual arts.
Fantasy- mythical creatures, magic, witchcraft, potions etc.
Science fiction- advanced robots, interstellar travel, aliens, time
travel, mutants and cyborgs.
Horror- monsters, vampires, ghost and demons.