Qvadvatre Auplibide Moduation

Many Psk ysbem , the Sn-phase and

nodulated sial
awadratre topeueti
fitenelated ih suck a Way that He envelope ts
onstrauid to Yomain Consbant
new woulation schene aled M-any QAM
Hhis Lonstnt reove 90 to pernt
qvadrctuse Conpo nout to be frdaçsudat.
the hphase ad cduatton, hthat
The AM hbrtd ma¢
wel as prase
the Camer epeienles anplitbde
-Naulatron.
te siqal spate dAgram s
Ih Many PAM, tuo dieuiona)
Ore-dimeuioval. IS a M-ay qAN
"mvelves tuo orthegoral
geeraliathbn M-any PAM,
pasbaud basis unctons: csteT

oet<T.

etwcen any tuo meisaga Pita

mìnmem

dmin ditante
Consbellaton, On the
the QAM
projetnu the jth
Then the
1specthely heredoandl2,M.
bay a; dmin ad biduia.

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT

 the
wheve with He louest
2
QAM
The
traunitted M-ay
to
now
dehuad it ema
2E0 k= 0,tl,t2 .
qucdratie ama
fhuolhes two-phas
The siqnal s()odulatd by a set
set dibee
direte apltde
each t Nich is
"quadatue Auplitde Modulabty
tennelogy " qudatue
hente te
Constelatóns we ite
AM &qnare
even mumber
mth an
L=M L’ psitle be iewed a
Squane Congtelaton Can
* M-any QAM dnoniora -ary PA
Catesian þroduut a
Cutellatián with iket Coordinatu
þrsdut 6 huo set o!
Car tesian Coordate ynt set iavalved h the
the produt
Hlat
Coorchate ekgn run SeLpd set produub
Se Loud
a square
(-Ltl,L-) (H+3,L-) (L-, L-)
(-L+l, L+3) (+3,L-3) - (L-1,l-)

(L+1,-L) (-L43,-t+) .. (-l,-l )

 To alulat
QAM wed.
A GAM sqnane CoRAtelabion Can be fabovod hto the
the Coespondhg
produt t te L-ay PAM Conutellatn tey
stteveut, we may proceod fn oe of two
TO porfom thii
sfqval coutellation
start ith
Abprvach |: We
bo
and then buld on
o a prose Libed M,
M-any PAM or
Coustut the
aytelatton the Many
Cormeshoscuig spel
AM.
Aroach2 : We strt Mth a stpal botellahon of the
QAN, avd ten
M-any
PANS.

toloufhg esanle
based the ApprD ach |
Te
QAM yor M=ly Coulellatou or the
M-any tue. cal
we have
toututed
alog te , axs Ah
vevtically eneted ratally oneated
PAM,
avd the oter horizo
te

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE,KSIT

 00

00
(b)
Borizotally oeuted Coutellaten

Versallyonenked! lonatelahon t
tuo othoqoval
Couitelaton -any PAM

i above chutuye tollow g pchut

develaptg
ed. Seqhene
4) The sane btvay
Couutellahiy. applied, whfeh meahu
enedg codwod to an
ove am
Hat We
a
bit s cengd.
adjatout AM Cowulell abon, we move
the -ay Couter bcknte
Cous buabhg
quodiaut to the bert h a

hom
divhon s.
QAM, weWþroee
hith tour qpaiiaut
fellus
 Hrst quadrant lowteUahon
we
te Codewods along the positive
the

Let to loio lo1

Top to
bo tom Fist quedrant.
quataut Covsbellabbu. game alodud
|Stage

Joo1 lo 00
Seovd quad aut
þo'tom
hid qodNaut CoulellahoM

000| o000
1
ol01. ol00
Lett bo Third qaraut
to
botom
Fouuth áuodiaut Couellahon

[o to
Totoboaom Fourth quaciaut
8)

Mrs.V.SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT

 these
pie le togethet
The al stcp a.to Coustelatio to Coutbuut the -a
Coahhucwt 4-ary tAM
7.
AM Costelaton .

Il00 .å .S"
lo10 lo|)
lo01 |000

boo
o001

Mary AM tr M=lb
ig ram
tath qadat ave
he mcsage pomta
-Encoded quod bits.

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA,
Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT
 A biavy Fs sysbem bransnit daa at a ate
2MBPS over
Channel. t nofre fs zen Mean
th power
spetal deuathy No -60 w/+ .The anhde
reved the absene d ojse s V.
Deternlne tho
awerage probablihy o emr oror Coheveut
Ateton FsE
Solutoh
Cohereut BFK,
Pe - tere 2No

blt eneY
E x (bit mterral)
2
Joule,
= 0. 25X 1O
2

Cthen No= 620

-2
’ No = 2X10
Pe

O. 25 x I61
Pe ert Vx 16 20

-et ()
ten er(5)- 0.9q51. 1-ert(2.5)= G.0004),
erte (Vb. 25)-etlo5)
X0. 000| . os X(o1
Ye 2

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT

 M-ar PSK
speuial
M-any psk, Whoe pray
to as
sjble vaes:
tates oh d M as
the Caier
Whevp
(i-)7/A
Fossible stgnad.
dre of the M 211 i=l,2.-M
Sr(tJ= T.2Ecos M
Same
Each stlW may be expauded
+
bass unetionu ) avd 4et).
Covstellation M-any Psk s thevefore
two-diensioval
(i-e Me) the MtueSBMge
For octapheue -sht kevg
ctrele ot adiu ve a
pofvda spaued
couter a the onqn

-VE, Mag ,
/

tor octa ae thit

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA
 - mg.
m
my

VE
TM m)

m
spae diagran
Fg - pral apphcaton the
tluatatg the otaphese shft et
nin boud tor
Hhee tuo jpolts
Fuclidean dibane or eh o
A The
m, fs ( r Mt)
om

aveaqe frbabifty sbel PnroY torr

Hene, he

[( No
síalu
Tovcr Spetra M- ay Ps
duration
is datnad by
The

|where duratin sfgpel

an M-any Psk
.

Tb’ bit
spetal denty
k Basebaud Powor
) = 2E Sinct )
iS &p

Ms. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT

 the hormalized
below ue shos plet 7 nommalied
the
kg() /Eo, Vesus vaes o M, rarnely
three dzfersut
tqueny Tot tor
Speral
denty
Nowalize
Poupr

M=2

Normalied re heny bi
Tower

* the baseloid þouor speutra th M-any Psx simal

ploted opove kosseas ain obe bourded ky well-do.a
Speubral nulls
aNerage
4 A large tratn tte sal bower fs Coutaitned tide
the main lobe,
detine tro channel Bw required to pa an
Psk srnal through analog sial ehanvol al,
symadl duaton
Henee BW is inem o toit rat
as
B< 2R
Mrs. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant
Professor, ECE, KSIT
 On
Yomla the Baudusdthewony
slpal
Rb
B Nota: B

&Pelow Table ives the Values

M.
hom the obove cation
32 by
M 2 25 3
O5 |5

Bandadh
Table
PsK
muuber
states
As the
bavwidtth
fnereased , the oor berformanle,
the exjente
Lhere
dadatan
to meneae
to îneeae Fb/No to Conponate
We hawe
pertormane, fh Mi
or the fneneae
* Compaison b Vakou digtal modulation mata
Pavamcter BPSK DSK BFSk
No.
Modulation c) Phaye Phaue hase preqneny
SLt)=V2.
2. Eavatton o st)= blt. St) = st}=. Cos(26ntdt)a
the blt \2B. Casl2tt
trausttd Vars Cosg Cas(>T).
stqmal s) meo,l2,3
entoded.
3 Bits one Two
One

M
Natnber o TWo
Four TWo
possble syakole
M2N ovoveut Maoheveut
Non-tonput
Deteion cohaveut
wethd
b Minfm
Eucidean
diutne
Mihimen

Tb
1b
8. Syubol
duiration
(Ts)

Mrs. V. SANGEETHA, Assistant Professor, ECE, KSIT

 Seblem
An
FSE sstem tramit bhany data
/Assume channel noise is at a a
aditie hite Gauusian mth lero mean
dunst by 2x10iatta /He,
waBt
eror. Cohenent detetion anddeternui the aveage probahitY
Assume
siqral or both auplbde reaied
sisidal syuol I and o to be lw2 microvolt
olatón

Bit durahion:
To=
data bte

Eb- (cipnal amplbude) xT

- D.72 xDJoule.

e auerag probali liby o emor or cohereut FSK is

Given: No_ = 2x10

- 20
Watt /tz.
2

Watta /tz
72 XI68
D2
Pe ere 8X|62o

ertc(/o.09 Xl00

ortc.
ett(3)=6.449q &
tuncion tunchion = 0. 00002.
bonuplenent a
Pe
 Psi wodulabion schene, te mput bhany
bit teval KTb. aio
The
1 Dolo1|lol4.
bi3 fs Ascumihg NeZ ola,
deultilexed soguene
wawefm, sketh tho sequenas
Soltion jeo,). .- )o Is
INput sequanle bi4 )
ba by bs bo
by bg b blo
bo bi b
1

Then
bo, ba, ba, bb, be bio
beit
D

b5 by bq bu

bi

boi
 Dijereutial Phase shitt oylgDPSK)
DPSK (an be
hon Loereut Vension ¢ lblany psk.
ol rinatu Be need or a tohevent e}erene sqal at the
buo baufe Oberaiony at the
santter.
Conbintg
Wawe
) Doeti) Phaye enatigHehte, input bihany
Bhe houne
and e) Phase- shit kotg
weeutial Phee shyt Keyvg (oPs6). sigral h
reteente sfqral, be
Intead o a Seperate loalaa the
bromow bit nberval
Let
bo,by
o Y)1 . ost<2Tb.
either
Each lop be | 2 CoseTtct
)=
s, seTtct) is bansnits
2Eblo
Szlt)= - S,4)
b 0
>DPSK.

Logic l
Iaput
Sequehle Netwot
bihant

Tb Tranmiter of Dps
diagram ot
Block
(sesioh chooe 0
Den e
BPF

Receier DPSK
Ploce diagram
 Netòork and ne t d
Logs
lonsish o a Convert an

Thterconneted co d to
encoded sequeno 7
elemnt A}ereutiay
Sequenle b ' intot a dog'cal eqvathion
h acodane wth He

de be t kTs
at b'we
Were inut bihan digtHe ditteretialy eniady
be ’
de- preibu value
lvel shiptet and than e
seguene iis
anuplbude
to
his
odulate a
Camer Wave taqveny thereby
DPSK Wwe
the desired
Jenodlabion He reeed
recelver (hput ter Canteed a
through a bandass
At
pu noise is Sit the noise pouer.
he Carier eqveny te, So au to delayed version of it,
a
ard
The te output the bit ppied to the
ith the delay eaual to

Comelator. with a
Coelator op is s
Tero volt, and a duison wade in
treshdd
tuor deuits
the omelator op is bositive , the receier
Bhe Yeever deid
The
corelator o is egative
hilh J=2Th,E

DPSK Is Spetal ase Average orlhoqora

Avorage Prob dbiliby odubtion 1 p
 the

|l Do
t o . AsSuma laier
junt e to e equal to y . chooe a Convenient
tuntia.
ation'

boi
 nbtd Over a
J01|0 s trans
binany seayanie
DPSE
Cown
taunitter.do The channel Sndods
phase veversal o \86
the traus ited DPSK naveorm asming ah
) sketeh
iritial bit of 1. what is te elet o hangg hitia bit
b) Assumng Hhe channel ts oise ee, show Hhat DpSK d.k.
in te reeier produies the oigel birt seqveh e, despib
n Hee channel For deno'bation, take
186 phase veversal
DPsy neweevm ith -l,
dk-bk

Tnibal bit, dp-y=l,

5

Phase be DPSL Wane

DPSK

To
SI). S,(t-T,),
Toator
volarty ,
tetee
 33
(DPsK)
DPSY elinvatA weed tr a cohereut
at the YeLei ve vejerene
baic
operatione t . the
at trannit
enodui the Wawe and
2
phaue sht
hence the ano DPSK
Caries siqnal wth -branuted

arne) afqat with

DPSK is the hon -coheneut form ot PsK

Non-cohenent m t hase chlt eysng o vhich avoide

the need tr cohanent reorene at the re teivel

seqvene biray bit modfied suh

that the xt bit dapaude upon freiowa bitu These
bits to detet te predeut bít at the
Yeei ve..
 34

Gen eratión t DPSK Rodut

Transmdt
DPSK Modulato
Anplede
b tEb

Dulay
Tp

the probkin emor

popagatän dat Can be avoded tby
faetally ntodig
The entoded Can be o
ex clie i

Tath Talolear NOR

b
 43
The
gevenatio n Dpsk. stnal is llaty ated el

hasmittd

Jenodulatan DPSK

1
dt
Soniple
telb

The yeeind sigat) is annita DPSK sial

-AáN te channel
hofeoutaide the sigl baduidih,
the Lth han
Let deuisonxagyandiy
oscibi klze.
theine
Same
So

aNe hot Saho

The fosibilty dp_ahd
 Eb
choose
oli>0, aud,
ishde
fhe Combi
ie y
phae usdulator þrsdut the
out
tosiqva tuo He Then
44
Fobkms 45
A A bihany data s transnittd DVeY AwaN cannl wag
a tate IMSPs. It is desived t hae
is Pe <l o . No fse power
frobabily Detine the
spetial density Ye eive
Carier pouea equred at the
. Take
the detetin coheneut type
ertc66)
Sol
Foy coheent Psk, the auerage probobilty t
Pe = 2 erte(V
let larie poub] reqwred be P,
then th PT Sec.
BiE toAval bt ate

|2
2x 10

=erte losx PxiD

Hente Pe error hneton
&ven 0, 00025.
ert (3-5)
b

P 245W
Carier pouer.
pouer
 46

*, An Fak sstam brannit binay data with o ad Mo 2yin

hannel noise Ps ad AwaN With
ad AwN 2X0
Assuming
Deter mne te Merage po babiliy eror. Assume
2

(ohered
deteton and anilde recoined sinsnidal sial or bo
to be 1-2 V.
souton -
Bit Duation
iösec.
bit att

=(Auplitde
(.2x10-5) Joules.
error

Pe =erte )

hene arntan
ndan Cauipleneut
l .49998
subla values ih eqy
e0000
Pe Xo
 In 25
wodalaton Sheme the ihjut
i
31oolo 111o 3. The bit
inten val 1S. Give the
demliplesey Segucne be
aid polaa wawefom, shetck
te Assuming
8eguentesbi3, j bej and boiy.
Gol Saput Sequene bii-0,4
bo bË ba b, by by b, ba be by bo

Thon b b¡,bio

b5

1
bei

boi