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Module 1_Introduction to GIS and RS

The document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing, detailing their components, history, and applications. It explains the differences between vector and raster data, the principles of remote sensing, and the importance of data acquisition and quality. Additionally, it outlines research approaches, purposes, and practical guidelines for effective GIS and remote sensing studies.

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Emalyn Antipala
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4 views

Module 1_Introduction to GIS and RS

The document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing, detailing their components, history, and applications. It explains the differences between vector and raster data, the principles of remote sensing, and the importance of data acquisition and quality. Additionally, it outlines research approaches, purposes, and practical guidelines for effective GIS and remote sensing studies.

Uploaded by

Emalyn Antipala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Geographic

Information System and


Remote Sensing

Jan Joseph V. Dida


Institute of Renewable Natural Resources
College of Forestry and Natural Resources
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Google Maps
Mobile Apps
What is Geographic Information System?
A Combined System of

Hardware, Software, Personnel, and Procedures

used for the

Capture, Storage, Analysis, Manipulation, and Display

of geographically-referenced data for decision-making


Bantayan, 2006; 2015
Brief History of GIS
• Collecting data about Earth and its features
has been an important activity of explorers

• Until 1960s, all maps were drawn either on


paper or film

• First GIS software came only in 1970s


through ESRI (Environmental Systems
Research Institute)

www.tamu.edu
GIS Components

DeLuca, 2012
Hardware
• Data collection devices
▪ GPS receivers, cameras, etc.

• Data input devices


▪ Manual digitizers, scanners, etc.

• Data storage devices and analysis


software
▪ Computer (with the GIS software)

• Data output devices


▪ Computer monitor, plotters, printers, etc.
Software
• Commercial
• ArcGIS
• Manifold System

• Open Source
• QGIS
• ILWIS
• SAGA GIS
• GRASS GIS
QGIS: A Free and Open Source GIS
• One of the open-source GIS software package

• It provides basic to intermediate GIS analysis tools

• Freely available at www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html

• Versions available for Windows, Mac, GNU/Linux


GIS Data Componentss
Spatial (Geographic) Non-Spatial (Attribute)
Vector vs. Raster
Vector vs. Raster
Vector – represents features as Polygon,
Polyline or Point based on their XY
Coordinates.

Raster – simple data structure subdivided


into cells or grids.
Each cell is assigned a numeric value
which may represent a qualitative or
quantitative attribute.
Energy in the Atmosphere
What is Remote Sensing?
• Acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without physical contact with the object
(Garcia, 2017).

• The use of satellite or aircraft-based sensor


technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth
based on propagated signals.

• as you read these words, you are employing remote


sensing
What is Remote Sensing?
• your eyes are acting as sensors that respond
to the light reflected from this page

• the ”data” your eyes acquire are impulses


corresponding to the amount of light
reflected from the dark and light areas on
the page

• These data are analyzed, or interpreted, in


your mental computer
Principles of Remote Sensing
• all matter reflects, absorbs, transmits and
emits electromagnetic radiation in a unique
way with respect to wavelength

• remote sensors detect electromagnetic


radiation that are reflected, absorbed,
transmitted and emitted from the objects
Principles of Remote Sensing
Targets can be differentiated by
their spectral reflectance
signatures

Zhuge, Zou and Wang, 2017


Elements of Remote Sensing
• Energy Source or Illumination (A)
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
• Interaction with the Target (C)
• Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
• Transmission, Reception and Processing (E)
• Interpretation and Analysis (F)
• Application (G)
GIS and RS Research
• The first application of spatial
analysis was in the field of
epidemiology in 1832.

• Dr. John Snow used mapping


techniques to link cholera cases
to a specific water pump
showing that the disease is www.nationalgeographic.org
spread through contaminated
water.
Tobler’s First Law of Geography
Waldo R. Tobler, 1969:
"Everything is related to everything else, but near things
are more related than distant things.“

In the absence of any spatial pattern, values in a dataset (locations,


events, or features) should be randomly distributed across a study area.
What is your Research Approach?

Inductive Research Deductive Research


• Starts with data collection • Begins with literature
and observation review and theory
• Patterns in data lead to • Hypotheses derived from
hypothesis formation existing knowledge
• Example: Observing • Example: Testing whether
patterns in urban proximity to parks
development to form increases property values
theories about city growth
What is your Research Purpose?
• Descriptive (What is?)
• Catalog data (e.g., ethnic populations in the province)
• Useful for increasing one’s understanding
• Exploratory (What might be?)
• Develop hypotheses (e.g., mapping affordable housing)
• Useful in developing further hypotheses or inquiries
• Explanatory (Why?)
• Explore relationships (e.g., crime rates vs. socioeconomic factors).
• Useful to explain why something occurs in some locations but not in others
The Role of Time
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Single point in time examination
• Example: Census
• Time scale considerations
• Data synchronization challenges

• Longitudinal Studies
• Multiple time points analysis
• Example: Correlation between people's exercise habits and seasonal
patterns
Data Acquisition
• Spatial Data Requirement: Data must link to real-world or hypothetical
locations

• Types of Data:
⚬ Primary Data: Collected firsthand for specific research needs
⚬ Secondary Data: Sourced from existing datasets
Evaluating Data Quality and Suitability
• Data relevance and accuracy
• Metadata quality (documentation)
• Geographic linkage (coordinate system compatibility)
Data Collection
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
• Captures spatial coordinates in the field
• Allows linking of field data to GIS maps

Considerations: Accuracy limitations, integration


with GIS coordinates
Forms-based Field Collection
• ArcGIS Survey123
• Developed by ESRI
• ArcGIS subscription

• KoBoToolbox
• Developed by Harvard Humanitarian Initiative
• Free Sign-up
Forms-based Field Collection

Survey Proper

Build and Design


Data Processing
the Forms
Study Area and Sample Unit Boundaries
Study Area Boundaries - Defines geographic scope of research

Sample Unit Boundaries - Specifies area units within the study area
(e.g., parcels, streets)
Study Area and Sample Unit Boundaries
• Edge Effect - Boundary placement impacts data near edges can
skew analysis if relevant features are beyond the boundary.

• Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) - Analytical results vary


based on spatial unit size or boundary placement.
• Scale Effect: Results change with different unit sizes (e.g., barangay vs. city)
• Zoning Effect: Results change with different spatial boundary configurations
Maps

• Scaled drawings of the different


physical features found on the
Earth’s surface

• Essential Parts
➢ Title
➢ Meridian Arrow
➢ Legend
➢ Scale
➢ Legend
➢ Survey Party & Cartographer
➢ Important Dates
Comprehensive Land Use Plan Map Format
Water
Resource
Mapping
Bamboo
Mapping
Sieve Mapping

• Identification of land
demand and supply

• Identification of growth
areas

• Determination of suitable
land use zones
Ecosystem Services Quantification
Practical Guidelines
• Match measurement levels to your research questions
• Consider sampling implications for spatial data
• Protect privacy through appropriate data aggregation
• Always document your methodological decisions
Thank you!

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