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Module-3_ Elementary Quantum Physics

Chapter 3 of EEE 215 covers elementary quantum physics, focusing on the propagation and particle nature of light, including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. It discusses key principles such as photon interactions, work functions, and the dual nature of light, as well as the Schrödinger equation and its implications in quantum theory. Additionally, it addresses wave phenomena like X-ray diffraction and the Bragg's law for analyzing crystal structures.

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4 views

Module-3_ Elementary Quantum Physics

Chapter 3 of EEE 215 covers elementary quantum physics, focusing on the propagation and particle nature of light, including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. It discusses key principles such as photon interactions, work functions, and the dual nature of light, as well as the Schrödinger equation and its implications in quantum theory. Additionally, it addresses wave phenomena like X-ray diffraction and the Bragg's law for analyzing crystal structures.

Uploaded by

Sfaj Shhr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 215: Electrical Properties of Materials

Chapter 3: Elementary Quantum Physics


Propagation of Light
Particle Nature of Light
The Photoelectric Effect: The Principle
Energy of Light, 𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝑣
The whole photo-electric effect can be explained by the
following equation-
ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝑣0 + 𝐾𝐸
Here, v = the incident photon frequency
v0 = the critical photon frequency,
KE = the kinetic energy of the electron.
work function of the metal,
Φ = hv0

We can consider three cases:

1. Voltage=0
2. Voltage>0
3. Voltage<0
Particle Nature of Light
The Photoelectric Effect: Characteristics
Important notes about Photoelectric Effect:

1. Each photon interacts with each electron.


2. For hv < hv0 there will never be any current.
3. KE only depends on the frequency of light and the critical
frequency. (See Figure 3.5 (b))
4. If we increase the intensity of light the number of photon
increases. But the critical voltage will remain same for any
intensity as each photon will only interact with each electron
and |eV0| = KE holds for all the electrons. For KE > |eV| each
electron can reach the anode and for higher intensities there
will be more photons and as a result more electrons. Hence
the value of current will be higher for higher intensities but
will be saturated at some specific potential difference as
seen in Figure 3.5. (a).
1
𝑒𝑉0 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 = 𝐾𝐸𝑚
2
Particle Nature of Light
The Photoelectric Effect: Work Function
Example: The Photoelectric Effect
Particle Nature of Light
Compton Scattering: Principle
KE = hv – hv'
ℎ
𝑝 =
𝜆
Particle Nature of Light
Compton Scattering: Nature
A collimated monochromatic beam of X-rays of wavelength strikes a
conducting target, such as graphite, as illustrated in Figure 3.10a. A
conducting target contains a large number of nearly "free" electrons
(conduction electrons), which can scatter the X-rays. The scattered X-rays
are detected at various
angles q with respect to the original direction, and their wavelength l’ is
measured. The result of the experiment is therefore the scattered
wavelength k' measured at various scattering angles q , as shown in Figure
3.10b.
Wave Nature of Light
X-Ray Diffraction: Principle

When X-rays are incident on a crystalline material, the EM


waves penetrate the crystal structure and they give rise to
typical diffraction patterns on a photographic plate which can
only be explained by using wave concepts.

The condition for the existence of a diffracted beam is:

2𝑑𝑠inθ = 𝑛𝜆 where, n = 1, 2, 3......


Wave Nature of Light
X-Ray Diffraction: Application
The Bragg’s law is the basis for identifying and studying various
crystal structures. The instrument that allows this type of X-ray
diffraction study is called a Diffractometer (Figure a). Whenever
the angle q satisfies the Bragg law for a given set of atomic
planes, with Miller indices (hkl) and with an inter-planar
separation dhkl, there is a diffracted beam. An X-ray detector
placed at an angle 2q with respect to the through-beam will
register a peak in the detected X-ray intensity, as shown in Figure
b. The variation of the detected intensity with the diffraction
angle 2q represents the diffraction pattern of the crystal. The
particular diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 4(b) is for
aluminum, an FCC crystal. Different crystals exhibit different
diffraction patterns.

In the case of cubic crystals, the interplanar spacing d is related


to the Miller indices of a
plane (hkl). The separation dhkl between adjacent (hkl) planes is
given by:
𝑎
𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 =
ℎ2 +𝑘 2 +𝑙2
where a is the lattice parameter (side of the cubic unit cell).
Example: Photon Parameters
Wave Nature of Light
Black Body Radiation
Dual Nature of the Light:
De Broglie Relationship
When the interference and diffraction experiments are repeated with an electron
beam, very similar results are found to those obtained with light and X-rays. When
we use an electron beam in Young's double-slit experiment, we observe high- and
low-intensity regions (i.e. Young's fringes), as illustrated in Figure 3.12.
Since we know the inter-atomic spacing d and we can measure the
angle of diffraction 2q, we can readily evaluate the wavelength l
associated with the wave-like behavior of the electrons.
Furthermore, from the accelerating voltage V in the electron tube,
we can also determine the momentum of the electrons, because the
kinetic energy gained by the electrons, (p2/2me), is equal to eV.
Simply by adjusting the accelerating voltage V, we can therefore
study how the wavelength of the electron depends on the
momentum.
As a result of such studies and other similar experiments, it has been
found that an electron traveling with a momentum p behaves like a
wave of wavelength l given by:

ℎ
𝜆=
𝑝
Time Independent Schrodinger Equation

There is a general equation that describes this wave-like behavior and, with the appropriate potential energy and
boundary conditions, will predict the results of the experiments. The equation is called the Schrodinger equation
and it forms the foundations of quantum theory.
𝑑 2 𝛹(𝑥 ሻ 2𝑚
+ 2 𝐸 − 𝑉 𝛹(𝑥ሻ = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 ℎത
𝜓 𝑥, 𝑡 is the wave function, where m is the mass of the particle. This is a second-order differential equation. It
should be reemphasized that the potential energy experienced by the particle, V depends only on x. and E is the
energy of the particle. The term ℎത is called modified Plank’s constant, h/2π .
In three dimensions, above equation becomes

𝑑 2 𝛹(𝑥 ሻ 𝑑 2 𝛹(𝑦ሻ 𝑑 2 𝛹(𝑧ሻ 2𝑚


+ + + 2 𝐸 − 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝛹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧ሻ = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2 ℎത
Infinite Potential Well
Infinite Potential Well

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