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Talking to Python
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csev$ python3
Python 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 5 2015, 21:12:44)
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwinType
"help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
What
next?
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csev$ python3
Python 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 5 2015, 21:12:44)
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwinType
"help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> x = 1
>>> print (x)
1
>>> x = x + 1 This is a good test to make sure that you have
>>> print (x) Python correctly installed. Note that quit() also
2 works to end the interactive session.
>>> exit()
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What Do We Say?
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Elements of Python
• Vocabulary / Words - Variables and Reserved words (Chapter 2)
• Sentence structure - valid syntax patterns (Chapters 3-5)
• Story structure - constructing a program for a purpose
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name = input('Enter file:')

handle = open(name)
A short “story” about
counts = dict()
for line in handle: how to count words
words = line.split() in a file in Python
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

bigcount = None python words.py

bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items():
Enter file: words.txt
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount: to 16
bigword = word
bigcount = count

print(bigword, bigcount)
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Reserved Words
• You cannot use reserved words as variable names / identifiers
False await else import pass
None break except in raise
True class finally is return
and continue for lambda try
as def from nonlocal while
assert del global not with
async elif if or yield
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Sentences or Lines
x = 2 Assignment statement
x = x + 2 Assignment with expression
print(x) Print function

Variable Operator Constant Function

(e.g., x) (e.g., = +) (e.g., 2) (e.g., print () )
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Programming Paragraphs
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Python Scripts
• Interactive Python is good for experiments and programs of 3-4
lines long.

• Most programs are much longer, so we type them into a file and
tell Python to run the commands in the file.

• In a sense, we are “giving Python a script”.

• As a convention, we add “.py” as the suffix on the end of these files

to indicate they contain Python.
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Interactive versus Script

• Interactive
– You type directly to Python one line at a time and it responds
• Script
– You enter a sequence of statements (lines) into a file using a text
editor and tell Python to execute the statements in the file
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Program Steps or Program Flow

• Like a recipe or installation instructions, a program is a sequence
of steps to be done in order.

• Some steps are conditional - they may be skipped.

• Sometimes a step or group of steps is to be repeated.
• Sometimes we store a set of steps to be used over and over
as needed several places throughout the program (Chapter 4).
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Sequential Steps
x=2 Program Output
x = 2
print(x)
print(x) 2
x=x+2 x = x + 2

print(x) print(x) 4

When a program is running, it flows from one step to the next.

As programmers, we set up “paths” for the program to follow.
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x=5
Conditional Steps
Yes
x < 10 ?
Program Output
No
print('Smaller') x = 5
if x < 10: Smaller
print('Smaller')
Yes
x > 20 ? if x > 20:
No print('Bigger')
print('Bigger')
print('Finis') Finis

print('Finis')
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n=5 Repeated Steps

Program Output
No Yes
n>0? n = 5
while n > 0: 5
print(n)
print(n) 4
n = n - 1 3
n = n -1
2
1
print(‘Blastoff!') Blastoff!
print('Blastoff') Loops (repeated steps) have iteration variables that
change each time through a loop.
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Sequential name = input('Enter file:')

handle = open(name)

counts = dict()
Repeated for line in handle:
words = line.split()
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

Sequential bigcount = None

bigword = None
Repeated for word,count in counts.items():
Conditional if bigcount is None or count > bigcount:
bigword = word
bigcount = count

Sequential print(bigword, bigcount)

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A short Python “Story” about

how to count words in a file
name = input('Enter file:') A word used to read data from a
user
handle = open(name, 'r')

counts = dict()
for line in handle:
words = line.split()
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1 A sentence about updating one
of the many counts
bigcount = None
bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items():
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount:
bigword = word
bigcount = count A paragraph about how to find
the largest item in a list
print(bigword, bigcount)
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Summary
• This is a quick overview of Chapter 1
• We will revisit these concepts throughout the course
• Focus on the big picture
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Acknowledgements / Contributions
These slides are Copyright 2010- Charles R. Severance Continue…
(www.dr-chuck.com) of the University of Michigan School of
Information and made available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 License. Please maintain this last slide in all
copies of the document to comply with the attribution
requirements of the license. If you make a change, feel free to
add your name and organization to the list of contributors on this
page as you republish the materials.

Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of Michigan

School of Information

… Insert new Contributors and Translators here