ENGR 2320 – Materials and Processes for ABE

Laboratory Exercise 3 – Basic Wood working and Metal Bench works

I. Introduction

Woodworking and basic metal work are fundamental skills for creating and repairing
products made of wood or metal materials. Though wood and metal have distinct
properties, many similar tools and techniques can shape both materials for practical
uses and artistry.

The most essential aspect of getting started is having an organized, decked-out

workbench. A typical workbench has a sturdy wooden table surface fitted with bench
dogs to secure workpieces along with vises on the sides or ends to firmly hold them
while operating. Storage space underneath or nearby keeps necessary hand tools,
power tools, hardware, adhesives, finishes, and metal stock orderly and easily
accessible. Proper lighting and ventilation are also vital for visual tasks and safety.

Basic hand tools for shaping wood consist of saws for cutting, planes for smoothing,
sandpaper for finer polishing, chisels and gouges for intricate designs, routers and
drill bits to remove more stock. Lathes spin timber for symmetrical turning.
Hammering nails, screws, and glues combine cut wood securely. Fundamental
metalworking implements include hammers, mallets, pliers, levels, files, taps, and
wrenches for pounding, bending, cutting, grinding and fastening.

With practice using these essential implements for measuring, supporting, cutting,
joining and finishing, bench work skills in wood and metal fabrication continue
improving. Safety awareness and personal protective equipment prevents injuries
when handling these inherently dangerous tools. Mastering the basics opens unlimited
potential for both artisanal craftsmanship and industrial production.

II. Objectives

After performing the exercise, you are expected to:

a. Identify and be familiarize with the different tools commonly used in carpentry
and metal bench work;
b. Use and operate the different tools and power tools used in carpentry and metal
bench work.

III. Activities

Research on the internet or available text book an answer the following:

1. Given are the tools in carpentry. Identify its application and discuss its use.
Provide images of each tools.
 Hand Tools
- Hammer (Claw, Ripping/framing, Ball-peen, mallet, Tack, Sledge)
- Hand saw (crosscut, ripsaw, backsaw, hacksaw, coping saw, compass saw)
- Chisel
- Gouges
- Planes
- Levels
- Squares (try square, miter, combination, centering, bevel, framing)
- Chalkline
- Nail set
- Plumb bob
- Marking gauge
- wrecking bar
- measuring tape
- files and rasp
- hand drill

Power Tools

- Circular saw
- Saber saw
- Reciprocating saw
- Power drill and accessories
- Router
- Belt sander
- Orbital sander
- Belt grinder

References
Hammer Claw: Used for driving and
removing nails, as well as for general
striking and demolition tasks in
construction and carpentry.

Ripping/Framing Hammer: Designed

specifically for heavy-duty framing and
ripping tasks in construction, featuring a
straight claw for prying and a heavier
head for driving large nails.

Ball-peen Hammer: Mainly used in

metalworking for shaping and striking
metal objects, with one flat face and one
rounded "peen" face for peening and
riveting.

Mallet: Used for driving chisels, shaping

wood, and assembling joinery without
damaging delicate surfaces.
Tack Hammer: Designed for upholstery
work, featuring a magnetic face for
holding tacks or nails in place while
driving them into fabric or wood.

Sledge Hammer: A large, heavy hammer

used for heavy-duty demolition, driving
stakes, and breaking through hard
materials like concrete and stone.

Crosscut Saw: Used for cutting across

the grain of wood.

Ripsaw: Designed for cutting along the

grain of wood.
Backsaw: Features a reinforced back
edge for precision cuts in woodworking.

Hacksaw: Used for cutting metal, plastic,

and other materials with a fine-toothed
blade.

Coping Saw: Ideal for intricate curved

cuts and detailed woodworking.

Compass Saw: Used for cutting curves

and irregular shapes in wood and other
materials.
Gouges: Used in woodworking and
carving to create concave or convex
shapes in wood, typically with a curved
blade and a variety of cutting profiles.

Chisel: Used for carving and shaping

wood, stone, or metal. Chisels come in
various shapes and sizes for different
tasks.

Planes: Used for smoothing and shaping

wood. They can be used to flatten
surfaces, smooth edges, or create
intricate designs.

Levels: Used to determine if a surface is

level or plumb. This is crucial for
ensuring the accuracy of construction
and carpentry projects.
Try Square: Used for checking and
marking right angles in woodworking
and metalworking
Miter Square: Specifically designed for
accurately measuring and cutting miter
joints at various angles.

Combination Square: Combines multiple

functions including measuring, marking,
and checking angles in one tool.

Centering Square: Used for marking

center lines on round or square stock.

Bevel Square: Adjustable square used for

marking and transferring angles in
carpentry and metalworking.
Framing Square: Large square with
various measurements and angles for
framing and layout work in construction.

Chalkline: Used for marking straight

lines on surfaces, particularly in
construction and carpentry.

Nail Set: Used to drive nails below the

surface of wood without damaging it,
allowing for a smooth finish.

Plumb Bob: A weight with a pointed tip

used to establish a vertical reference line,
typically in construction and carpentry.
Marking Gauge: Used for marking lines
parallel to an edge or surface, ensuring
accuracy in woodworking projects.

Wrecking Bar: Also known as a pry bar,

it is used for demolition and removing
nails or other fasteners.

Measuring Tape: Essential for measuring

distances accurately in various
construction and woodworking tasks.

Files and Rasps: Used for shaping and

smoothing wood, metal, or other
materials
 Hand Drill: A manual tool used for
drilling holes in various materials. It is
powered by hand rather than electricity.

Power tools
Circular Saw: A versatile power tool
used for cutting wood, plastic, metal, and
other materials in straight lines.

Saber Saw (Jigsaw): Used for cutting

curves, intricate shapes, and irregular
patterns in wood, metal, and other
materials

Reciprocating Saw: Designed for

demolition and rough cutting tasks. It can
cut through a variety of materials quickly
Power Drill and Accessories: Used for
drilling holes and driving screws.
Accessories include drill bits and
screwdriver bits for various tasks.

Router: Used for hollowing out areas in

wood or creating intricate designs. It's
commonly used in cabinetry and
furniture making.

Belt Sander: Used for quickly sanding

large surfaces and removing a lot of
material in a short time

Orbital Sander: Used for sanding flat

surfaces with a random orbital motion,
providing a smoother finish compared to
belt sanders
 Belt Grinder: Similar to a belt sander but
more powerful and primarily used for
metalworking tasks such as shaping and
sharpening metal.

2. Given are the tools in carpentry. Identify its application and discuss its use. Provide
images of each tools.

- Straightedge
- Calipers (Outside, inside, hermaphrodite, vernier)
- Try-square
- divider
- ruler/tape measure
- micrometer
- scribers
- prick punch and layout table
- center punch
- bench vise
- hammer (ball-peen, cross peed, straight peen)
- screwdriver
- wrench (open end, box, socket, adjustable, allen)
- pliers (slip-joint, side-cutting, long-nose, diagonal-cutting, vise grip)
- file and rasp
- hacksaw
- scrapper
- chisel (flat, diamond point, cape, round nose)
- snips (straight, hawk bill, aviation)
- drills (hand drill, twist drill)
- reamer

Straightedge: Used to check the

straightness of edges or surfaces and to
draw straight lines or guide cutting
tools.
Outside Calipers: Used to measure the
external dimensions of an object.

Inside Calipers: Used to measure the

internal dimensions of an object.

Hermaphrodite Calipers: Used for

marking distances and dimensions on
workpieces.

Vernier Calipers: Provide precise

measurements with a Vernier scale for
accurate readings.

Try-Square: Used for checking and

marking right angles in woodworking
and metalworking
Divider: Used for measuring and
transferring distances and dimensions
accurately.

Ruler/Tape Measure: Used for

measuring lengths and distances in both
metric and imperial units.

Micrometer: Provides precise

measurements of small distances or
thicknesses in engineering and
machining.

Scribers: Used for marking lines on

metal or other materials for cutting or
machining.

Prick Punch and Layout Table: Used

for marking precise points on a
workpiece before drilling, cutting, or
machining.

Center Punch: Used to make a small

indentation or mark on a workpiece to
guide the drill bit for accurate drilling.
Bench Vise: Used to hold workpieces
securely in place while they are being
worked on, drilled, cut, or assembled.

Ball-peen Hammer: Used for shaping

and striking metal objects.

Cross Peen Hammer: Used for shaping

metal and driving small nails.

Straight Peen Hammer: Similar to a

cross peen but with a straight peen for
more controlled strikes.

Screwdriver: Used for tightening or

loosening screws with various types of
heads.
Open End Wrench: Used for gripping
and turning nuts and bolts in tight
spaces.

Box Wrench: Provides a more secure

grip on nuts and bolts with a closed-end
design.

Socket Wrench: Uses interchangeable

sockets for tightening or loosening nuts
and bolts.

Adjustable Wrench: Features an

adjustable jaw to fit different sizes of
nuts and bolts.
Allen Wrench: Used for turning
hexagonal socket screws.

Slip-Joint Pliers: Adjustable pliers for

gripping objects of various sizes.

Side-Cutting Pliers: Used for cutting

wires and cables.

Long-Nose Pliers: Used for gripping

and bending wires or reaching into tight
spaces.
Diagonal-Cutting Pliers: Designed for
cutting wires flush with a surface.

Vise Grip: Locking pliers that can hold

objects securely in place.

File and Rasp: Used for shaping and

smoothing metal, wood, or plastic
surfaces.

Hacksaw: Used for cutting metal,

plastic, and other materials with a
fine-toothed blade.
Scraper: Used for removing material or
smoothing surfaces by scraping.

Flat Chisel: Used for cutting, shaping,

or carving wood, metal, or stone.

Diamond Point Chisel: Used for

creating grooves or channels in hard
materials.

Cape Chisel: Used for cutting or

chipping away at metal or stone.
Round Nose Chisel: Used for carving
or shaping rounded surfaces.

Straight Snips: Used for cutting straight

lines in sheet metal or other materials.

Hawk Bill Snips: Used for cutting

curves or circles in sheet metal.
Aviation Snips: Specifically designed
for cutting sheet metal with ease and
precision.

Hand Drill: A manual tool for drilling

holes in various materials.

Twist Drill: A common type of drill bit

used with a power drill for drilling
holes.

Reamer: Used for enlarging or

smoothing out holes in metal, wood, or
plastic.
3. Identify the different safety standards in carpentry works and metal bench works.

To avoid accidents and injuries, both carpentry and metal bench work must adhere to safety
requirements. Workers must wear appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE), such as
safety glasses, gloves, and steel-toed boots, to reduce the dangers connected with the use of tools
and machinery. Machine guarding is vital for preventing contact with moving parts and reducing
the risk of amputations or lacerations. Electrical safety standards are required to minimize
electrical shocks and fires, while correct material handling techniques help prevent
musculoskeletal injuries when carrying large materials. Hazard communication ensures that
workers are aware of the risks connected with the chemicals and solvents routinely utilized in
these industries. Fire safety measures, such as adequate combustible material storage and the
availability of fire extinguishers, are critical for fire prevention. Workers should also be trained
in the safe use of tools and equipment, keep their work areas clean and orderly, and be alert in
recognizing and reporting safety concerns. Employers and employees are both responsible for
ensuring a safe and secure working environment by adhering to certain safety requirements.

References

https://www.finewoodworking.com/2013/03/13/a-basic-bench-thats-quick-to-make
https://www.empireabrasives.com/blog/basic-woodworking-vs-metalworking-tools/
https://www.yorksaw.com/beginners-guide-to-must-have-tools-for-woodworking/
https://www.wabashvalley.com/blog/how-to-choose-the-right-bench-material/
https://www.empireabrasives.com/blog/basic-woodworking-vs-metalworking-tools/