DESIGN AND ENERGY HARVESTING FROM

PIEZOELECTRIC TILE
A DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the certificate of

DIPLOMA IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

Machireddygari Sindhuja (21002-EE-022)

Antharpula Jashwanth (21002-EE-023)
Akula Neha Sri (21002-EE-032)
ParalaRamu (21002-EE-045)
Md Afrooz (21002-EE-048)

Under the guidance of

Smt. N. Gowtami
Lecturer in EEE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

RAMANTHAPUR-500013 (INDIA)

(2023-2024)
 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU GOVERNMENT

POLYTECHNIC, RAMANTHAPUR

BATCH CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work on the DESIGN AND ENERGY HARVESTING
FROM PIEZOELECTRIC TILEsubmitted by carried out by the group indicated below of
the course in Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru
Government Polytechnic, Ramanthapur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the certificate of Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering is a record of the
bonafide work carried out by her during the academic year 2023-2024.

1. Machireddygari Sindhuja (21002-EE-022)

2. Antharpula Jashwanth (21002-EE-023)
3. Akula Neha sri (21002-EE-032)
4. Parala Ramu (21002-EE-045)
5. M.D.Afrooz (21002-EE-048)

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF SECTION

Smt.N.Gowtami, Smt.P.Bharathi,
Lecturer HEES,
Electrical and electronics engineering, JNGP, Ramanthapur
JNGP, Ramanthapur
 DECLARATION

We declare that the work reported in the dissertation entitled DESIGNATION OF ENERGY
HARVESTING FROM PIEZOELECTRIC TILE is a record of the work done by our group
project in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering section, Jawaharlal Nehru Government
Polytechnic, Ramanthapur.

No part of the thesis is copied from books/ journals/ Internet and wherever referred, the same
has been duly acknowledged in the text. The reported data is based on the dissertation work
done entirely by me and the group and not copied from any other source.

Signature of the student

Machireddygari Sindhuja
Antharpula Jashwanth
Akula Neha sri
Parala Ramu
M.D.Afrooz

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express my deep and sincere sense of gratitude to Sri. Vinay Kumar, Principal to all the
faculty members of the EEES, JNPT for taking efforts in taking the Diploma course work.

We are thankful to Smt. P. Bharati, Head of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Section,
for considering this project work.

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to Smt. N. Gowtami, L/ EE for her valuable
guidance, support, encouragement, and immense help. Her pain-taking effort in going through
the manuscripts and giving precious advice and suggestions for its improvement are gratefully
acknowledged.

We are thankful to all the resources which have helped directly or indirectly for the completion
of this dissertation.

Finally, We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Almighty for showering blessings
on us. We gratefully acknowledge our heartiest thanks to all our friends for their inspirational
impetus and moral support during work.

2
 ABSTRACT

Piezoelectric energy harvesting in daily life by various aspects presents a promising avenue for
sustainable power generation support to the public. This technology exploits the mechanical
strain induced in the tile structure during walking through it the pressure is created, converting
it into electrical energy through piezoelectric materials embedded within the tile. By harnessing
the kinetic energy dissipated during the movement of the crowd on these piezoelectric tiles,
piezoelectric devices can generate electricity without adding significant external inputsthere is
no intentional input supply of pressure on the piezoelectric plate.

This abstract explores the principles of piezoelectric energy conversion, highlighting recent
advancements in materials and design strategies tailored for automotive applications.
Moreover, it discusses the potential benefits of integrating piezoelectric energy harvesting
systems to utilize for public needs, including reduced fuel consumption(coal), lower emissions,
and enhanced energy efficiency. Additionally, challenges such as efficiency optimization,
durability, and maintenance of the tiles are such complicated things

Overall, piezoelectric energy harvesting using piezoelectric tiles at crowded places holds great
promise for augmenting fundamental support to the generation stations It was practically
implemented in Tokyo subway system and it can generate 1400 kW per day to supply the
lighting needs of station. And it also gives economical support to the users. However, this is a
step taken by us to observe the characteristics and performance of a piezoelectric sensor. The
main motive of the project is to generate electricity without any disturbance to the
environment.Reduce the burden on generation stations.

3
 Table of Contents

DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................4
List of Tables .....................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................6
1.1 Importance .............................................................................................................................6
1.2 Piezoelectric energy ...............................................................................................................6
1.3 Need for Project ...................................................................................................................8
1.4 Organization of Thesis............................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................10
2.1 LiteratureSurvey ...................................................................................................................10
2.2 Significance of our project ....................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................12
3.1 Methodology Introduction and Overview..............................................................................12
3.2 Project Design .......................................................................................................................13
3.3 Materials and Equipment ......................................................................................................13
3.3.1 Piezoelectric tiles ...............................................................................................................14
3.3.2 Bridge Rectifier .................................................................................................................14
3.3.3 Voltage Sensor ...................................................................................................................15
3.3.4 Capacitor ...........................................................................................................................16
3.3.5 LCD Display ......................................................................................................................17
3.3.6 Arduino UNO ....................................................................................................................18
3.4 Programming Thesis .............................................................................................................21
3.5 Observations and calculations…………………………………………………………...…22
3.6 Ethical considerations ...........................................................................................................24
3.7 Safety Measures ....................................................................................................................24
3.8 Timelines and Sequences ......................................................................................................25
3.9 Acknowledging limitations ...................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 4:CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ..................................................................27
4.1 Future Scope ................................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................29

4
 List of Figures

Figure 1 Basic representation of piezoelectric effect………………………………………………...6

Figure 2 Crystalline structure of Quartz material…..……………………………………....………...7

Figure 3 Significance of our project………………………………………………………….……..11

Figure 4 Block diagram of piezoelectric tile …………………………………………………….....13

Figure 5 Piezoelectric tile…………………………………………………………………….……..14

Figure 6 Bridge rectifier ………………………………………………………………………...….14

Figure 7 Voltage sensor …………………………………………………………………………….15

Figure 8 Capacitor …………………………………………………………………………...….….16

Figure 9 LCD display ………………………………………………………………………...…….17

Figure 10 Arduino UNO ……………………………………………………………...…………….18

5
 CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

1.1 Importance

In India energy constitutes 52% of the commercial and industrial respondents. With the yearly
rise in the demand for electricity throughout the country, it is high time that we think about
generating cleaner sources of electricity. For this already the Indian power sector has taken
various initiatives to promote renewable sources of power like solar, wind, hydro, etc. through
policies and schemes that overall benefit the entire stakeholders. But still, there are many more
ways through which electricity can be generated. For an alternate method to generate
electricity, there are several methods by which electricity can be produced, out of such methods
footstep energy generation can be an effective method to generate electricity [1].

1.2 Piezoelectric Effect

The Piezoelectric effect was discovered by Curie Brothers around the year of 1880. The word
Piezoelectricity means Electrical Energy by pressure. The Basic principle of this concept is that
when pressure is applied to certain crystals like Quartz, ceramics, and Barium an electric
Voltage is developed across the material due to asymmetry in the crystalline structure of the
material. The production of electromagnetic force across material is based on the concept of
Electronegativity. Electronegativity is the ability of atoms to attract shared electrons when
forming a chemical bond.

Figure 1: Basic representation of the Piezoelectric Effect

6
In Chemical Bonding the O2 and Silicon atoms share 1 electron due to the smaller size of O2
atoms and this shared electron is closer to the nucleus of Oxygen. Thus, O2 will exert more
force on electrons than Si. It implies that Si has a Slight Positive Charge and O2 has a Negative
charge due to its electronegative Nature. The Charges together constitute a Dipole.

Figure 2: Crystalline structure of Quartz material

In the quartz crystal, these dipoles are arranged such that the center of charges of negative and
positive atoms coincide. This implies that when we apply a compressive force across the
molecules, the center of chargesdo not coincide anymore and there will be a charge separation,
this is called polarization, this means an electric field is created between positive and negative
charges which leads to the generation of a small voltage across it. one of the most used
piezoelectric materials, the lead zirconated titanate (or PZT) crystals will generate measurable
piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension.
Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an
external electric field is applied to the material.

7
1.3 Need for Project

Piezoelectric tiles have gained extra recognition in recent times due to their numerous deserves.
One of their major advantages is they may be green and they produce usable electric-powered
strength from power wasted by using footsteps, no external element is used for stress
application. Piezoelectric power harvesting tiles are an attainable way to aid Clean and
environment pleasant electricity technology and decrease the reliance on fossil fuels for
powering indoor home equipment.

Piezoelectric tiles can be applied in various packages because of their capability to transform
mechanical energy into electric electricity. Here are a few reasons why a piezoelectric tiles task
could be useful:

1. Energy Harvesting: Piezoelectric tiles can generate electricity from mechanical stress,
consisting of footsteps or vibrations from vehicles passing over them. This strength may be
harnessed to strengthen close by infrastructure or gadgets, contributing to renewable electricity
generation and lowering reliance on traditional energy assets.

2. Smart Infrastructure: Integrating piezoelectric tiles into roads, sidewalks, or public spaces
can create a clever infrastructure that captures strength from human activity or vehicular site
visitors. This power can be used for lighting fixtures, sensors, or different IoT gadgets,
enhancing city sustainability and performance.

3. Environmental Benefits: By harnessing strength from foot traffic or motion in public areas,
piezoelectric tiles offer a renewable and environmentally friendly strength source. They can
contribute to decreasing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, promoting cleaner
and greener cities.

4. Cost Savings: Implementing piezoelectric tiles in excessive traffic areas can result in
lengthy-time period cost financial savings by reducing energy consumption and preservation
fees related to conventional strength sources. Additionally, the energy generated can be used to
offset energy costs for nearby facilities or infrastructure.

8
Overall, a piezoelectric tiles mission presents a promising avenue for a sustainable strength era,
clever infrastructure improvement, and environmental conservation, imparting numerous
advantages for communities and cities alike.

1.4 Organization of Thesis

Provide an overview of the structure of your thesis. Mention how it will be organized, including
the main chapters or sections, and briefly describe what each chapter will cover. This helps
readers navigate your thesis more effectively.

Chapter 1 gives the introduction to the project work.

Chapter 2 provides the information obtained from the literature review.
Chapter 3 states the step-by-step process involved in developing this project, and consolidates
the estimation of the required components and their specifications.
Chapter 4 discusses the results and future scope of the project.
Chapter 5 indicates the citations of the references incorporated.

Summarize the key points you've discussed in the introduction and restate the importance of
your research. End with a clear transition to the next chapter of your thesis, so the reader knows
what to expect.

9
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATUREREVIEW

2.1 Literature Survey

“A literature review titled Piezoelectric energy harvesting tiles”: The Review deals with
available designs and future perspectives and various aspects of piezoelectric tile and merits of
using piezoelectric tiles for power generation [8].

“Electricity from footsteps, SS Taliyan, BB Biswas, RK Patil, GP Srivastava, TK Basu, 2010”.

This Review discusses the basic engineering and operational mechanism of piezo crystal,
engineering analysis of the model, working of piezo crystal, and energy generation through
footsteps [9].

“Future uses of the piezoelectric effect for energy production”: This Review discusses the
economic aspects of piezoelectricity, drawbacks of piezoelectricity, and other innovative
techniques of piezoelectric generation. Also studied was how to minimize the potential
drawbacks of piezoelectricity and improve the efficiency of energy generated[12].

“Feasibility study for using piezoelectric energy harvesting floor in buildings” by Adnan
Mohamad Mahmoud Yousif: This article states the feasibility of piezoelectric tiles in the
interior of buildings is studied. Analysis of energy transformation with the help of piezoelectric
tiles is done. Also studied the feasibility of energy-generating tiles in the interior of buildings
and also at low pedestrian spaces like apartment cases by using harvesting floor tiles in a
different way to generate and save energy [10].

“Electricity from footsteps” a Comprehensive Review written by, S.Taliyan presents the
possibility of the generation of electricity from footsteps. Working model of the footstep-based
energy generator. The article has given a detailed working model and functioning of the
footstep-based electricity generating system. This is an energy-efficient way of producing
electricity as walking is one of the most common things, we do in day-to-day life [11].

10
2.2 Significance of our project

As Energy Generation via piezoelectric tiles is a Renewable Energy Resource, the Electricity
generated does no longer burns every other resource. As those tiles are set up without delay on
the pavement, electricity is generated all day long, irrespective of the time and weather, a non-
stop strength era can be feasible. As the tiles are made employing renewable substances, which
makes it easier for us to hold them. Any unique malfunctioning thing may be replaced without
problems hampering the entire system. Each tile works independently. So we don’t want to shut
down the complete network as a way to change only some variety of tiles if any hassle has
occurred with in one tile.

Piezoelectric tile

Applications based Environmental

features features

Power Battery Self- This is No need

generation is used to generation non of fuel
simply store the no external convent-- import.
walking over generated source is ional
the tiles. energy. needed. system.

Figure 3: Significance of our project

This project offers a good replacement for non-renewable power assets and is a good
opportunity to charge gadgets that don’t want an excessive voltage supply or those having
relatively less energy requirements. They function by way of piezoelectric cloth’s specific
assets, this gets rid of the want for grid power or gas deliveries, making them a sustainable
option for generating electricity in crowded places. However, with the development of a
piezoelectric which is a renewable supply, the focus is now on using renewable assets of power,
if you want to assist in reducing using fossil fuels for strength technology for much less energy
intake loads[2].

11
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology Introduction and Overview

The methodology of piezoelectric tiles involves several steps, from material selection to testing.

1. Material Selection: Piezoelectric plates (PZT), soldering iron, Jumper wires, cardboard,
grass mat, glue gun, Arduino UNO, LCD Display, Voltage sensor, Bridge rectifiers, battery,
LED are used.

2. Tile Design: In this project we used 5 piezoelectric plates, covered with cardboard and had
each output brought out.

3. Wiring: The wiring of piezoelectric plates is connected in parallel. 26 SWG, multi-core

aluminum conductor, PVC insulated 300 V grade a current capacity of 2 A is used to do the
wiring.

4. Testing: Test the piezoelectric tiles to make output under diverse mechanical stresses and
environmental conditions. For a 50 kg person, it can generate (5-12) V per step.

Table3.1 Components used and their specifications:

S. NAME OF SPECIFICATIONS NO
No. COMPONENTS
1. Capacitor 1
470 µF, (1-25) V
2. Arduino UNO 1
5 V, 16 MHZ, 32 kB
3. LCD Display 1
16×2
4. Bridge Rectifiers 8
IN4007
5. Battery Li-ion, 3.2 V 2

6. LED (1-3) V, 20 mA 1
7. Potentiometer (0-10) kΩ 1

12
3.2 Project Design

Figure 4: Block diagram of the project design

Bridge rectifier-1 Capicitor

Piezoelectric
Arduino
tile
Bridge rectifier-2 Battery UNO 16*2 LCD Display

Voltage Sensor

Figure 4: Block diagram of the project design

The major parts that are effectively employed in the Designation of piezoelectric tiles are
mentioned below:

S.NO NAME OF THE MATERIAL QUANTITY COST (INR)

1. Piezoelectric plates 5 No 50/-
2. Bridge rectifiers 2 No’s 8/-
3. Capacitor 1 No 20/-
4. Voltage sensor 1 No 80/-
5. LCD display 1 No 120/-
6. Arduino UNO 1 No 250/-
7. Battery 1 No 80/-
8. Jumper wires 20 No 40/-
9. Grass mat 1 No 300/-
10. 26 SWG, multi-core, PVC L.S 100/-
insulated aluminium conductor
300 V grade,2A.
Total 1048/-

13
3.3.1. Piezoelectric tile

Figure 5 : Piezoelectric tile

Piezoelectric tiles are special flooring materials designed to harness energy from footsteps and
convert it into electricity. When pressure is applied to these tiles, they generate a small electrical
charge due to the piezoelectric effect.[1] This technology has applications in the area of
generating sustainable energy from high-traffic areas like sidewalks, malls, or dance floors.
The generated electricity can be used to power lights, and sensors, or stored for later use. It’s
an innovative way to capture energy from human movement and contribute to renewable
energyefforts.

3.3.2. Bridge rectifier

Figure 6: Bridge Rectifier

A bridge rectifier is a digital factor used to convert alternating modern-day (AC) to direct
current (DC). It consists of four diodes organized in a bridge configuration. It’s commonly
utilized in electricity components and battery costs. The number one characteristic of a bridge
rectifier is to make certain that modern flows in one course, correctly converting the bad half-
cycles of the AC input into wonderful half-cycles on the output.

14
Here are some key points about bridge rectifier
Components: A bridge rectifier consists of 4 diodes related to a bridge configuration.

• Operation: During the effective half-cycle of the AC enter voltage, two diodes behave
present day, permitting current to glide through the load in the forward course. During
the poor half cycle, the alternative-diodes conduct, again permitting modern to float
through the load in the forward direction. This affects in a DC output voltage across the
load.
• Types of Diodes: Bridge rectifiers can use diverse forms of diodes, which include
silicon diodes and Schottky diodes, depending on the utility requirements.
• Rectification Efficiency: Bridge rectifiers have a better rectification performance in
comparison to 1/2-wave rectifiers, which most effectively make use ofdiodes.
• Output Voltage: The output voltage of a bridge rectifier is commonly barely much less
than the height cost of the enter voltage, because of voltage drops across the diodes

3.3.3. Voltage sensor

Figure 7: Voltage Sensor

The voltage sensor is used to monitor, calculate, and determine the voltage supply. This sensor
can determine the AC or DC voltage level. It uses an electromagnetic field to detect changes in
voltage. The input of this sensor can be the voltage whereas the output is the switches,an Analog
voltage signal, a current signal, an audible signal, etc. Some sensors provide sine Pulse Width
Modulation waveforms or pulse waveforms like output & others can generate outputs like AM
(AmplitudeModulation).

15
SPECIFICATIONS:

• Voltage input range: DC 0-25 V

• Voltage detection range: DC 0.02V – 25V
• Voltage analogue resolution: 0.00489 V
• Output Interface: “+ ” connected 5/3.3V, “-” connected GND, “s” connected
Arduino AD pins
• DC input interface: red terminal positive with VCC, negative with GND
• By 3P connector, connect this module with the expansion of board Arduino, not
only makes it easier for you to detect voltage battery but can also use the
IICLCD1602 LCD to display voltage.
• Divider ratio: 5:1
• Resistor Tolerance: 1%
• Maximum input voltage: 25V
• Resistor Value: 30K,7.5K Ohm [3].

3.3.4. Capacitor

Figure 8: Capacitor

A capacitor rated at 25V and 470 µF is a type of electrolytic capacitor that ismost commonly
used in electronic circuits. It can store electrical energy and release it when they are needed,
smoothing out voltage fluctuations or acting as a filter in circuits. The voltage rating indicates
the maximum voltage the capacitor can withstand, while the capacitance (470 µF in this case)

16
indicates its ability to store charge. It’s important to choose a capacitor with appropriate voltage
and capacitance ratings for your specific application.

3.3.5. LCD Display

Figure 9: LCD Display

A 16×2 LCD is a liquid crystal display that can show 16 characters in each of its two rows,
providing a total of 32 characters of information. It’s commonly used to display alphanumeric
information on various electronic devices.

A 16×2 LCD works by controlling the liquid crystals to either block or allow light to pass
through, creating characters and symbols on the screen. It’s controlled by sending data and
commands to its controller, which in turn manages the display of information.

A standard 16×2 LCD has 16 pins, typically organized into two rows of eight pins each. These
pins are used for power supply, data communication, and control signals.

16×2 LCD PIN CONFIGURATION:

• Pin1 (Ground): This pin connects the ground terminal.

• Pin2 (+5 Volt): This pin provides a +5V supply to the LCD
• Pin3 (VE): This pin selects the contrast of the LCD.
• Pin4 (Register Select): This pin is used to connect a data pin of an MCU & gets either
1 or 0. Here, data mode = 0 and command mode =1.
• Pin5 (Read & Write): This pin is used to read/write data.
• Pin6 (Enable): This enables the pin must be high to perform the Read/Write procedure.
This pin is connected to the data pin of the microcontroller to be held high constantly.

17
 • Pin7 (Data Pin): The data pins are from 0-7 which are connected through the
microcontroller for data transmission. The LCD module can also work on the 4-bit
mode by working on pins 1, 2, and 3 & other pins are free.
• Pin8 – Data Pin 1
• Pin9 – Data Pin 2
• Pin10 – Data Pin 3
• Pin11 – Data Pin 4
• Pin12 – Data Pin 5
• Pin13 – Data Pin 6
• Pin14 – Data Pin 7
• Pin15 (LED Positive): This is a +Ve terminal of the backlight LED of the display & it
is connected to +5V to activate the LED backlight.
• Pin16 (LED Negative): This is a -Ve terminal of a backlight LED of the display & it is
connected to the GND terminal to activate the LED backlight [4].

3.3.6. Arduino UNO

Figure 10: Arduino UNO

18
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based totally on the Microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and advanced by Arduino and to start with launched in
2010. The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog enter/output (I/O)
pins that can be interfaced with numerous expansion boards (shields) and different circuits. The
board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), and 6 analog I/O pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), thru a kind B
USB cable. It can be powered by using a USB cable or a barrel connector that accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts, inclusive of a square 9-volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as
the Arduino Nano board, and the equal headers as the Leonardo board. The hardware reference
design is sent under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2. Five licenses are available
on the Arduino website. Layout and manufacturing documents for some variations of the
hardware also are available [5].

The word “Uno” method “one” in Italian was selected to mark a chief redesign of the Arduino
hardware and software program. The Uno board turned into the successor of the Duemilanove
launch and changed into the ninth model in a series of USB-primarily based Arduino boards.
Version 1.Zero of the Arduino IDE for the Arduino Uno board has now evolved to more recent
releases. The ATmega328 at the board comes pre-programmed with a bootloader that allows
importing new code to it without the usage of an external hardware programmer.

While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all previous
forums in that itno longer usesan FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip. Instead, it uses the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 as much as model R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

19
 ITEM VALUE

Model Arduino Uno R3

Microcontroller ATmega328p

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm

Weight 25 g

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 7-12 V (recommended), 6-20 V (limit)

Digital I/O pins 14(of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O pins 6

Analog Input pins 6

DC Current per I/O pin 20 mA

DC Current per 3.3V pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 kB(ATmega328p)

SRAM 2 kB (ATmega328p)

EEPROM 1 kB (ATmega328p)

Clock Speed 16 MHZ

LED BUILTIN 13

20
3.4. Programming Thesis

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystallcd(1,2,4,5,6,7); // Initialize the LCD library with the numbers of the interface
pins
int sensorPin = A0; // Analog pin connected to the voltage sensor
float voltage = 0.0; // Variable to store the voltage value
voidsetup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2); // Set up the LCD's number of columns and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("POLYTECHNIC ");
delay(3000); // Delay for readability
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // Read the analog input voltage
voltage = sensorValue * (25.0 / 1023.0); // Convert the analog value to voltage (assuming 5V
reference)
lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD screen
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set the cursor to the first column of the first row
lcd.print("PIEZOELECTRIC TILE "); // Print label
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // Set the cursor to the first column of the first row
lcd.print("Voltage: "); // Print label
lcd.print(voltage, 2); // Print the voltage value with 2 decimal places
lcd.print(" V"); // Print unit
delay(1000); // Delay for readability
}

21
3.5. Observations and Calculations

Observations during testing:

O.C.V= Open circuit voltage

S.No Weight No.of steps O.C.V Voltage at rectifier Capacitor

(in kg) output charge
1. 30 kg 10 5.12 V 3.72 V 0.2 V/sec
2. 40 kg 10 6.05 V 4.65 V 0.2 V/sec
3. 50 kg 10 7.85 V 6.45 V 0.2 V/sec
4. 60 kg 10 9.06 V 7.66 V 0.2 V/sec
5. 70 kg 10 12 V 10.6 V 0.2 V/sec

CALCULATIONS :

For a 50 kg person,
P = F/A
P = Pressure units(N/m2),
F = Force units(N),
F = m×a
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration due to gravity(9.81) ms-1,
A = Area of the tile, units(m2),
P= 50×9.81/900×10-4 = 5,450N/m2
Mechanical to electrical conversion [7]:
Open circuit voltage = G33×p×t
G33 = voltage constant of piezoelectric crystal = 16.6×10-3Vm/N,
p = Pressure,
t = thickness of piezoelectric plate.
OCV = 16.6×10-3×5450×0.002 = 0.180 volts

22
Charge density = D33 ×p
D33 = Charge constant of piezoelectric crystal = 350×10-12 C/m2
p = Pressure

= 350×10-12×5450 = 1.9 µA
Power = V×I
=0.180×1.9 = 0.342 µW
Tiles covered in metro station = 100 sq meter
Tiles required in 100 sq meter = 100/900×10-4 =1,111 tiles
Each tile generates 0.34 µW per single step
Then,
Total tiles generated power per step = 0.34×10-6×1111 = 0.377×10-3 watts
An average person walks 143 steps in 100 sq meter area
No of passengers visiting per day = 30,000
Total no of steps = 30,000×143 = 4,290,000 steps
Total power generated = 4,290,000×0.377×10-3 = 1617.33 watts
=1.617 kW per day

23
3.6 Ethical considerations

While there are no direct moral or moral issues with piezoelectricity, some considerations
related to its implementation and use are mentioned underneath:

Environmental impact: The substances used for piezoelectric gadgets, which include lead
zirconated Titanite (PZT), can damage the surroundings if now not disposed of well. Proper
recycling and waste management practices ought to be hired to minimize the environmental
impact.

Privacy issues: Piezoelectric devices can be used to detect human interest and movements,
which could improve privacy worries. For example, some devices can stumble on the quantity
of humans in a room, and the type of hobby they may be engaged in or even perceive people
based totally on their unique strolling patterns. Clear suggestions and guidelines have to be
mounted regarding records series and usage to deal with these worries.

3.7 Safety Measures

Safety: Piezoelectric devices can generate high voltages and currents, posing a safety hazard if
not properly designed and installed. Safety standards should be established to ensure that
piezoelectric devices are safe for use in various applications.

Social implications: The implementation of piezoelectric technology may have social

implications, particularly if it replaces traditional power sources or changes how people interact
with their environment. It is essential to consider the social impact of technology and ensure
that it is designed and implemented to benefit society.

Proper Installation: Ensure tiles are securely installed to prevent tripping hazards.

Regular Maintenance: Regularly inspect tiles for cracks or damage, and repair or replace them
as needed.

Slip Resistance: Choose tiles with slip-resistant surfaces to prevent accidents, especially in wet
conditions.

Shock absorption: Use underlying materials that provide shock absorption to reduce impact
on joints and prevent injuries.

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Electrical Safety: Ensure proper insulation and grounding to prevent electric shock hazards.

Clear Signage: Clearly mark areas with piezoelectric tiles to alert pedestrians and prevent
accidental damage.

Weight Limitations: Be mindful of weight limitations to avoid damage to the tiles and
potential injuries.

Accessibility: Ensure that the tiles comply with accessibility standards to accommodate people
with disabilities.

3.8 Timelines and Sequences

Mechanical Stress: When pressure or force is applied to the piezoelectric material, it deforms
slightly.

Electrical Charge Generation: This deformation creates an imbalance of positive and

negative charges within the material, generating an electric potential

Electric Current Generation: If the circuit is closed, the electric potential causes electrons to
flow, generating an electric current.

Application: These tiles can be embedded in floors, walkways, or roads.

Mechanical Stress Applied: When someone steps on or applies pressure to the tile, it deforms
slightly.

Energy Harvesting: The deformation generates electrical energy, which can be stored or used
to power various devices.

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3.9 Acknowledging limitations

Piezoelectric tiles provide renewable energy technology via foot site visitors, but they do have
barriers. For instance, they generate pretty small quantities of power, making them extra
suitable for supplemental in place of primary electricity assets. Additionally, their setup and
upkeep charges may be high, and they may no longer be as green in regions with low foot
traffic.

Firstly, performance is a situation. Piezoelectric tiles are often warfare to convert mechanical
strength into electrical power with high efficiency. The conversion procedure can result in
energy loss because of different factors like cloth residences, layout, and environmental
situations. This problem restricts their large adoption as a primary strength source.

Secondly, sturdiness and reliability are important troubles. Piezoelectric substances degrade
over time due to mechanical fatigue, lowering their effectiveness and lifespan. They will also
be vulnerable to damage from outside factors including weather, heavy loads, or vandalism,
which could compromise their overall performance and safety.

Thirdly, scalability and cost-effectiveness pose great challenges. Implementing piezoelectric

tiles on a huge scale calls for good-sized investments in materials, setup, and maintenance. The
cost-advantage ratio may not constantly justify their deployment, in particular in regions with
low foot visitors or constrained strength generation capacity.

Lastly, piezoelectric tiles have confined applicability in certain contexts. They are effective in
high-traffic regions where footfalls or different mechanical vibrations are common and
constant.

In quieter or much less frequented locations, their energy generation functionality significant.

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 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

In conclusion, a piezoelectric tile is capable of generating more voltage when a longer time is
taken. The longer the time taken means more footstep/force is applied on the tile.The typeof
tilesspecifically suitable for the implementation in crowded areas such as pavement streets,
train ticket counters, stairs, and dance floors. The power that is generated from this
piezoelectric tile can be used to power up the light street, light along the stairs, and also low-
power appliances. Piezoelectric energy harvesting tiles are a plausible way to support clean and
environment-friendly energy generation and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels for powering
indoor appliances. This project report dealt with various aspects of piezoelectric energy
harvesting tiles, from material aspects to the feasibility of implementation.

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4.1. Future Scope

Piezoelectric tiles have a promising future across various applications. They can be used in
smart infrastructure for energy harvesting from footsteps, which can power streetlights or
sensors. In homes, they could generate electricity from foot traffic, reducing reliance on
traditional power sources. Additionally, in healthcare, they might be used to power medical
devices or sensors, making them more self-sufficient and environmentally friendly. As
technology advances, the potential applications of piezoelectric tiles will likely expand even
further. These tiles generate electricity when pressure is applied, such as footsteps or vehicle
movement, making them ideal for high-traffic areas like sidewalks, malls, and airports. As
society focuses more on renewable energy sources, piezoelectric tiles offer a sustainable
solution by converting mechanical energy into electrical power. Additionally, their integration
into buildings and roads could revolutionize urban infrastructure, powering streetlights,
sensors, and other IOT devices. With ongoing advancements in material science and
engineering, piezoelectric tiles may become more cost-effective and efficient, leading to
widespread adoption in the construction industry and beyond. Embracing this technology could
pave the way for cleaner, smarter, and more energy-efficient cities in the future.

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 CHAPTER 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Hari Anand and Binod kumar singh From the journal Energy Harvesting and System.
[2] Pramethesh, T., Ankur S. (2013) ‘Piezoelectric Crystals: Future Source of Electricity’,
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology.
[3] Specifications of voltage sensor electronics infra all about electronics.
[4] “Pin configuration & its working” August 8,2021, by wat Electronics.
[5] Ardunio UNO wikkipedia.
[6] “Evaluation of harvesting energy from pedestrians using piezoelectric floor tile energy
harvester” an article by sciencedirect.com.
[7] ItikaTandon and Alok Kumar, “Unique step towards generation of electricity via new
methodology” in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), Volume-3, Issue-10, October 2014.
[8] “A literature review titled Piezoelectric energy harvesting tiles”.
[9] “Electricity from footsteps, SS Taliyan, BB Biswas, RK Patil, GP Srivastava, TK Basu,
2010”.
[10] “Feasibility study for using piezoelectric energy harvesting floor in buildings” by
Adnan Mohamad Mahmoud Yousif.
[11] “Electricity from footsteps” a Comprehensive Review written by, S.Taliyan presents
the possibility of the generation of electricity from footsteps.
[12] “Future uses of the piezoelectric effect for energy production”.

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