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Chinese RMB or US dollars, respectively. Here are the
sample runs:

<Output>
Enter the exchange rate from dollars to RMB: 6.81
Enter 0 to convert dollars to RMB and 1 vice versa: 0
Enter the dollar amount: 100
$100.0 is 681.0 Yuan
<End Output>

<Output>
Enter the exchange rate from dollars to RMB: 6.81
Enter 0 to convert dollars to RMB and 1 vice versa: 1
Enter the RMB amount: 10000
10000.0 Yuan is $1468.43
<End Output>

<Output>
Enter the exchange rate from dollars to RMB: 6.81
Enter 0 to convert dollars to RMB and 1 vice versa: 5
Incorrect input
<End Output>

2
2. (10 pts) Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If
the number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2 or 3, print Georgia. Here are the sample runs:

<Output>
Enter an integer: 6
Georgia
<End Output>

<Output>
Enter an integer: 15
HiFive Georgia
<End Output>

<Output>
Enter an integer: 25
HiFive
<End Output>

<Output>
Enter an integer: 1
<End Output>

3
Name:

Part III: Multiple Choice Questions: (1 pts each) (Please

circle your answers on paper first. After you finish the
test, enter your choices online to LiveLab. Log in and
click Take Instructor Assigned Quiz. Choose Quiz1. You
have 5 minutes to enter and submit the answers.)

1. The expression (int)(76.0252175 * 100) / 100 evaluates to .

a. 76
b. 76.0252175
c. 76.03
d. 76.02

#
2. What is y after the following switch statement?

int x = 0;
int y = 0;
switch (x + 1) {
case 0: y = 0;
case 1: y = 1;
default: y = -1
}

a. 2
b. 1
c. 0
d. -1

#
3. Assume x is 0. What is the output of the following statement?

if (x > 0)
System.out.print("x is greater than 0");
else if (x < 0)
System.out.print("x is less than 0");
else
System.out.print("x equals 0");

a. x is less than 0
b. x is greater than 0
c. x equals 0
d. None

4
4. Analyze the following code:

Code 1:

boolean even;

if (number % 2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even = false;

Code 2:

boolean even = (number % 2 == 0);

a. Code 2 has syntax errors.

b. Code 1 has syntax errors.
c. Both Code 1 and Code 2 have syntax errors.
d. Both Code 1 and Code 2 are correct, but Code 2 is better.

#
5. What is the output of the following switch statement?

char ch = 'a';

switch (ch) {
case 'a':
case 'A':
System.out.print(ch); break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
System.out.print(ch); break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
System.out.print(ch); break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
System.out.print(ch);
}

a. ab
b. a
c. aa
d. abc
e. abcd

5
#
6. What is x after evaluating

x = (2 > 3) ? 2 : 3;

a. 5
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

#
7. Analyze the following code.

int x = 0;
if (x > 0);
{
System.out.println("x");
}

a. The value of variable x is always printed.

b. The symbol x is always printed twice.
c. The symbol x is always printed.
d. Nothing is printed because x > 0 is false.

#
8. To declare a constant MAX_LENGTH inside a method with value 99.98, you write

a. final double MAX_LENGTH = 99.98;

b. double MAX_LENGTH = 99.98;
c. final MAX_LENGTH = 99.98;
d. final float MAX_LENGTH = 99.98;

#
9. Which of the following is a constant, according to Java naming conventions?

a. read
b. MAX_VALUE
c. ReadInt
d. Test

#
10. What is y after the following switch statement is executed?

x = 3;
switch (x + 3) {
case 6: y = 0;
case 7: y = 1;
default: y += 1;
}

6
a. 1
b. 4
c. 3
d. 2
e. 0

#
11. Which of the following code displays the area of a circle if the radius is
positive.

a. if (radius <= 0) System.out.println(radius * radius * 3.14159);

b. if (radius != 0) System.out.println(radius * radius * 3.14159);
c. if (radius >= 0) System.out.println(radius * radius * 3.14159);
d. if (radius > 0) System.out.println(radius * radius * 3.14159);

Please double check your answer before clicking the Submit

button. Whatever submitted to LiveLab is FINAL and counted
for your grade.

Have you submitted your answer to LiveLib?

What is your score?

7
Sample Final Exam for CSCI 1302

FINAL EXAM AND COURSE OUTCOMES MATCHING

COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to
1. understand OO concepts: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, interfaces,
abstract classes
2. use Unified Modeling Language for design, analysis, and documentation
3. develop graphical user interfaces
4. develop event-driven programs
5. use file I/O and handle exceptions
6. design and implement OO programs

Here is a mapping of the final comprehensive exam against the course outcomes:

Question Matches outcomes

1 1
2 2
3 3, 4, 5
4 6, 7
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1
 Name: CSCI 1302 Introduction to Programming
Covers chs8-19 Armstrong Atlantic State University
Final Exam Instructor: Dr. Y. Daniel Liang

Please note that the university policy prohibits giving the exam score by email. If you need to know your
final exam score, come to see me during my office hours next semester.

I pledge by honor that I will not discuss the contents of this exam with
anyone.
Signed by Date

1. Design and implement classes. (10 pts)

Design a class named Person and its two subclasses named Student and
Employee. Make Faculty and Staff subclasses of Employee. A person has a
name, address, phone number, and email address. A student has a class
status (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior). Define the status as a
constant. An employee has an office, salary, and date hired. Define a
class named MyDate that contains the fields year, month, and day. A
faculty member has office hours and a rank. A staff member has a title.
Override the toString method in each class to display the class name
and the person's name.

Draw the UML diagram for the classes. Write the code for the Student
class only.

2
2. Design and use interfaces (10 pts)

Write a class named Octagon that extends GeometricObject

and implements the Comparable and Cloneable interfaces.
Assume that all eight sides of the octagon are of equal
size. The area can be computed using the following formula:
area = (2 + 4 / 2) * side * side

Draw the UML diagram that involves Octagon,

GeometricObject, Comparable, and Cloneable.

3
3. Design and create GUI applications (10 pts)

Write a Java applet to add two numbers from text fields, and
displays the result in a non-editable text field. Enable your applet
to run standalone with a main method. A sample run of the applet is
shown in the following figure.

4
4. Text I/O (10 pts)

Write a program that will count the number of characters (excluding

control characters '\r' and '\n'), words, and lines, in a file. Words
are separated by spaces, tabs, carriage return, or line-feed
characters. The file name should be passed as a command-line argument,
as shown in the following sample run.

5
5. Multiple Choice Questions: (1 pts each)
(1. Mark your answers on the sheet. 2. Login and click Take
Instructor Assigned Quiz for QFinal. 3. Submit it online
within 5 mins. 4. Close the Internet browser.)
1. describes the state of an object.

a. data fields
b. methods
c. constructors
d. none of the above

#
2. An attribute that is shared by all objects of the class is coded
using .
a. an instance variable
b. a static variable
c. an instance method
d. a static method

#
3. If a class named Student has no constructors defined explicitly,
the following constructor is implicitly provided.

a. public Student()
b. protected Student()
c. private Student()
d. Student()

#
4. If a class named Student has a constructor Student(String name)
defined explicitly, the following constructor is implicitly provided.

a. public Student()
b. protected Student()
c. private Student()
d. Student()
e. None

#
5. Suppose the xMethod() is invoked in the following constructor in
a class, xMethod() is in the class.

public MyClass() {
xMethod();
}

a. a static method
b. an instance method
c. a static method or an instance method

#
6. Suppose the xMethod() is invoked from a main method in a class as
follows, xMethod() is in the class.

public static void main(String[] args) {

6
 xMethod();
}

a. a static method
b. an instance method
c. a static or an instance method

#
7. What would be the result of attempting to compile and
run the following code?
public class Test {
static int x;

public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println("Value is " + x);
}
}

a. The output "Value is 0" is printed.

b. An "illegal array declaration syntax" compiler error occurs.
c. A "possible reference before assignment" compiler error occurs.
d. A runtime error occurs, because x is not initialized.

#
8. Analyze the following code:

public class Test {

private int t;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Test test = new Test();
System.out.println(test.t);
}
}

a. The variable t is not initialized and therefore causes errors.

b. The variable t is private and therefore cannot be accessed in the
main method.
c. Since t is an instance variable, it cannot appear in the static
main method.
d. The program compiles and runs fine.

#
9. Suppose s is a string with the value "java". What will be
assigned to x if you execute the following code?

char x = s.charAt(4);

a. 'a'
b. 'v'
c. Nothing will be assigned to x, because the execution causes the
runtime error StringIndexOutofBoundsException.
d. None of the above.

#
10. What is the printout for the following code?

class Test {

7
 public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] x = new int[3];
System.out.println("x[0] is "+x[0]);
}
}

a. The program has a syntax error because the size of the array
wasn't specified when declaring the array.
b. The program has a runtime error because the array elements are
not initialized.
c. The program runs fine and displays x[0] is 0.
d. None of the above.

#
11. How can you get the word "abc" in the main method from the
following call?

java Test "+" 3 "abc" 2

a. args[0]
b. args[1]
c. args[2]
d. args[3]

#
12. Which code fragment would correctly identify the number of
arguments passed via the command line to a Java application,
excluding the name of the class that is being invoked?

a. int count = args.length;

b. int count = args.length - 1;
c. int count = 0; while (args[count] != null) count ++;
d. int count=0; while (!(args[count].equals(""))) count ++;

#
13. Show the output of running the class Test in the following code
lines:

interface A {
void print();
}

class C {}

class B extends C implements A {

public void print() { }
}

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
B b = new B();
if (b instanceof A)
System.out.println("b is an instance of A");
if (b instanceof C)
System.out.println("b is an instance of C");
}
}

8
a. Nothing.
b. b is an instance of A.
c. b is an instance of C.
d. b is an instance of A followed by b is an instance of C.

#
14. When you implement a method that is defined in a superclass, you
the original method.
a. overload
b. override
c. copy
d. call

#
15. What modifier should you use on a variable so that it can only be
referenced inside its defining class.
a. public
b. private
c. protected
d. Use the default modifier.

#
16. What is the output of running class C?

class A {
public A() {
System.out.println(
"The default constructor of A is invoked");
}
}

class B extends A {
public B() {
System.out.println(
"The default constructor of B is invoked");
}
}

public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
B b = new B();
}
}

a. none
b. "The default constructor of B is invoked"
c. "The default constructor of A is invoked" followed by "The
default constructor of B is invoked"
d. "The default constructor of A is invoked"

#
17. Analyze the following program.

class Test {

9
 public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
String s = "5.6";
Integer.parseInt(s); // Cause a NumberFormatException

int i = 0;
int y = 2 / i;
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}
a. An exception is raised due to Integer.parseInt(s);
b. An exception is raised due to 2 / i;
c. The program has a compilation error.
d. The program compiles and runs without exceptions.

#
18. What is displayed on the console when running the following
program?

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
int i = 0; int y = 2/i;
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
catch (RuntimeException ex) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
finally {
System.out.println("End of the block");
}
}
}
a. The program displays Welcome to Java three times followed by End
of the block.
b. The program displays Welcome to Java two times followed by End of
the block.
c. The program displays Welcome to Java three times.
d. The program displays Welcome to Java two times.
#
19. To append data to an existing file, use to construct a
FileOutputStream for file out.dat.
a. new FileOutputStream("out.dat")
b. new FileOutputStream("out.dat", false)
c. new FileOutputStream("out.dat", true)
d. new FileOutputStream(true, "out.dat")

10
#
20. After the following program is finished, how many bytes are written to the
file t.dat?

import java.io.*;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("t.dat"));
output.writeShort(1234);
output.writeShort(5678);
output.close();
}
}
a. 2 bytes.
b. 4 bytes.
c. 8 bytes.
d. 16 bytes.

Have you submitted your answer to LiveLib?

11
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cholera:
the claims of the poor upon the rich
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Cholera: the claims of the poor upon the rich

Author: Thomas Beggs

Release date: December 30, 2021 [eBook #67045]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the [1850?] Charles Gilpin edition by David

Price. Many thanks to the British Library for making their
copy available

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA:

THE CLAIMS OF THE POOR UPON THE RICH ***
Transcribed from the [1850?] Charles Gilpin edition by David Price.
Many thanks to the British Library for making their copy available.
Price One Penny, and for Distribution 5s. per 100.

THE CHOLERA:

THE CLAIMS OF THE POOR UPON THE RICH.

BY THOMAS BEGGS,
LATE SECRETARY OF THE HEALTH OF TOWNS ASSOCIATION.

Author of “Enquiry into the Extent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity,”

&c., &c.

LONDON: CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPSGATE WITHOUT.

In 1831 the Asiatic Cholera first made its appearance in this country.
It spread consternation wherever it went. This pestilence, however,
had its mission. It had previously swept over the fairest portions of
the earth, and had destroyed no less than fifty millions of human
beings. Its birth-place was among the swamps and jungles of
India. True to its origin, it principally revelled in the crowded and
neglected districts of our large towns, and gathered its victims from
the homes of the poor and indigent. It sought out the abodes of
filth and fever—it flew from one reeking nest of disease to another.
The public authorities were startled into exertion; whitewash and
soap were in requisition—a visitation of the alleys and lanes
commenced—and, in many instances, the accumulated filth and
rubbish of years were removed. A great many temporary
expedients, all excellent in their way, were adopted. One
unquestionable good was the result of these extraordinary measures
—the higher classes obtained a glimpse of the condition of their
poorer brethren.
The cholera at length passed away, and our exertions died with it.
The stern teacher went to other lands, and we relapsed into our
wonted carelessness, our usual indifference—we became easy and
comfortable again. It is true we have had several official inquiries,
and through their means much information has been elicited and
diffused. Some improvements have been effected, and others are in
progress, but nothing has been done commensurate to the
requirements of the case. Our towns exhibit the same grievous
defects. There is, as yet, no complete system of drainage and
sewerage—our dwellings are in the same condition as to air and
light, and other conveniences—and a supply of water is still a
desideratum. The old fever-nests remain. We have a vast number
of abominations in every direction inviting pestilence, and scattering
abroad the seeds of disease, misery, and demoralisation. It is true
we have obtained a Health Bill, but it is quite clear that the
establishment of a central authority can do little, without the
sympathy and co-operation of the public at large.
In this state of things, we have another visitation of the Asiatic
cholera. We are again admonished as to our duties as men and
Christians. Once more we are awakened to a full knowledge of the
fact, that thousands of our fellow creatures are perishing annually,
victims to public neglect. The great bulk of our working classes are
placed in a condition unfavourable to health—a condition that forbids
the preservation of the ordinary decencies and moralities of life.
There is a responsibility rests upon all who have influence or power
—a responsibility which cannot be shaken off. The work of reform is
not accomplished because we have got a legislative enactment and a
Board of Health. Every town-council and all parish authorities must
see to it that the present warning is not neglected, and that it is not
permitted to pass away unimproved. It is a question involving many
others of great moment; and experience has shown that they cannot
be neglected without serious loss, nor without entailing upon us
great physical and moral evils.
The history of the present visitation will be familiar to all readers.
The general statements are absolutely appalling. In Albion Terrace,
Wandsworth Road, seventeen persons died within a fortnight, in ten
houses, of cholera. In one house no less than six persons died.
This house was occupied by the Rev. Mr. Harrison, a dissenting
minister: he had two relatives staying with him,—Mrs. Roscoe and
Mrs. Edwards. Mrs. Roscoe was first attacked, and died; Mrs.
Edwards, who attended upon her, was next seized; and on Mr.
Harrison returning from the funeral of Mrs. Roscoe, he found his wife
attacked by the same disease, and that lady expired the next
morning. Mr. Harrison, overwhelmed by this terrible calamity, fled to
Hampstead. On the morning of his departure Mrs. Edwards died,
and the cook was attacked and died the same evening. On the
following day the three bodies were interred at Kensall Green; and
on the return of the mourners they found the nurse who had
attended Mrs. Edwards dead, and a note informed them that Mr.
Harrison had been attacked at Hampstead, and had died the same
day. It is important to look at some of the facts brought out before
the coroner’s jury. Mr. Harrison had stated before his death that he
believed the attack had arisen from bad drainage and from bad
water. Dr. Milroy stated, in his report, that in the house in which the
epidemic had first broken out in that neighbourhood,—“The cellars
were swarming with filth and maggots, amounting altogether to
some cart-loads.” The verdict of the jury declared that the disease
had first broken out “in a house where the drainage was very
defective, and the water bad.”
In other places we find the same causes actively at work, producing
cholera. The seizures have been mainly in the districts notorious for
bad sanitary arrangements. In every case we find that the track of
cholera has been identical with that of fever. In a report just
published by the Board of Health ample evidence is supplied that the
seats of fever are also the seats of cholera.
The first decided case in London occurred in a court that had been
specially pointed out to the Sanitary Commissioners. In the town of
Uxbridge four cases occurred last October, marked by the
unequivocal characteristics of Asiatic cholera. One of the persons
lived in a house notoriously insalubrious, and in which some cases of
malignant fever had proved fatal. In relation to it the medical man
had said, that if ever cholera visited Uxbridge, he believed the first
case would be in that house. The conditions upon which cholera
extends are everywhere the same. They establish most clearly the
connection between a low sanitary condition and disease,—between
filth and fever; and show that the two diseases, although rarely, if
ever, found in the same district together, are twins from the same
parent stock. They have, no doubt, a common origin.
One word on the attacks of typhus. How is it that we are stirred into
activity by an invasion of cholera? that we feel so much alarm? It is
proved that the mortality from attacks of cholera, during its visitation
in 1831–2, was not greater altogether than the average annual
mortality occasioned by typhus. The effects of the latter disease are
still more serious than those of cholera. And yet we sit down with
the latter, and become reconciled to its existence, because it is
common and always with us. If the sanitary evils which have been
proved to exist almost universally were removed, cholera and typhus
would scarcely be known amongst us; and yet “the annual slaughter
in England and Wales, from preventable causes of typhus, which
attacks persons in the vigour of life, appears to be double the
amount of what was suffered by the allied armies in the battle of
Waterloo.” Every day, disease and death arise from the presence of
filth, from bad water, or overcrowding. They are put down in the
bills of mortality as deaths by typhus, scarlatina, consumption, &c.—
the true report would be, poisoned by bad air, killed by public
neglect. It would not be too much to say that they are sacrificed to
the indolence, incapacity, or waywardness of the public authorities.
To justify this view of the case, I may quote, from the report just
referred to, a passage in relation to Dumfries. This town had
suffered most severely in 1832. I believe at that time the cholera
attacked one-eleventh of the entire population, and destroyed one-
seventeenth.
“Knowing,” say the Commissioners, “that little sanitary improvement
had been effected in the interval, and consequently that the
inhabitants must be in as great danger as before, we called the
attention of the authorities to the special regulations of the Board.
To our recommendations the parochial board paid no regard. The
disease, meantime, went on committing its former ravages. Thus,
within the first twenty-nine days after its outbreak, there occurred
269 deaths out of a population of 10,000. No efforts being made on
the part of the local authorities to check this great mortality, it
appeared to us that this was a case requiring a stringent
enforcement of the regulations of the Board, and we sent one of our
medical inspectors (Dr. Sutherland) to organise a plan of house-to-
house visitation, to open dispensaries for affording medical
assistance by night as well as by day, and to provide houses of
refuge for the temporary reception of persons living in filthy and
overcrowded rooms, where the disease was prevailing, and who,
though not yet attacked, were likely to be the next victims. The
result of the adoption of these measures was, that, on the second
day after they were brought into operation, the attacks fell from 27,
38, and 23 daily, to 11; on the fifth day they diminished to eight; on
the ninth day no new case occurred, and in another week the
disease nearly disappeared.”
Surely, there was great want of knowledge or culpable neglect, on
the part of the local authorities, in this case. In other cases similar
conduct has been displayed. It appears we have yet to learn that
the care of the public health is a branch of social economics; that it
involves more than mere pecuniary considerations. We have not
summed up the evils of this immense pressure of disease when we
have estimated the number of those attacked, or the number of
those who die. The money cost, though heavy, is a mere trifle to
the various afflictions that follow in the dark train. Neither does the
bodily suffering—the physical pain—complete the amount of evil.
The more we look at it, the more intense does the feeling of awe
and sorrow become. We find, as we look abroad on the face of
society, a fearful retribution for sins of neglect, and for opportunities
unemployed. We find ample proof that the ordinations of Divine
Providence cannot be violated with impunity:—if we sever the links
of duty and of kindness which unite us to our fellow-men, we cannot
separate ourselves from the guilt, the suffering, and the loss, such
alienation may induce.
I must present some of these evils in detail. I begin with the lowest
—the pecuniary loss. We have to estimate the unnecessary deaths,
the unnecessary sickness, the number of funerals, the burthens
upon every charity, and that upon the poor-rate. The fever-tax is
the heaviest of all taxes. And yet a much larger sum is annually
spent in sustaining a number of palliative expedients, than would
suffice to support a machinery of prevention. It is laid upon us,
sometimes by the neglect, sometimes by the false economy of local
authorities. They have only one object—to keep down the rates.
However obvious the improvement, it is met by the question—“How
much will it cost?” Short-sighted economy! The question ought to
be—“How much suffering and sickness will it prevent?” The largest
sum that could by possibility be required to carry out all the needful
schemes of sanitary improvement, are far exceeded by the sums
now expended in various ways, and which are entailed upon us by
the presence of disease, and the poverty it produces.
The moral evils far exceed any pecuniary loss, and outweigh any
amount of physical suffering. The various epidemic diseases
generally attack persons in the vigour of life. This is, especially, the
case with typhus, which is, as Dr. Guy terms it, our “pet epidemic,”
and which we nurse “with as much care as if we loved it.” How
many widows and orphans are thus thrown destitute upon the
world? How many thousands of poor children are cast, homeless
and friendless, upon the streets, furnishing supplies for that great
fund of juvenile depravity of which we have lately heard so much?
These wretched children crowd our thoroughfares, miserable and
abject. They soon acquire the irregular habits of the class among
whom they are thrown. Let the candid mind calculate the cost.
How much in poor-rates? how much in alms? how much to public
institutions? And then let us ask how many of them become
depredators and thieves—punishing society for its neglect—
punishing, by preying upon its property—punishing, by spreading
abroad the contagion of disease and of vice—and punishing, by the
cost of prisons, police, bridewells, penitentiaries, and all the other
appliances to repress crime? The reports from some places are of
the most painful description, as respects the great number of
orphans made by the present visitation of cholera. If this applies to
an occasional visit of cholera, it applies with ten-fold force to
typhus. I know, at this moment, three different families suffering
under this affliction. In two of the cases, the mother is left to
struggle with a large family; in the other case, both parents were
taken off by fever within a fortnight of each other. The children are
in the workhouse.
Look at it in another light, as depriving the poor man of the ability to
toil. Health is the working man’s all—his capital—his stock-in-trade.
Deprived of it, his means of subsistence are gone—his independence
is destroyed. His sole possessions are his skill and industry. It is
considered unjust to deprive him of free markets and fair play. Is it
not cruel to surround him by such circumstances as greatly increase
the chances of sickness? Have we never known a sober, industrious
man stricken down by an attack of fever, and rising from his bed of
sickness to look upon a prospect of poverty and want? His means
have become exhausted—he has run into debt, and that debt clogs
his future energies. Perhaps the fever leaves him in broken health
and infirmity. He struggles awhile with all these adverse
circumstances; seeks parish relief, and declines into pauper habits.
The workman has a right, by every law divine and human, to eat his
daily bread by his daily toil. Is it not a mockery to allow him this, if
the conditions of health are withheld? Is it not worse? Is it not
injustice to leave him in a condition inferior to the criminal? The
man who has offended the laws can enjoy all the luxuries of good
air, good water, and live in a palace, as compared with the wretched
hovels in which thousands of our working men, with their wives and
families, are placed. Are we always to go on discussing plans of
prison discipline, and the efficacy of various kinds of treatment for
paupers? Are we never to learn that the true philosophy is to
inquire by what means we can prevent those who are not yet
paupers or criminals from becoming so? Sanitary reform is only one
means, but it is one of primary importance. How can we expect to
cultivate habits of temperance and industry—how can we hope to
diffuse the blessings of education, so indispensable to the elevation
of the people in morals and happiness, so long as they are left
physically degraded and wretched? The soil is unfavourable to the
reception of religious counsel and consolation. This lesson must be
learnt before we can hope to legislate wisely. All practical remedies
must begin by a due care for the material wants of the population.
It is not possible, in the compass of a tract, to enter into detail on all
the evils of our present condition. They are too general to have
escaped the attention of any careful observer. With regard to
drainage and sewerage, every town in the kingdom is defective.
Nearly all are equally so with regard to supplies of water; and the
overcrowding in wretchedly constructed dwellings has become
matter of universal complaint. The people have no control over the
construction of their dwellings, little or none over the selection, as
they must be near their place of work. They have to pay a high
price for the most wretched accommodation. The state of living is
utterly at variance with cleanliness, order, or the cultivation of decent
habits. Labouring under these disadvantages, they have a right to
demand of the higher classes a complete system of drainage and
sewerage, an efficient water supply, and a thorough cleansing of
streets—no penny wise and pound foolish policy ought to stand in
the way. They have a right to demand such reforms as will make
their homes the abode of comfort to their families. It is injustice, it
is cruelty to withhold them. How is it that, in the active discussion
of public and private rights, at present going on, there are so few to
vindicate the poor man’s claims to pure air and good water?
I would remind those who are in affluence and comfort of the duties
of their station. Many of them can go away from the crowded
streets, and spend the greater part of their time in a suburban
residence; not so the poor man. The rich man can command many
comforts beyond the reach of the poor man. He has to work,
perhaps, in a heated, crowded workshop, and to retire to a room
wretchedly small, and unwholesome. Need we wonder that he
should sometimes prefer the gin-shop, or the beer-house, to his own
dim, close, and dirty apartment? I make no apology for his
excesses. I do not wish to excuse his faults. But I ask whether
many of the errors, so conspicuous in the character of the poorer
population, may not have arisen from the neglect of those who had
the power to stimulate them to higher and better things? Before we
reproach them with the neglect of their duties, let us see that our
own are faithfully discharged. If we want to raise them up, we must
begin by doing them justice. Remove the acknowledged evils that
press so heavily upon their condition, and the assurance awaits us
that the Almighty, who rewards all cheerful and honest labour, will
bless the effort to the good of those who give and to those who may
receive.
All delay is dangerous, and not only so, it is criminal. The evils of
which we complain have been allowed to remain from a general
ignorance of the laws of health. Up to a recent period, there was a
want of knowledge amongst even the educated classes on these
vital subjects. We cannot offer that plea now, to excuse our
indifference or neglect. The evils have been fully explored, and most
clearly exposed. The connexion between filth and disease—the
suffering and vice flowing from them, have been exhibited in so
striking a manner as to leave no room for mistake or
misapprehension. The knowledge creates a solemn responsibility,
and makes us really chargeable with the consequences. The
knowledge gives us the power to arrest the progress of a class of
diseases which strike down so many of our fellow-creatures in the
years of their strength and usefulness. Every day of supineness is
so much opportunity wasted. Every delay carries death to
thousands. The admonition now read to us must not be suffered to
pass with our usual heedlessness, or we may perchance be aroused
by still more fearful means.
The poor man is now sufficiently instructed to feel that many of the
evils of which he complains admit of removal, and that the wealthier
classes have the power to effect a change that would surround his
condition with many comforts. Is there no danger in leaving such a
feeling to grow and develop itself among the working classes? The
security of the State depends upon the feelings of the people at
large. What hold can there be upon their sympathies or affections,
if they are left to themselves; to all the misery of their present lot,
and with the knowledge, too, that those who have the power to
help, though witnesses of their suffering and sorrow, like the priest
and the Levite, turn away, and pass on the other side. We can
expect no other fruit than alienation and disaffection. We shall see it
manifested in contempt of the laws; in bitterness of feeling to the
property classes; in an increasing disregard to the invitations of
religion; in still greater recklessness of conduct, and still more
irregular habits. Have the revolutions of 1848 been read to us in
vain? What was there behind these mighty convulsions? Simply
this:—The people had been little regarded; their appeals had met
with no attention; their wants were neglected; their wrongs were left
unredressed; government did not seem to secure or care for their
prosperity and happiness. Tumult and disorder were the inevitable
results. It is a law of God that men shall reap as they have sown.
In this land we have, under Providence, secured some of the
blessings of good government, and in consequence a hardy and
industrious race has sprung up. It is in the power of the richer
classes to gather round the institutions of the country the affections
of the people at large. They may do much to banish the grim forms
of disease and want which now threaten the poor man’s home.
They can carry light to his darkened abode, and dispense comfort
and joy upon his gloomy hearth. By timely effort they may raise up
a young generation, who will cherish the home attachments, pay
ready obedience to the laws, and, by habits of sobriety and cheerful
industry, give strength and stability to the State. They may, by a
proper discharge of the duties of their stewardship, in a few years,
cover the land with smiling homes and a contented population. And
then, again, there is the converse of this. They may, by neglect and
indifference, by leaving the people in their present condition,
prepare the way for a state of things that every generous mind
would tremble to contemplate. Who is there so blind as not to see
in one course security and happiness; in the other, wretchedness
and peril? I hope there is no need to urge the propriety, the
necessity of the former course. I trust that all classes will unite to
secure the true glory of England—that of raising up a healthy and
happy population. Science can have no higher aim; government no
loftier purpose; philanthropy no holier pursuit. It is not less our
interest than a duty enjoined upon us by the principles of our holy
religion, to administer to the necessities of the lowly and distressed.
Let us, while it is yet day, “break off our sins by righteousness, and
our iniquities by showing mercy to the poor, if it may be a
lengthening of our tranquillity.”

Note.—The following extract is from the Report of Mr. Phillips,

Surveyor Metropolitan Sewers Commission:—“At the last census, in
1841, there were 270,859 houses in the metropolis. It is known that
there is scarcely a house without a cesspool under it, and that a
large number have two, three, four, and more under them, so that
the number of such receptacles in the metropolis may be taken at
300,000. The exposed surface of each cesspool measures, on an
average, 9 feet, and the mean depth of the whole is about 6½ feet;
so that each contains 58½ cubic feet of fermenting filth, of the most
poisonous, noisome, and disgusting nature. The exhaling surface of
all the cesspools (300,000 × 9) = 2,700,000 feet, or equal to 62
acres nearly: and the total quantity of foul matter contained within
them (300,000 × 58½) = 17,550,000 cubic feet, or equal to one
enormous elongated stagnant cesspool, 50 feet in width, 6 feet 6 in.
in depth, and extending through London, from the Broadway at
Hammersmith to Bow-bridge, a length of ten miles.”
“This,” say the Metropolitan Sanitary Commissioners, “there is reason
to believe, is an under estimate. The cesspool, however, in general,
forms but one-fourth of the evaporating surface—the house-drain
forms half or two-fourths, and the sewer one; but, connected as the
sewers and house drains mutually are, and acted upon by the winds
and barometric conditions, the miasma from the house-drains and
sewers of one district may be carried up to another.”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA: THE
CLAIMS OF THE POOR UPON THE RICH ***

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